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Seit 1951 ist der Bundespräsident in Österreich der einzige direkt durch das Volk gewählte politische Repräsentant. In diesem Artikel wird die österreichische Bundespräsidentenwahl 2022 zum Anlass genommen, die Bedeutung dieses Staatsamts zu evaluieren. Zunächst wird die politische Pfadabhängigkeit des Amtes des Bundespräsidenten in der Ersten- (1919-1934) und Zweiten Republik (seit 1945) dargestellt (Abschnitt II). Dann werden die konstitutionellen Machtressourcen des Bundespräsidenten erklärt (Abschnitt III) und die Beziehungen zwischen der Bundespräsidentschaft und den anderen Bereichen des politischen Systems erläutert (Abschnitt IV). Im Abschnitt V wird der Bundespräsidentschaftswahlkampf 2022 als Fallstudie mit Hilfe soziologischer Konzepte von Pierre Bourdieu untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, wie die sechs Kandidaten in ihrer Auseinandersetzung mit dem Amtsinhaber Alexander Van der Bellen unterschiedliche Formen des "politischen Kapitals" wie z.B. Habitus, Lebensstil, Medienzugang und Themenwahl strategisch einsetzen. Die Schlussfolgerung des Artikels ist, dass die Pfadabhängigkeit der Bundespräsidentschaft insgesamt bestätigt wurde, d.h. der "Rollenverzicht" des Amtsinhabers Van der Bellen setzte sich auch 2022 gegen Forderungen nach einer "Rollenexpansion" durch.

Publikacja recenzowana / Peer-reviewed publication ; Artykuł przedstawia międzynarodową rolę Stanów Zjednoczonych w ciągu ostatnich trzydziestu lat. Bardziej precyzyjnie możemy mówić o czterech następujących po sobie rolach Ameryki w tym czasie. Najpierw jako lidera wolnego świata i rywala Związku Sowieckiego w końcówce zimnej wojny (G.H. Bush). Po drugie, jako globalnego przywódcy w latach 90., w czasie uważanym za "jednobiegunowy moment" (B. Clinton). Po trzecie, upadłego hegemona po fiasku narzucenia światu globalnej hegemonii w czasie podwójnej kadencji G.W. Busha. Wreszcie, powściągliwego przywództwa USA sprawowanego przez B. Obamę. Trzydziestoletnie globalne przywództwo jak się zdaje wyczerpało moralnie Amerykę, co pokazała elekcja D. Trumpa. Ten wybór stawia pod znakiem zapytania przyszłość USA jako globalnego przywódcy. ; Article presents an international role of the United States during the last thirty years. More specifi - cally, we can talk about four subsequent roles of America in this period. First, as a leader of free world and a rival of the Soviet Union at the end of Cold War (G.H. Bush). Second, as a global leader in the 90s: time of the "unipolar moment" (B. Clinton). Third, a failed hegemon after unsuccessful bid for hegemony during the double term of G.W. Bush. And fourth, restraint leadership of the US exercised by B. Obama. Thirty years of global leadership seems to have exhausted morally America as it has been shown by the election of D. Trump. This choice puts under question future of the U.S. as a global leader.

Intro -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Introduction -- Chapter 1 Equal by Law -- Woman's Rights -- Women's Rights Convention. -- Legislation for Women. -- John P. Hale on Women's Rights. -- Suffrage Wins in the Senate -- Now Goes to States -- On Equal Rights for Women -- Call to Action -- 2 Approaches to Rebuilding Women's Movement -- Guiding the Battles of the Women's Rights Movement -- How Should We Respond to Sexual Harassment? -- Chapter 2 In the Home -- A Woman's Opinion -- Shall Wives Be Wage Earners? -- Woman's Place The Home. -- Women's Place: Home or Office -- Where Is Women's Place? -- Men and Housework: Do They or Don't They? -- Women Who Mean Business -- Considering the Place of the Working Parent in the Kitchen -- More Women Find Room for Babies and Advanced Degrees -- Chapter 3 At Work -- The Women and the War. -- The Question of Lady Doctors. -- Equal Pay for Women. -- An Olympic Figure Skater Who Also Made History for The Times -- Women Fitting Themselves Fast for Skilled Job in War Plants -- Rose Gacioch, a Star in Women's Pro Baseball, Dies at 89 -- Gertrude Jeannette, Actor, Director and Cabdriver, Dies at 103 -- Women's Job Bill Fought in Albany -- Women's Pay Gap Is Still Widening, U.S. Official Says -- She Was the Only Woman in a Photo of 38 Scientists, and Now She's Been Identified -- Female-Run Venture Capital Funds Alter the Status Quo -- All Combat Roles Now Open to Women, Defense Secretary Says -- When the Pilot Is a Mom: Accommodating New Motherhood at 30,000 Feet -- Push for Gender Equality in Tech? Some Men Say It's Gone Too Far -- Chapter 4 In Politics -- Women Greet Miss Rankin. -- Mrs. Chisholm Defeats Farmer, Is First Negro Woman in House -- Reassessing Women's Political Role: The Lasting Impact of Geraldine Ferraro -- To Understand Clinton's Moment, Consider That It Came 32 Years After Ferraro's.

This article assesses the possibilities for the development of foreign-policy role theory using the concepts of traditions and dilemmas from the interpretive approach to foreign policy, as well as narratives as an interpretive method for analysis. While role theory is rich in conceptualization, it still suffers from overt structuralism, inattention to domestic processes of divergence/convergence affecting national roles, and from methodological underdevelopment. This article goes beyond studies of national role conceptions that present foreign-policy behavior as determined by the national role, thus making it possible to understand the interplay of competing voices in determining a national role, the processes of role change, and the resulting reorientation of foreign policy. This article illustrates the possibilities and limitations of merging role theory and the interpretive approach through the study of Chile's and Mexico's attempts to join the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), their accession to APEC, and their performance once accepted into APEC.

Abstract The paper examines the perceptions that representatives and would–be representatives have of their roles as MEPs, what accounts for those differences and what impact they have on MEP behaviour. Three dimensions of role differences were identified. Two of them, AGENT and TRUSTEE can be found in most assemblies but a third, a federal/confederal distinction, is perhaps peculiar to the EU. Individual attitudes to Europe explained this one quite well, nationality explained differences on the AGENT dimension and left–right position provided some explanation for differences on the TRUSTEE role. The combination of role perceptions appear to have some impact on MEPs' activities.

The paper examines the perceptions that representatives and would-be representatives have of their roles as MEPs, what accounts for those differences and what impact they have on MEP behaviour. Three dimensions of role differences were identified. Two of them, AGENT and TRUSTEE can be found in most assemblies but a third, a federal/confederal distinction, is perhaps peculiar to the EU. Individual attitudes to Europe explained this one quite well, nationality explained differences on the AGENT dimension and left-right position provided some explanation for differences on the TRUSTEE role. The combination of role perceptions appear to have some impact on MEPs' activities. (European Journal of Political Research/ FUB)

The European Convention on Human Rights says freedom of expression is the rule, limitations on it the exception. And these exceptions must be narrowly interpreted. This is where any debate on the role of the media must begin

Correspondence between Mr. Carlos Roel, from the legation of Mexico in France, and Gen. Alvaro Obregón, in which the former compliments Gen. Obregón on his MANIFESTO TO THE NATION and informs him of the high approval that it has received in the legation of Mexico in France. Mr. Carlos Roel refers Benjamín Barrios, B.A. to Gen. Obregón for collaborating on his campaign. Mr. Carlos Roel informs Gen. Obregón of the work done in the legation by Mr. Alberto J. Pani. / Correspondencia entre el Sr. Carlos Roel de la Legación de México en Francia y el Gral. Alvaro Obregón, en la que el primero felicita al Gral. Obregón por su MANIFIESTO A LA NACION y le informa de la buena acogida que ha tenido en la Legación de México en Francia. El Sr. Carlos Roel recomienda con el Gral. Alvaro Obregón al Lic. Benjamín Barrios para colaborar en su campaña. El Sr. Carlos Roel comenta al Gral. Obregón la labor realizada en la Legación por el Ing. Alberto J. Pani.

Correspondence of Mr. Roberto Roel, Mr. Francisco Pérez, Director General of the National Railroads of Mexico, and Gen. Alvaro Obregón, in which Mr. Roel congratulates Gen. Obregón on his presidential nomination and expresses his sympathy and condolences for the passing of Carranza. Gen. Obregón requests Mr. Francisco Pérez to reinstate Mr. Roel in his job. Positive reply. File R-33. / Correspondencia entre el Sr. Roberto Roel, el Sr.Francisco Pérez, Director General de los Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México y el Gral. Alvaro Obregón, en la que el primero felicita al Gral. Obregón por su candidatura y le da el pésame por la muerte de Carranza. El Gral. Obregón solicita al Sr. Francisco Pérez que sea restituido en su puesto el Sr. Roel. Respuesta afirmativa. Exp. R-33

The relationship of role conflict and role ambiguity to job satisfaction and other variables was examined in a national sample of 506 employment counselors. A survey was mailed to USES counselors in ten states. Regression analysis showed that the 11 personal and organizational variables included in the study accounted for only a small amount of the variance in role conflict or role ambiguity. On the other hand, role conflict and role ambiguity were negatively and significantly related to job satisfaction of the counselors. These stress variables were related positively and significantly to counselors' propensity to leave the agency. Privacy of counseling facilities and time spent in counseling activities were two variables contributing most to explaining variance in role stress. Both related negatively and significantly to role conflict and role ambiguity.