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A study of 9 disciplines over a span of 3 yrs discovered that the COMM process does differ among disciplines. Diff's are reported between the physical & the soc sci's, in terms of 3 major COMM characteristics associated with information dissemination & assimilation: (a) lags in the information flow process, (b) org & effectiveness of informal networks, & (c) the transfer of information from the informal to the formal domain. AA.

Nephroblastoma is a congenital renal neoplasm composed of metanephric blastema and stromal cells. A one-year-old male Angus calf presented with diarrhea, nasal discharge, cough and weight loss. Serum levels of creatinine and urea were increased, with reduction in the level of albumin. After eight days, clinical condition got worse and the calf died. On necropsy, the cranial pole of the left kidney presented a firm whitish mass (30 x 21 x 14 cm). Multifocal to coalescing firm whitish nodules were observed on the serosa of the large intestine, in the mesentery and in the adventitia of the urinary bladder. All lung lobes contained multifocal to coalescing firm whitish elevated nodules (0.5 to 1 cm of diameter). Histologically, renal mass consisted of neoplastic proliferation of embryonal epithelial and mesenchymal cells, intermixed with large amounts of blastema cells. The nodules on large intestine, mesentery, urinary bladder and lungs were composed mainly of blastema cells and mild amount of mesenchymal cells. Blastema cells were also observed within lymphatic vessels in lung parenchyma. Embryonal epithelial, mesenchymal and blastema cells showed, respectively, positive immunostain for cytokeratin, vimentin and S100. Based on pathological and immunohistochemical findings, the tumor was diagnosed as nephroblastoma in a calf with metastasis through lymphatic vessels to lungs, large intestine, mesentery and urinary bladder.

This article argues that scientific communication can be improved by changing citation and referencing methods in three specific ways. First, include page numbers (or table or figure numbers) in citing sources much more often than is the current practice. Doing so will make it easier to confirm information cited and substantially reduce attribution errors. Twelve specific examples of attribution errors are provided as a way of documenting the need for greater precision in citing sources. Second, make clearer to readers the nature of what is being cited. This can be done by using specific symbols to classify nearly all scientific publications into one of the following three categories: (a) original research, (b) reviews or meta-analyses, or (c) predominantly argumentative or theoretical proposals. Third, the length of the average scientific article can be substantially reduced without losing any ability to document by replacing the conventional citing/referencing method with a method that allows readers to go directly from each citation to the actual referenced material in Google Scholar or Microsoft Academic. Guidelines for this new method are offered.

Considers whether computer-mediated communication will be a mere facilitator rather than a true transformer; the extent to which researchers in different knowledge fields have embraced electronic media for different research tasks; and whether the isolation of scientists on the periphery will soon be a thing of the non-electronic past thanks to their inclusion in global networks. Addresses these issues surrounding the relationship between information technology and scientific communication practices in a changing world. (Original abstract - amended)