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In this article, I unpack some of the challenges I faced doing ethnographic work on media production and consumption in the Balkans-particularly in the period of the 1990s-2000s in former Yugoslavia. I reflect on how my personal and intellectual background intersected with my fieldwork in a context that demanded constant (re)negotiation of my own identity, in relation not only to my participants and research colleagues in the region, but also to prevailing academic institutional practices. The article is not an autoethnographic account per se, but more a reflection on the research process in fieldwork sites experiencing great economic, political and social turmoil. As a young female researcher working in the area of cultural and media studies, I faced the problem of not being taken seriously by some research participants and colleagues early on, and had to identify and negotiate my way into the various cultural practices that would enable me to conduct effective multi-site research.

ABSTRACTVarious methods for statistical analysis of data are available to clinicians and researchers. Meta‐analysis is a tool by which small, related studies are identified and, through systematic review, are combined into a common data pool for a single, larger population analysis. As with all statistical methods, there are indications and contraindications for the use of meta‐analysis. Additionally, meta‐analysis is dependent upon the quality of data applied, the bias of the test itself, and the interpretation of the results. This article will discuss these aspects of meta‐analysis, including the history of its development and usage in the scientific community, basic terminology, and a relevant literature review.

Descriptions of research conducted within the interpretive research paradigm do not always capture its messy and unpredictable nature. The naturalistic inquiry described in this paper attempts to provide a candid account of some of the challenges encountered in such research. Interestingly, many of those challenges were consistent with the challenges associated with the process of learning to be a facilitator, which was the focus of my study. The study sought to describe the theories and practices of facilitator educators preparing facilitators to work in community organisations, training or education contexts, and business management settings. Following a brief description of the methodology and methods of the study, some of the unexpected symmetries between learning to be a facilitator and conducting interpretivist research are discussed. These included the need for selfawareness, practising intentionality, and managing conflicting roles. The strategies I used to respond to the research challenges I describe are also discussed and I encourage others to reflect on, and share, the trials and tribulations encountered during their research.

This case study outlines an ethics approval process experienced during a maternal health research project in Nepal. The Government of Nepal established the Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC) in 1991, along with the Scientific and Ethics Committee reviewing health related research. However, not all researchers apply for ethics approval. Although researchers may claim a lack of clarity on the kinds of research studies needing approval, the authors argue that the guidelines are sufficiently clear if explored and duly followed. The inconsistencies in seeking ethics approval from NHRC could simply mean that researchers are not aware of this ethical review process. Perhaps the guidelines are not strictly enforced. Nevertheless, as researchers it is our responsibility to seek ethical approval as a matter of principle, without considering it a barrier to research. ; Cette étude de cas décrit un processus d'approbation éthique lors d'un projet de recherche sur la santé maternelle au Népal. Le gouvernement du Népal a créé le Conseil de recherches en santé du Népal (NHRC) en 1991, ainsi que le Comité scientifique et d'éthique qui examine la recherche sur la santé. Cependant, tous les chercheurs ne demandent pas d'approbation éthique. Bien que les chercheurs prétendent un manque de clarté sur les types d'études nécessitant une approbation, les auteurs soutiennent que les lignes directrices sont suffisamment claires si elles sont explorées et suivies. Les incohérences dans la recherche de l'approbation éthique de la NHRC pourraient simplement signifier que les chercheurs ne sont pas conscients du processus d'examen éthique. Peut-être que les directives ne sont pas strictement appliquées. Néanmoins, en tant que chercheurs, il nous appartient de chercher l'approbation éthique par principe, sans considérer celle-ci comme un obstacle à la recherche.

Feminist research is informed by a history of breaking silences, of demanding that women's voices be heard, recorded and included in wider intellectual genealogies and histories. This has led to an emphasis on voice and speaking out in the research endeavour. Moments of secrecy and silence are less often addressed. This gives rise to a number of questions. What are the silences, secrets, omissions and and political consequences of such moments? What particular dilemmas and constraints do they represent or entail? What are their implications for research praxis? Are such moments always indi

Der vorliegende Beitrag skizziert den Prozess qualitativer Forschung. Dabei werden die in den einzelnen Schritten anstehenden Entscheidungsnotwendigkeiten und -möglichkeiten mit den jeweiligen möglichen Alternativen idealtypisch in folgenden Stationen nachgezeichnet: (1) der qualitative Forschungsprozess als Abfolge von Entscheidungen; (2) theoretische Vorannahmen und Untersuchungsgegenstand; (3) Entscheidung für die Fragestellung und ihre Eingrenzung; (4) Annäherung an das Forschungsfeld; (5) Entscheidung für die Methode(n) der Datensammlung; (6) Fixierung der Daten; (7) Interpretation von Daten; (8) Geltungsbegründung, Verallgemeinerung und Darstellung; (9) Forschung als sozialer und kommunikativer Prozess. Eine zweite Funktion dieses Kapitels ist die systematische Vorbereitung der Einzeldarstellungen unterschiedlicher Methoden in Kapitel sechs des Buches "Handbuch qualitative Sozialforschung. Grundlagen, Konzepte, Methoden und Anwendungen" (Flick, u.a., 1991). Damit die Darstellung nicht zu abstrakt-methodologisch gerät, wird das Beispiel einer Untersuchung zu subjektiven Vertrauenstheorien von Beratern aus sozialpsychiatrischen Diensten (Flick, 1989) zur Veranschaulichung herangezogen. (ICD2)

In this article, I unpack some of the challenges I faced doing ethnographic work on media production and consumption in the Balkans - particularly in the period of the 1990s-2000s in former Yugoslavia. I reflect on how my personal and intellectual background intersected with my fieldwork in a context that demanded constant (re)negotiation of my own identity, in relation not only to my participants and research colleagues in the region, but also to prevailing academic institutional practices. The article is not an autoethnographic account per se, but more a reflection on the research process in fieldwork sites experiencing great economic, political and social turmoil. As a young female researcher working in the area of cultural and media studies, I faced the problem of not being taken seriously by some research participants and colleagues early on, and had to identify and negotiate my way into the various cultural practices that would enable me to conduct effective multi-site research.

The problem of bias in qualitative research particularly is still debated in methodology texts and there is a lack of agreement on how much researcher influence is acceptable, whether or not it needs to be "controlled," and how it might be accounted for. Denzin (1994) refers to this as "the interpretive crisis" (p. 501). I chose to make my experiences, opinions, thoughts, and feelings visible and an acknowledged part of the research process through keeping reflective journals and using them in writing up the research. The aim of this paper is to show how reflective journals were used in engaging with the notion of creating transparency in the research process, and explore the impact of critical self-reflection on research design.

This paper is about care, insider positions and mothering within feminist research. We ask questions about how honest, ethical and caring can we really be in placing the self into the research process as mothers ourselves. Should we leave out aspects of the research that do not fit neatly and how ethical can we claim to be if we do? Moreover, should difficult differences, secrets and silences that emerge from the research process and research stories that might 'out' us as failures be excluded from research outcomes so as to claim legitimate research? We consider the use of a feminist methods as crucial in the reciprocal and relational understanding of personal enquiry. Mothers invest significant emotional capital in their families and we explore the blurring of the interpersonal and intrapersonal when sharing mothering experiences common to both participant and researcher. Indeed participants can identify themselves within the process as 'friends' of the researcher. We both have familiarity within our respective research that has led to mutual understanding of having insider positions. Crucially individuals' realities are a vital component of the qualitative paradigm and that 'insider' research remains a necessary, albeit messy vehicle in social research. As it is we consider a growing body of literature which marks out and endorses a feminist ethics of care. All of which critique established ways of thinking about ethics, morality, security, citizenship and care. It provides alternatives in mapping private and public aspects of social life as it operates at a theoretical level, but importantly for this paper also at the level of practical application.