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Intro -- Contents -- Racial Discrimination -- Abstract -- Keywords -- Part 1: Comparative Law's Resistance to Race -- National Exceptionalism and the Denial of Racism -- Race as a Comparative Law Category of Study-Critical Race Theory -- The Voices of the Subaltern -- Cultural Immersion -- The Efficacy of Equality Law -- Post-Race Assumptions -- General Equality Principles -- Considerations for Comparatists Working with Race -- Part 2: Procedural Law Comparisons as to Equality Claims -- Alternative Dispute Resolution -- Burdens of Proof -- Part 3: Definitions of Discrimination, Equality and Race Discrimination -- The Concept of Equality -- Dignity as a Touchstone of Equality -- Indirect Discrimination -- Statutory Exceptions to Discrimination -- Part 4: Criminal v. Civil Law -- Constitutional Equality Protections -- Criminal Law Provisions -- Judges and Enforcement -- Civil Law Frameworks -- Part 5: Multiple Discrimination/Intersectionality -- Sex-plus Claims -- Intersectionality Theory -- Part 6: Affirmative/Positive Action Remedies for Race Discrimination -- Affirmative Action -- Positive Discrimination -- Affirmative Action in Brazil -- Part 7: Conclusion -- References.

Man's ability to perform his daily round of work is a complex matter and depends upon an optimal function of numerous organs and their integration. Intellectual ability, motivation and emotional stability play a great, and sometimes decisive, role in work performances.

AbstractSurvey based research typically uses a single measure of racial self‐classification to study racial inequality and to make group based comparisons. Race, however, is multidimensional; experienced not only in accord with how one self‐identifies, but also in relation to how one is perceived racially by others. For example, an individual can self‐identify racially as Black, but be perceived by most others as non‐Black. We refer to this experience as racial identity contestation. We briefly review the growing set of literature on related topics, detail the divergent approaches to measuring racial identity contestation with survey data, and compare descriptive estimates of racial identity contestation across methodological approaches. Moreover, we seek to cull others into considering the analytic utility of racial identity contestation for research on racial boundaries. We argue that a focus on racial identity contestation can be leveraged as an analytical tool to better understand the topography of ongoing racial projects by mapping social definitions of who is and is not typically perceived as a member of a particular racial group.

One central area of dispute in current racial politics is whether an act, policy, or event constitutes racism. I contend that the core of these debates involves competing conceptions of racism. Using text from a variety of media sources, I examine the different ways in which racism is defined and how claims and counterclaims are contextualized. I also explore how the dynamic nature of racial discourse leads to the emergence of new ways of defining racism as advocates seek advantages in political debate. Finally, I connect the struggle involving racism as a contested concept to two larger racial ideologies: color-blindness and systemic racism.

AbstractWhile partisanship in American politics has been historically tied to racial identity and racial attitudes, most studies of Latino partisanship do not incorporate these factors into understanding their partisan attachments. I argue that the concepts of race, color, and mestizaje as they are understood within Latino communities in the United States can influence political attitudes and partisanship among Latinos themselves. Using six consecutive Cooperative Election Study (formerly Cooperative Congressional Election Study) surveys I examine how self-identification as white, racial resentment, and color-blind attitudes influence Latino partisanship. I find that white racial identity has a small but significant positive association with Republican partisanship among Latinos, and a negative association with Democratic partisanship. Additionally, negative racial attitudes among Latinos are strongly related to identification as Republican, even when controlling for ideology and other factors like immigrant generation and religion. These results have important implications for understanding current and future Latino voting patterns.

Distinguishes between desegregation & integration, & differentiates among four concepts of the latter. Desegregation aims to undue racial segregation, whereas integration attempts to foster interracial interaction in institutions that never engaged in purposeful segregation. Different types of integration include amalgamation (blending of races through voluntary sexual intimacy), racial mixing (creation of new communal affiliations), diversity integration (strategic placement of blacks in power-shaping forums), & pluralist integration (hard bargaining between blacks & the white power structure). After delineating opposition to integration, reasons for retaining at least some sense of optimism about its future prospects are identified. M. Maguire

Der »Racial Contract«, Charles W. Mills' bahnbrechendes Buch, das erstmals 1997 erschienen ist und hier in vollständiger deutscher Übersetzung vorliegt, stellt die klassische westliche Vertragstheorie auf den Prüfstand. Mit einem umfassenden Blick auf die europäische Expansionspolitik und den Rassismus der vergangenen 500 Jahre zeigt Mills, wie die Idee des »Racial Contract« die Grundlage für eine globale Vormachtstellung Europas geschaffen hat und wie die Kategorien »Weiß« und »nicht-Weiß« dadurch überhaupt erst ins Leben gerufen wurden. Denn Mills fordert in diesem mit zahlreichen Preisen ausgezeichneten Buch die Behauptung heraus, dass die westliche Philosophie an sich universell sei. Genauso wie die feministische Theorie bereits die implizite Norm weißer Männlichkeit in den orthodoxen politischen Philosophien herausgearbeitet hat, wirft Mills ein gänzlich neues Licht auf die impliziten Normvorstellungen dieser Philosophien hinsichtlich »race«.