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PurposeThe paper aims to extend research on public‐private partnerships (PPP) by exploring the path toward procedural justice and cooperation performance through contracts.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses equity theory to address inter‐partner cooperation in PPPs. The paper emphasizes how procedural fairness, as perceived by partners in a PPP, influences cooperation effects. Using both social exchange theory and transaction cost theory, it hypothesizes that procedural fairness improves cooperation effects by enhancing two kinds of contracts: the control‐formal contract and the informal contract.FindingsThe regression analysis suggests that procedural fairness indirectly affects three kinds of cooperation effects – direct effects, knowledge‐created effects, and social effects – by increasing formal and informal contracts.Research limitations/implicationsFurther research might address the antecedents of procedural justice.Practical implicationsThe paper suggests that procedural justice is important to PPPs and that contracts mediate this relationship.Originality/valueThe paper enriches PPP research, especially with regard to procedural formalization, contracts, and cooperation performance.

In recent years, the procedural rules of global governance institutions have come under scrutiny from scholars worldwide and have been conceptualized as akin to domestic administrative law. However, one question has so far not been addressed: who shapes this procedure and why? In the present work, Isabel Lischewski develops a simple matrix connecting procedure and state interest. When this matrix is applied to a sample of forty diverse institutions, fascinating patterns emerge, which are further explored through in-depth case studies. It is shown that states prefer to balance sovereignty preservation through procedure with the costs it entails. Thus, normative considerations are not the predominant basis on which this procedure is designed. The research provides original insights into the landscape of global governance procedure and cautions against a notion of "apolitical" administration law.

Setting.Coors Brewing Company is a self-insured corporation of 10,600 employees located in Golden, Colorado. Management has long believed in the value of a healthy workforce and has instituted ongoing health and wellness programming since 1981.Program design.Coorscreen was started in September 1985 to create an ongoing awareness of breast cancer screening and prevention for all female employees, spouses, and retirees and to lower the health care costs for the company through early detection of breast cancer.Program impact.From 1985 through 1993, 12,210 mammograms were completed on 3729 employees, spouses, and retirees. The participation rate was 83%. Forty-seven malignant conditions were confirmed during the first 8 years. Pathology reports confirmed 43 early detections (10 employees) and four late detections (two employees). The 10 cases of malignant disease detected early among employees cost an average of $12,388 in terms of direct medical costs, short-term disability, temporary replacement, and ongoing benefits. The two cases detected late among employees cost an average of $143,398. Among spouses, cases of malignant disease detected late have cost an average of $69,230 more than cases detected early. On the basis of early detection for 10 employees and 26 spouses, the total savings are estimated to be $3,110,000.Discussion.The Coorscreen program cost savings for the first 8 years were $3,110,080 because of the lower cost of early versus late detection. Total screening and procedural costs to the company have equaled $668,690. Thus the company has realized a total cost savings of $2,441,190.

This study is an attempt to relate the effectiveness of the rule-making process to political controls on the bureaucracies that create regulations. Such controls include requiring cost-benefit analysis, requiring review of regulations by a legislative committee, & requiring interest group participation in rule writing efforts. Scholars have both credited controls with allowing politicians to control future bureaucratic decision making & blamed controls for ossifying the regulatory process. This article considers eight case studies of state regulation of child care. These case studies cast doubt on the assertions that political controls play a prominent role in bureaucratic decision making. The rule-making decisions of bureaucrats in these case studies were influenced far more by executives & legislators in power & interest groups than by the presence or absence of procedural controls put in place by previous political officeholders. 3 Exhibits, 1 Appendix, 81 References. Adapted from the source document.

The subject of the paper are basic principles for the responsibility for the legal costs in case of procedural complicity and consolidation of these principles in the procedural legislation.The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that the basis of principles for imposing the responsibility for the legal costs on co-plaintiff or codefendant includes substantive criterion (the nature of the disputed material relationship) and procedural criterion (the procedural status of the co-participant).The methodological basis of the research is the dialectical method of cognition and the resulting private-scientific methods, in particular: the system-structural method and the method of comparative law.The main results and scope of their application. Civil and commercial procedural legislation does not regulate the issue of responsibility for the legal costs in case of procedural complicity. The mechanism of such a responsibility has a significant influence on the formation of legal bodies' position in resolving the issue from whom and in what amount the costs of the of the case consideration are to be recovered in the case of several claimants or defendants participating in the dispute.The author proposed four principles to imposing the responsibility for the legal costs on the parties in civil and arbitration proceedings due to the content of the controversial material legal relationship. 1) The principle of equal share distribution of legal costs among the parties is the main principle for recovering legal costs in the case of procedural complicity. This principle is applicable in all cases arising from legal relations with a shared plurality of persons on the creditor's or the debtor's side. 2) The principle of joint collection of legal costs is applicable for disputes in which joint debtors or joint creditors take part. 3) The exclusion from the principle of equal imposing the responsibility for the legal costs is allowed by the court in case of a violation of procedural rights by one or several parties. 4) The inadmissibility of imposing the responsibility for the legal costs to the plaintiff in favor of improper co-defendant in the case when this co-defendant appeared on the court's initiative.It is unreasonable to use the criterion of the actual procedural behavior of the parties during the imposition the responsibility for the legal costs, because this criterion is vague and evaluative, it depends on the will of the person who claims to reimburse legal costs and on the opinion of the judge resolving this issue. The proposed principle of legal costs equal sharing among the parties will not affect the adversarial character in the civil and arbitration procedure.Conclusions. In order to unify approaches of courts and to prevent a discretionary attitude to this issue, it is necessary to develop basic principles for imposition of responsibility for the legal costs in case of procedural complicity and consolidation of these principles in the procedural legislation. The nature of the controversial material relationship is put on the basis for the joining of the parties in the civil and commercial proceedings. This criterion should also be taken into account by the court when deciding on the court costs distribution among the parties involved in the case. ; Предпринята попытка восполнить пробелы гражданского и арбитражного процессуального законодательства, касающиеся распределения судебных расходов между сторонами спора в случае процессуального соучастия. Выделены принципы такого распределения, выявлена зависимость распределения издержек от характера процессуального соучастия. Сделан вывод о необходимости установить в законодательстве в качестве основного принцип равного долевого распределения судебных издержек между соучастниками.

The article examines an issue of utmost importance and relevance, on reparations and indemnities as are the expenses mentioned in the resolutions issued by the Inter-American Court, which aims to redress the economic and material damage suffered by the victim and / or their relatives for government actions.Thus, Article allow you to understand what you mean each of these expenses, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights authorized and directed to the inter-American system of human rights protection; such as the cost of equity; doctors; required; Reasonable Movement, Extrajudicial and prudent estimate, among others. ; El artículo estudia un tema de suma importancia y relevancia, en materia de reparaciones e indemnizaciones como son los gastos, señalados en las Resoluciones que emite la Corte Interamericana, cuya finalidad es resarcir el daño económico y material que sufrió la víctima y/ o sus familiares, por los actos del Estado. De esta manera, el artículo permitirá entender a qué se refiere cada uno de estos gastos,que la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos autoriza y ordena ante el Sistema Interamericano de protección de derechos humanos; como son los gastos de Equidad; Médicos; Necesarios; Razonables, de Traslados, Extrajudiciales y de Apreciación prudente, entre otros.

Climate change results from the negative external cost associated with emissions of greenhouse gases. The conventionally proposed solution to this problem has been to implement a global carbon pricing regime. Appeals to distributive and substantive notions of justice are used to argue that the industrialized countries should bear the burden for these global emissions reductions. Hitherto, no effective climate treaty has been created. I propose diagnosis and therapy for this problem: A global treaty on carbon pricing, especially including redistributive efforts, is very unlikely, because of different interests and values of different countries. Fortunately, though, and in contrast to what is often maintained in the literature, global treaties are no necessary condition for coping with climate change. A polycentric system of unilateral and subnational policy efforts can effectively reduce the costs of climate change. Yet, in such a system, unilateral carbon taxes are ineffective. The focus of policy should be to promote research and development in clean energy and energy efficiency, and adaptation to climate change. For this pathway of innovation and adaptation, it is not necessary to globally agree on one version of substantive or distributive climate justice. Yet it would be extremely valuable to follow a common conception of procedural justice. Both procedural justice and polycentric systems are better fitted for contexts of plurality and uncertainty, as is the case for climate change. I maintain that even substantive visions like helping every human being to a social minimum are better served by the approach of a procedurally just polycentric climate regime than by trying to directly address substantive issues in a top-down global treaty.

The main objective of this paper is to understand under what circumstances a government should focus on procedural or monetary policies to foster entrepreneurial entry. To do this, we measure entrepreneurship by the entry density of new companies, which counts formally registered entrepreneurs only. However, we also control the effect on opportunity and necessity-driven entrepreneurship rates, which include entrepreneurs of all stages and sectors. Procedural and monetary policies are represented by time and cost to start a business respectively. The variety of control variables used in literature is approached by aggregating explanatory variables from 16 studies, resulting in 44 variables of which 8 are used in the regression analysis. For the empirical analysis, we use country and year fixed effects with country-clustered standard errors. We find a stronger positive impact for lowering cost to start a business, especially in countries with high rates of necessity-driven entrepreneurs or countries which did not belong to the lowest third in cost or time to start a business. However, the findings also suggest, that these policies do not incentivize non-entrepreneurs to engage in entrepreneurship, but rather attract informally operating entrepreneurs to register their business. ; O principal objetivo deste trabalho é compreender sob quais circunstâncias a administração pública deve focar em políticas procedimentais ou monetárias para fomentar novos empreendimentos. Para isso, medimos o empreendedorismo através da entrada de novas companhias no mercado, considerando apenas empreendedores formalmente registrados. Contudo, também verificamos o efeito da oportunidade e necessidade no índice de empreendedorismo, o que inclui empreendedores em todas fases e setores. Políticas procedimentais e monetárias são representadas pelo tempo e pelo custo para começar um negócio, respectivamente. A pluralidade de variáveis de controle utilizada na literatura é abordada pela conjugação de variáveis explicativas de 16 estudos, resultando em 44 variáveis, das quais 8 são utilizadas na análise de regressão. Para a análise empírica, utilizamos efeitos fixos por país e por ano com desvios-padrão agrupados em países. Encontramos um forte impacto positivo para reduzir os custos para começar um negócio, especialmente em países com alto índice de empreendedores impulsionados pela necessidade ou países que não pertenciam ao terço mais baixo de preço ou tempo para iniciar um negócio. Todavia, as conclusões também sugerem que essas políticas não incentivam não-empreendedores a se envolverem no empreendedorismo, mas sim atraem empresários que atuam informalmente no mercado a registrarem seus negócios.

Although it is within their long-term interest, patients often fail to follow health care recommendations made by medical experts. This failure results in the widespread occurrence of preventable health problems and a significant increase in health care costs. Taking a new approach to confronting this issue, this paper examines whether the procedural justice model, which has been useful in explaining cooperation with legal and managerial authorities, can provide a basis for increasing patients' willingness to voluntarily adhere to health care recommendations. Three studies tested and supported this proposition. Study 1 experimentally manipulated physicians' procedural fairness or unfairness to explore its influence on patients' acceptance of doctors' recommendations. Study 2 used patients' reports about the fairness of their personal physicians and linked those evaluations to their willingness to follow their doctor's recommendations. Finally, study 3 explored the role of general procedural justice judgments in promoting willingness to accept health policies when they are advocated by private doctors and government health care authorities. The results of all three studies support the argument that when health care authorities use fair procedures, patients are more likely to accept their recommendations. Importantly, this procedural justice effect is distinct from, and in some cases stronger than, the influence of competence. Adapted from the source document.

"12/77/2M" ; "This publication is designed to assist communities of any size in obtaining accurate and valid assessments of the opinions and attitudes of community residents. This is a highly important and practical activity for any community to undertake. It is the point of view of the authors that in a democratic society, all citizens should have a voice -- or an opportunity to express themselves -- in determining the direction and priorities for community change and development. The size and complexity of many American communities makes the town meeting impractical. It is also known that only a fraction of the residents of most communities have the time, skill, or inclination to participate in the voluntary organizations found in most communities. Consequently, many communities establish priorities, plan, organize, and attempt to implement community projects with the participation and involvement of a small minority of community residents. Sometimes such projects succeed because community leaders devote a lot of time and effort to insure their success. Many times they fail because community leaders misread or misinterpret public sentiment. This publication describes a method whereby a community can, with relatively small cost, accurately and validly determine the opinions and attitudes of its citizens."--First paragraph.

AbstractWhy would decision makers (DMs) adopt heuristics, priors, or in short "habits" that prevent them from optimally using pertinent information—even when such information is freely-available? One answer, Herbert Simon's "procedural rationality" regards the question invalid: DMs do not, and in fact cannot, process information in an optimal fashion. For Simon, habits are the primitives, where humans are ready to replace them only when they no longer sustain a pregiven "satisficing" goal. An alternative answer, Daniel Kahneman's "mental economy" regards the question valid: DMs make decisions based on optimization. Kahneman understands optimization not differently from the standard economist's "bounded rationality." This might surprise some researchers given that the early Kahneman, along with Tversky, have uncovered biases that appear to suggest that choices depart greatly from rational choices. However, once we consider cognitive cost as part of the constraints, such biases turn out to beoccasionalfailures of habits that are otherwise optimal on average. They are optimal as they save us the cognitive cost of case-by-case deliberation. While Kahneman's bounded rationality situates him in the neoclassical economics camp, Simon's procedural rationality echoes Bourdieu's "habitus" camp. To abridge the fault line of the two camps, this paper proposes a "two problem areas hypothesis." Along the neoclassical camp, habits satisfy wellbeing, what this paper calls "substantive satisfaction." Along the Bourdieu camp, habits satisfy belonging, love, and bonding with one's environment, what this paper calls "transcendental satisfaction."

Objective: The purpose of the current study was to determine whether an augmented reality instruction method would result in faster task completion times, lower mental workload, and fewer errors for simple tasks in an operational setting. Background: Prior research on procedural work that directly compared augmented reality instructions to traditional instruction methods (e.g., paper) showed that augmented reality instructions can enhance procedural work, but this was not true for simple tasks in an operational setting. Method: Participants completed simple procedural tasks on spaceflight hardware using an augmented reality instruction method and a paper instruction method. Results: Our results showed that the augmented reality instruction method resulted in faster task completion times and lower levels of mental and temporal demand compared with paper instructions. When participants used the augmented reality instruction method before the paper instruction method, there was a transfer of training that improved a subsequent procedure using the paper instruction method. Conclusion: An off-the-shelf augmented reality head-mounted display (HoloLens) can enhance procedural work for simple tasks in an operational setting. Application: The ability of augmented reality to enhance procedural work for simple tasks in an operational setting can help in reducing costs and mitigating risks that could ultimately lead to accidents and critical failures.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the development of the Slovenian Tax Procedure Act and amendments thereto until 2017, in order to broaden the field knowledge on tax procedures within the administrative system as a whole. The Tax Procedure Act provides the general framework of the procedural tax system in Slovenia. The first version of the Tax Procedure Act (ZDavP) was adopted in 1996 and followed by five amending acts until the adoption of the second version (ZDavP-1) in 2004. The third and currently applicable version of the Tax Procedure Act (ZDavP-2) has been subject to over ten amendments so far. Furthermore, the study aims to compare the development of tax procedure in Slovenia and Sweden. Based on the normative and comparative analyses, review of domestic and foreign literature, and case law analysis, the advantages and disadvantages of the development of tax procedure in Slovenia were identified. The amendments analysed contributed mainly to simplifying the tax procedure, reducing red tape, decreasing costs, improving the efficiency of the tax authorities, and providing greater legal certainty for the taxpayers. Most changes to the Tax Procedure Act involved the personal income tax. An empirical study of the case law of the Administrative, Supreme and Constitutional Courts in selected period further showed that errors were mainly detected in relation to substantial violation of procedural requirements rather than incorrect application of substantive law. The study contributes to administrative and legal science and the tax profession as such. The results can be useful when drafting new tax procedural legislation to improve its effectiveness.

This study investigated the effectiveness of three different training devices with respect to initial training, retention, and transfer of training. The training devices evaluated during the study were designed to require varying degrees of visual imagery utilization through reductions in the stimuli that provide visual cueing and feedback. The particular task used was representative of the many sequential procedures performed which range from operating master control panels in industrial plants to conducting normal and emergency procedures in air vehicles. The results of the study indicate that: (1) training devices do not need to be of high fidelity to be effective in training procedural tasks and (2) the use of a training strategy that requires the trainees to provide their own cueing and feedback from memory is effective in increasing the retention of procedure-following skills. These results have important implications for both the dollar cost and logistics of initial and refresher training, as well as for the retention efficiency of an important aspect of the human's present job description.

The Cubillo and Gunner hearing in the Federal Court of Australia possessed enormous historical, political and moral significance. The applicants' suit against the Commonwealth argued that having been removed they were then wrongfully detained, that government breached its statutory and fiduciary duties and duty of care, and the Commonwealth was responsible for the injuries and damages they incurred as a result of their removal and detention. They sought monetary compensation and exemplary damages. In response the Commonwealth government sought to have the case for damages dismissed on a variety of grounds. From the perspective of the plaintiffs, the case had the potential to set an important precedent. From the Commonwealth's perspective a lot was at stake. Beyond the financial costs, the government's reputation was at risk. The Cubillo–Gunner action tested the Australian legal system's capacity to deal justly with a critical range of moral, historical and political issues raised by the 'stolen generations'. In his judgment delivered on 11 August 2000, O'Loughlin J dismissed each of the claims for damages by Lorna Cubillo and Peter Gunner.In this article attention is given to aspects of the case that have not yet received due consideration. It is argued here the Commonwealth government had an overriding resolve to win the Cubillo–Gunner case, which sat incongruously with the principle and practice of the federal government as a 'model litigant'. I consider whether the Commonwealth breached those standards in respect to three central elements of the model litigant standards — namely (1) the exercise of proportionate power, (2) the over‐reliance on technical defences, and (3) a proper regard for accepting a responsibility to administer justice and fair play.I ask whether the appointment of Meagher as the Commonwealth's leading counsel was in the public interest? The case is put that Meagher had a conflict of interest relating to his own biography which connected to the HREOC report on the 'stolen generations' in general and the Cubillo–Gunner case in particular. Meager is the son of a man deeply implicated in the politics of Aboriginal affairs during the period under question. (Meagher's father was Chairman of the Aborigines Welfare Board and Minister for Aboriginal Affairs in Victoria until 1972.)Meagher junior was by his own public admission concerned about the findings of the HREOC report and its implications for his father's reputation. He felt it dishonoured his father's name while also sullying the standing of his father's contemporaries. Meagher indicated he believed the case must not be allowed to set a precedent. The public evidence on display in these comments reflects a hostility towards child removal policies which raises questions about the suitability of Meagher's appointment as counsel. As Meagher himself pointed out, he wondered whether his involvement in the case was 'inappropriate for counsel' and 'possibly contrary to the client's interest', but later decided it was not. His appointment raises questions about the Commonwealth's conformity to the model litigant standards.