Suchergebnisse

Every society, sociological research suggests, has its set of myths which incorporate and symbolize its political, economic, and social aspirations. Thus, as medieval society had the Quest for the Holy Grail and the cult of numerology, we, in our enlightened epoch, have as significant manifestations of our collective hopes the dream of impartial decision-making and the cult of "behavioral science." While in my view these latter two are but different facets of the same fundamental drive, namely, the age-old effort to exorcise human variables from human action, our concern here is with the first of them, the pervasive tendency in the American political and constitutional tradition directed towards taking the politics out of politics, and substituting some set of Platonic guardians for fallible politicians.

The purpose of this research study was to investigate the moral and legal issues around physically restraining students in Massachusetts public schools. As Massachusetts law is written, the use of restraints on a student should be the last possible resort. However, this thesis used data on restraint use from the Massachusetts Department of Education and a survey of school administrators to gain a better understanding of the 38,994 student restraints that were used in 2016-2017 school year. Findings of this study include that Hispanic and African-American students were more likely to attend schools that used restraints than those that did not. Also, students who were classified as high-needs, economically disadvantaged and disabled were more likely to attend schools that used restraints than schools that did not.

While there is a growing body of research available on general restraint intervention in acute adult psychiatric settings, relatively little is known about nurses' experiences of administering chemical restraint. The research question explored in this study was: what are mental health nurses' experiences of using chemical restraint interventions in times of behavioural emergency on adult inpatient acute mental health units? Through this Canadian study understanding of direct care nurses' first-hand experiences of the use of chemical restraint interventions was sought. Eight adult acute inpatient mental health nurses were interviewed using hermeneutic phenomenological method. Two major themes that emerged from data analysis are explored to illuminate the existing tension between therapeutic, person-centred care and coercive control to maintain safety: taking control to maintain safety and working within constraints. Integral ways that nurses make meaning from administering chemical restraint were found, as well as some of the complex clinical and ethical decision-making aspects involved in psychiatric nursing care. Implications for practice, education, and policy are discussed. Research findings indicated a need for further focus on medication best practice, policy development and nurse education. These exploratory research findings can be used to both inform and challenge dominant inpatient mental health practice to guide nurses, health care leaders, and policy makers by increased understanding of the complex ethical decision making required for use of chemical restraint interventions.

Intro -- U.S. IMPORT RESTRAINTS ECONOMIC EFFECTS -- U.S. IMPORT RESTRAINTS ECONOMIC EFFECTS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF SIGNIFICANT U. S. IMPORT RESTRAINTS -- ACRONYMS -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- Effects of Significant Import Restraints -- Removal of All Significant Restraints -- Effects of Sector-by-Sector Liberalization -- Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol) -- Textiles and Apparel -- Dairy -- Tobacco -- Sugar -- Canned Tuna -- Other High- Tariff Sectors -- Services -- U.S. and Global Supply Chains -- SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- Scope and Organization of the Report -- Approach -- Significant Import Restraints -- U.S. and Global Supply Chains -- SECTION 2. EFFECTS OF REMOVING SIGNIFICANT IMPORT RESTRAINTS -- Effects of Removing All Significant Import Restraints -- Effects of Liberalization on the Aggregate Economy Relative to Projected Trends, 2005-15 -- Effects of Liberalization on Individual Sectors Relative to Projected Trends, 2005-15 -- Ethanol -- Nature of Trade Restraints -- Projected Industry Trends, 2005-15 -- Effects of Liberalization Relative to Projected Trends -- Dairy Products -- Nature of Trade Restraints -- Projected Industry Trends, 2005-15 -- Effects of Liberalization Relative to Projected Trends -- Tobacco and Tobacco Products -- Nature of Trade Restraints -- Projected Industry Trends, 2005-15 -- Effects of Liberalization Relative to Projected Trends -- Sugar and Sugar-Containing Products -- Nature of Trade Restraints -- WTO Agreement on Agriculture TRQs -- FTA TRQs -- Projected Industry Trends, 2005-15 -- Effects of Liberalization Relative to Projected Trends -- Canned Tuna70 -- Nature of Trade Restraints -- Projected Industry Trends, 2005-15 -- Effects of Liberalization Relative to Projected Trends -- Textiles and Apparel -- Nature of Trade Restraints -- FTAs, Preference Programs, and Rules of Origin

Carstens reviews 'Liberalism, Perfectionism, and Restraint' by Steven Wall.

Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- The issues -- A restriction in scope -- Outline of the argument -- 1 Perfectionism -- Four claims -- Elitism -- Pluralism -- Parochialism -- Political morality and institutional design -- Part I The rejection of the bracketing strategy -- 2 The idea of restraint -- 3 Political liberalism and the bracketing strategy -- Rawls' political liberalism -- The pragmatic argument -- The argument from political justification -- Conclusion -- 4 Toleration, reasonable rejectability and restraint -- The concept of toleration -- Justifying toleration -- The democratic idea of toleration -- The case against democratic toleration -- Supplementary arguments -- A fresh start: skepticism and the problem of self-trust -- Justification, truth and luck -- 5 Public justification and the transparency argument -- Rival interpretations of the publicity condition -- Reconsidering the transparency argument -- Public justification and moral demands -- The appeal to full autonomy -- Part II Autonomy and perfectionism -- 6 Personal autonomy and its value (I) -- Introduction -- The constituent elements of personal autonomy -- Six value claims -- The intrinsic value of autonomy -- The instrumental value of autonomy -- Three cases -- 7 Personal autonomy and its value (II) -- The pluralist objection -- An initial clarification -- The social forms of modern western societies -- Two objections -- Conventionalism -- Non-autonomous subgroups -- Conclusion -- 8 Three mistakes about autonomy -- The maximizing argument -- The endorsement thesis -- The non-discrimination argument -- Conclusion -- 9 Applications -- Promoting autonomy -- Promoting the good -- Discouraging the bad -- Perfectionism and culture -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Index

AbstractRecent political developments worldwide have focused attention on the fraying of political norms, often understood as informal restraints on opportunistic behavior. We present a model to study how norms of restraint interact with institutional checks and balances. In the model, an election determines which party holds office in each period over an infinite horizon. Each period presents the majority party with an opportunity to modify a status quo policy. However, informal norms and formal institutional barriers limit its ability to do so by providing soft and hard constraints to policymaking, respectively. We show that political cooperation can be easier to sustain in political systems with fewer checks and balances, when political norms are sufficiently stringent. Under optimal norms, increasing polarization makes norms easier to uphold, while also reducing welfare. Finally, norms maintained by minority parties are less sustainable, and voter optimal norms require minority concessions to achieve greater electoral competitiveness.

We study the differences in the impact of trade restrictions on the level of imports (e.g. 200,000 automobiles per years) and restrictions defined in terms of market shares (e.g. 10% of the market). We argue that if domestic firms enjoy some market power proportional trade restrictions have a stronger anticompetitive effect than volume restrictions, and therefore lead to higher equilibrium prices and lower social welfeare. In the case of Cournot competition and constant marginal costs, with proportional import restraints the equilibrium price sticks to the autarchic level, independently of the market share reserved for foreign firms. As a consequence, enlarging the share of imports does not increase consumers surplus and negatively affects the profits of domestic firms, thus lowering social welfare.