Suchergebnisse

The accumulation of human excrement in nineteenth-century cities, particularly London, precipitated a historic environmental crisis—an aspect of the metabolic rift mostly overlooked in ecosocialist analysis. The solution that was finally adopted only shifted the problem out of sight, setting the stage for even greater crises in our time.

Activated sludge is now one of the most widely used biological processes for the treatment of wastewaters from medium to large populations. It produces high amounts of sewage sludge that can be managed and perceived in two main ways: as a waste it is discharged in landfill, as a fertilizer it is disposed in agriculture with direct application to soil or subjected to anaerobic digestion and composting. Other solutions, such as incineration or production of concrete, bricks and asphalt play a secondary role in terms of their degree of diffusion. The agronomical value of domestic sewage sludge is a proved question, which may be hidden by the presence of several pollutants such as heavy metals, organic compounds and pathogens. In this way, the sustainability of sewage sludge agricultural disposal requires a value judgment based on knowledge and evaluation of the level of pollution of both sewage sludge and soil. The article analyzed a typical Italian case study, a water management system of small communities, applying the criteria of evaluation of the last official document of European Union about sewage sludge land application, the "Working Document on Sludge (3rd draft, 2000)". The report brought out good sewage sludge from small wastewater treatment plants and soils quality suggesting a sustainable application.

In this work, we review relevant thermochemical processes and current product treatment/utilization issues for continuing applied research according to European union strategic calls and industry demand.

Activated sludge is now one of the most widely used biological processes for the treatment of wastewaters from medium to large populations. It produces high amounts of sewage sludge that can be managed and perceived in two main ways: as a waste it is discharged in landfill, as a fertilizer it is disposed in agriculture with direct application to soil or subjected to anaerobic digestion and composting. Other solutions, such as incineration or production of concrete, bricks and asphalt play a secondary role in terms of their degree of diffusion. The agronomical value of domestic sewage sludge is a proved question, which may be hidden by the presence of several pollutants such as heavy metals, organic compounds and pathogens. In this way, the sustainability of sewage sludge agricultural disposal requires a value judgment based on knowledge and evaluation of the level of pollution of both sewage sludge and soil. The article analyzed a typical Italian case study, a water management system of small communities, applying the criteria of evaluation of the last official document of European Union about sewage sludge land application, the "Working Document on Sludge (3rd draft, 2000)". The report brought out good sewage sludge from small wastewater treatment plants and soils quality suggesting a sustainable application.

Currently, the constantly growing problem in the municipal economy is the management of sewage sludge. According to the law, it is the local government that is responsible for the utilization of sewage sludge and is obliged to select optimal technologies, obtain funds and convince the community of the necessity of its implementation. BIONOR Company has developed an innovative concept for the separation and utilization of sewage sludge in the BIONOR SLUDGE compact installation. This innovative technology is effective from the perspective of reducing the waste amount and can be used to solve the problem of utilization of sewage sludge produced in small, rural wastewater treatment plants. The aim of the article is the characterization of the BIONOR SLUDGE technology, a comparative analysis of costs of sludge disposal using a variety of methods and an indication of the importance of sludge management for the local development. To achieve the goal set in the article, a discriminative method was used - a description of the BIONOR SLUDGE technological line as well as a case study method - a comparative analysis of the costs of operation of BIONOR SLUDGE technological line and the costs of landfilling and utilizing of sewage sludge. The research results confirm that the monthly operational costs of the BIONOR SLUDGE technological line are lower than the costs of monthly landfilling or disposal. For potential municipalities, the introduction of BIONOR innovative technology is economical. Moreover, its usage is currently essential for many municipalities due to the introduction of a ban on landfilling of this type of waste from 1 January 2016. This technology can be used to solve the problem of utilization of sewage sludge generated in small, rural wastewater treatment plants.

Currently, the constantly growing problem in the municipal economy is the management of sewage sludge. According to the law, it is the local government that is responsible for the utilization of sewage sludge and is obliged to select optimal technologies, obtain funds and convince the community of the necessity of its implementation. BIONOR Company has developed an innovative concept for the separation and utilization of sewage sludge in the BIONOR SLUDGE compact installation. This innovative technology is effective from the perspective of reducing the waste amount and can be used to solve the problem of utilization of sewage sludge produced in small, rural wastewater treatment plants. The aim of the article is the characterization of the BIONOR SLUDGE technology, a comparative analysis of costs of sludge disposal using a variety of methods and an indication of the importance of sludge management for the local development. To achieve the goal set in the article, a discriminative method was used - a description of the BIONOR SLUDGE technological line as well as a case study method - a comparative analysis of the costs of operation of BIONOR SLUDGE technological line and the costs of landfilling and utilizing of sewage sludge. The research results confirm that the monthly operational costs of the BIONOR SLUDGE technological line are lower than the costs of monthly landfilling or disposal. For potential municipalities, the introduction of BIONOR innovative technology is economical. Moreover, its usage is currently essential for many municipalities due to the introduction of a ban on landfilling of this type of waste from 1 January 2016. This technology can be used to solve the problem of utilization of sewage sludge generated in small, rural wastewater treatment plants.

Intro -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- Biotic and Abiotic Contamination Due to Emerging Pollutants in Sewage Sludge and Soils: A Country-Based Perspective -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Emerging Pollutants in Sewage Sludge -- 2.1 Emerging Pollutants of Abiotic Origin in Sewage Sludge -- 2.2 Emerging Pollutants of Biotic Origin in Sewage Sludge -- 3 Emerging Pollutants in Soils -- 3.1 Emerging Pollutants of Abiotic Origin in Soils -- 3.2 Emerging Pollutants of Biotic Origin in Soils -- 4 Overall Situation and Perspectives -- References -- Pharmaceuticals and Their Metabolites in Sewage Sludge and Soils: Distribution and Environmental Risk Assessment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Occurrence of PhCs and Metabolites Alongside Sludge Stabilization Treatments -- 3 Distribution of PhCs and Metabolites in Soil -- 4 Environmental Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals and Metabolites in Soil -- 5 Conclusions and Future Trends -- References -- Microplastics in Soils as a Source of Pollution and Environmental Risk -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 General Framework of Plastic Composition and Uses -- 2 Microplastics -- 3 Pathways of Occurrence in Soils -- 4 Environmental Risks -- 5 Introduction to Analysis of Microplastics in Soils -- 6 Conclusions and Future Trends -- References -- Environmental Transmission of Human Pathogens Associated with SARS-CoV-2 and the Effect on Soil and Aquatic Ecosystem: A Biolo... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 General Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 -- 3 Chances of Survival of SARS-CoV-2 in Different Environmental Circumstances -- 4 Impacts of SARS-CoV-2 Virus, with Main Focus on Soil and Aquatic Ecosystems -- 5 Transmission Route of SARS-CoV-2 into Aquatic Systems -- 6 Transmission Route of SARS-CoV-2 into the Soil System -- 7 Interaction Between Soil-SARS-CoV-2 and Water-SARS-CoV-2: A Metagenomic Overview.