Suchergebnisse

Accurate crown characterization of large isolated olive trees is vital for adjusting spray doses in three-dimensional crop agriculture. Among the many methodologies available, laser sensors have proved to be the most reliable and accurate. However, their operation is time consuming and requires specialist knowledge and so a simpler crown characterization method is required. To this end, three methods were evaluated and compared with LiDAR measurements to determine their accuracy: Vertical Crown Projected Area method (VCPA), Ellipsoid Volume method (V E ) and Tree Silhouette Volume method (V TS ). Trials were performed in three different kinds of olive tree plantations: intensive, adapted one-trunked traditional and traditional. In total, 55 trees were characterized. Results show that all three methods are appropriate to estimate the crown volume, reaching high coefficients of determination: R 2 = 0.783, 0.843 and 0.824 for VCPA, V E and V TS , respectively. However, discrepancies arise when evaluating tree plantations separately, especially for traditional trees. Here, correlations between LiDAR volume and other parameters showed that the Mean Vector calculated for VCPA method showed the highest correlation for traditional trees, thus its use in traditional plantations is highly recommended. ; The authors thank the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Spanish government for financial support, and the pre-commercial procurement MECAOLIVAR project and the Interprofesional del Aceite de Oliva Español (IAOE) for its financial support. This research has been financed with FEDER funds. The first author also thanks the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport for its financial support through the National Training Program of University Lecturers (FPU).

The Reconquista being finished, the defense and control of the Spanish and Italian coasts forced the Spanish crown to fortify the new systems of bastions of the Western Mediterranean maritime cities. As the largest fortifying company of its time it raised castles, forts and walling with modern systems of military engineering, not only on the Spanish coast but also in the city of Naples, Sicily, the island of Malta and the African port of Oran, Algiers and Tunis ; Acabada la Reconquista, el control y la defensa de las costas españolas e italianas obligó a la Corona Española a fortificar con los nuevos sistemas de baluartes numerosas ciudades marítimas del Mediterráneo Occidental, la mayor empresa fortificadora de su tiempo, levantando castillos, fuertes y amurallando con los modernos sistemas de la ingeniería militar, además de la costa española, la ciudad de Nápoles, la isla de Sicilia, la isla de Malta y los puertos africanos de Orán, Argel y Túnez.

UID/HIS/04209/2013 ; In the early seventeenth century, the construction of galleons and high seas warships became an essential strategic concern for the king of Spain, even more so than in the previous century. In 1603, Philip III ordered the establishment of a Committee for the Building of Ships (Junta para la Fábrica de Navíos), which signed several contracts (asientos) with private individuals to build squadrons and ships. What were the shipbuilding conditions outlined in contracts signed under the auspices of such a committee? By addressing this question, this research note sheds light on the shipbuilding strategies of the Spanish Crown before the Twelve Years' Truce (1609–1621). The notes are part of an ongoing research project on the Spanish Empire's political restructuring of shipbuilding policies during the first half of the seventeenth century. ; publishersversion ; published

Abstract
This article examines the practices and structures of corruption in Spanish Italy and demonstrates how the forms of official conduct that would later be categorized as corrupt in eighteenth-century political and legal discourses were already understood and prosecuted as corruption in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, through the intervention at the local level of the visita, an institution employed by the Spanish Crown to inspect officials. The notion of corruption that was useful to the state amalgamated forms of conduct corresponding to distinctive configurations of social structures that functioned like networks. This article examines for the first time the rich collection of depositions assembled by the visitas in Naples and Sicily in 1559, 1581, and 1606, and reproduces four networks of corruption. Through the use of network analysis, these networks point to two foundational structural models of early modern corruption in which officials participated at the local level: a corrupt clientelism typified by relationships of exchange and favor organized by officials and a corruption of partiality and abuse of discretion embedded within institutional work and processes. Although distinct, these models were conceptually linked through the perception that these networks benefitted particular interests and were critically drawn together through the surveillance and discipline provided by the visita in anticipation of anti-corruption ideology and modern bureaucratic norms. What the state saw through the visita and prosecuted as corrupt reflected how that corruption was reported, how it occurred, and how it was structured.

SPAIN ASSERTED ITS PRESENCE IN AMERICA THROUGH AN ARRAY OF INSTITUTIONS. TRADITIONAL HISTORIOGRAPHY STUDIED THESE IN DETAIL, DESCRIBING COLONIAL POLICY AND AMERICAN RESPONSES IN TERMS OF OFFICIALS, TRIBUNALS, AND LAWS. THE AGENCIES OF EMPIRE WERE TANGIBLE ACHIEVEMENTS AND EVIDENCE OF THE HIGH QUALITY OF SPANISH ADMINISTRATION. BETWEEN CROWN AND SUBJECT THERE WERE SOME 20 MAJOR INSTITUTIONS, WHILE COLONIAL OFFICIALS NUMBERED IN THE THOUSANDS.

This book examines an eighteenth century Spanish state finance based on voluntary donations rather than taxes. The author analyzes the "gifts" (donativos) that residents of colonial Argentina gave to the Spanish Crown and the city council of Buenos Aires

During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Crown of Aragon was a rapidly expanding and powerful political unit with an original form of representative government. Throughout this period, a series of energetic and talented rulers sought to maintain royal authority and to govern their realms effectively. This book examines the ways in which they used the art of rhetoric to uphold royal power and to gain their subjects' co-operation.

"A Great Fear: Luís de Onís and the Shadow War against Napoleon in Spanish America, 1808-1812 explores why Spanish Americans did not take the opportunity to seize independence in this critical period when Spain was overrun by French armies and, arguably, in its weakest state. In the first years after his appointment as Spanish ambassador to the United States, Luís de Onís claimed the heavy responsibility of defending Spanish America from the wave of French spies, subversives, and soldiers whom he believed Napoleon was sending across the Atlantic to undermine the empire. As a leading representative of Spain's loyalist government in the Americas, Onís played a central role in identifying, framing, and developing what soon became a coordinated response from the colonial bureaucracy to this perceived threat. This crusade had important short-term consequences for the empire. Since it paralleled the emergence of embryonic independence movements against Spanish rule, colonial officials immediately conflated these dangers and attributed anti-Spanish sentiment to foreign conspiracies. Little direct evidence of Napoleon's efforts at subversion in Spanish America exists. However, on the basis of prodigious research, Hawkins asserts that the fear of French intervention mattered far more than the reality. Reinforced by detailed warnings from Ambassador Onís, who found the United States to be the staging ground for many of the French emissaries, colonial officials and their subjects became convinced that Napoleon posed a real threat. The official reaction to the threat of French intervention increasingly led Spanish authorities to view their subjects with suspicion, as potential enemies rather than allies in the struggle to preserve the empire. In the long term, this climate of fear eroded the legitimacy of the Spanish Crown among Spanish Americans, a process that contributed to the unraveling of the empire by the 1820s. his study draws on documents and official records from both sides of the Hispanic Atlantic, with extensive research conducted in Spain, Guatemala, Argentina, and the United States. Overall, it is a provocative interpretation of the repercussions of Napoleonic intrigue and espionage in the New World and a stellar examination of late Spanish colonialism in the Americas."--Provided by publisher.

Analytical study with facsimile reproductions of an epistolary file containing 2 printed letters between 17 century Indian mestizo priests reclaiming Inca nobility rights from the Spanish Crown along with 5 images: two portraits of Spanish kings Felipe IV and Carlos II, 2 coat of arms and one illuminated full body portrait of a young Inca

Estudio de la provisión, beneficio y venta de los cargos de Hacienda en la América colonial española durante el siglo XVII. Análisis general del proceso de venta de estos oficios (factor, contador y tesorero de Caja Real y funcionarios de los Tribunales de Cuentas) desde su inicio hasta fin del siglo. Se describen los distintos modos de adquirir el cargo, el planteamiento legislativo de la Corona española y un estudio anual del número de provisiones, ventas, cantidades abonadas y personas titulares. ; A study of the purveyance, purchase and sale of official posts in the Treasury of the Spanish American colonies during the 17th century. A general analysis of the sales processes associated with these posts (Factor, Paymaster and Treasurer of the Royal Coffers and functionaries of the Exchequer), from the beginning to the end of the century. The article describes the different ways of acquiring a position, the legal position of the Spanish Crown and an annual study of the provisions, sales, amounts paid and beneficiaries.

"In the wake of the 1588 destruction of the Spanish Armada, English Catholics launched an ingenious counterespionage effort to undermine the Tudor government's anti-Catholic machinations. Queen Elizabeth long maintained spies and provocateurs among English Catholic exiles. Walsingham, her principal secretary, used treachery to foster plots against the queen to justify harsh measures against Catholics"--

El objeto de este trabajo es analizar la oportunidad y la conveniencia de reformar la Corona (esto es, la Jefatura de Estado monárquica) que consagró la Constitución Española de 1978. Se inicia con una síntesis del actual régimen jurídico de la Corona, exponiendo—a continuación— el procedimiento que debe seguirse para modificarla. Con este objetivo se estudian las fases que prevé el artículo 168 CE, que regula el denominado «procedimiento de reforma agravado». Su introducción se debió al deseo de la mayoría conservadora de dar a la Corona una súper protección (a modo de «cláusula de intangibilidad» encubierta), para frenar las preferencias republicanas expresadas por los partidos políticos de izquierdas. Se concluye esta parte del trabajo buscando los resquicios —que existen— para, en su caso, poder llevar a cabo dicha reforma evitando las dificultades extremas que impone el referido artículo 168. Acto seguido, reflexionamos sobre los argumentos que, a nuestro juicio, hacen preferible la República sobre la Monarquía. Éstos, en síntesis, son la mayor calidad democrática de un cargo electivo sobre uno hereditario, la acentuación de la idea de igualdad, la reversibilidad de una designación inadecuada, la cercanía de la figura del Jefe del Estado, la accesibilidad del cargo a todos los ciudadanos y, en definitiva, su racionalidad intrínseca. Por todo ello, propugnamos el tránsito pacífico hacia la Tercera República española; y, para facilitar dicho paso, exponemos, de forma telegráfica y sólo a que podría ser el estatuto jurídico de su Presidente. La cuarta y última parte del artículo hace un planteamiento de reforma más modesto. En efecto, contempla la hipótesis de que, por la peculiar transición española de la dictadura a la democracia, todavía se considere necesaria la figura del Rey. Pues bien, entendemos que, en este supuesto, es imprescindible que la Corona se adecue, en lo posible, a los principios democráticos que conforman el régimen político surgido de la Constitución de 1978. Lo que, a nuestro juicio, no ocurre en la actualidad. Para lograr este objetivo, sugerimos —de forma razonada— que se lleven a cabo diez reformas parciales de la Constitución.

This article analyses the Spanish contribution to the exploration and charting of the South Pacific at the time of Captain James Cook. The article focuses on three expeditions conducted in the Age of Enlightenment, reflecting certain changes in the discourse of exploration and dissemination of knowledge. Captain Don Felipe González de Ahedo arrived on Easter Island in 1770, claimed it in the name of the Spanish crown and, with the help of his navigator Juan Hervé, conducted detailed charting of the island. Hervé would play a key role in the next two expeditions sent to the South Pacific by the Viceroy of Peru, Manuel de Amat y Junyent. The two expeditions led by Domingo de Bonechea Andonaegui in 1772–73 and 1774–75 explored and charted Tahiti and the Tuamotu Archipelago. As a result of the expeditions, apart from comprehensive travel logs, a series of some ninety charts appeared, documenting the achievements of Spanish maritime cartography of the South Pacific. In this article, interaction between Spanish and other explorative cartographers will be considered, giving special regard to the influence of Cook. The article presents the Spanish manuscript charts of the South Pacific that are kept in the State Library of New South Wales (Somaglia Collection), the Real Academia de la Historia (Madrid), the Archivo General de Indias (Seville), the Museo Naval de Madrid and Biblioteca Nacional de Chile.

Exile is, in Viscardo Guzmán's works, not only a biographical fact but an important concept to understand Spanish American history and colonial condition. In his Letter, Viscardo y Guzmán gives some historical examples of the King's cruelty towards his colonial subjects, from the Andean nobles exiled after the rebellion of Tupac Amaru I, the last Inca from Vilcabamba, to the recent expulsion of his Jesuits brothers. He arrives at the conclusion that the Spanish Crown has only mistreated and unjustly punished the Spanish Americans in these two hundred years of colonial history. Viscardo y Guzmán's discourse shows that Spanish American's rights are not recognized by the Spanish crown and Spanish Americans live under the rule of a permanent state of exception. Exile is one of the most visible signs of the tyranny that Spanish Americans are subjected to during the two centuries of colonial history. In this text I study the relation between the figure of the sovereign and the state of exception in Viscardo y Guzmán's Letter and exile as one of the main conditions of colonial subjects, an exile not only in geographical but also historical terms. According to Viscardo y Guzmán, Americans are exiled from their own history. To understand the notion of sovereignty and state of exception I take into account classical authors such as Jean Bodin and Hobbes as well as contemporanean ones such as Carl Schmitt, Giorgio Agamben, and Walter Mignolo. ; En la obra de Viscardo y Guzmán, el exilio deja de ser solo un dato biográfico o una experiencia vital y se convierte en una categoría conceptual para comprender la historia americana y la condición colonial de los españoles americanos. Como demostración de ello, Viscardo y Guzmán recuerda el exilio de numerosos nobles incas luego de la rebelión del último Inca de Vilcabamba, Tupac Amaru I y lo relaciona con la reciente expulsión de sus pares jesuitas de América. También considera que los conquistadores y Cristóbal Colón, quienes se exiliaron voluntariamente para servir al rey, no ...

The article analyzes the political and administrative changes carried out in the Diocese of Nicaragua and Costa Rica from the reforms proposed by the Bourbon crown. It also examines the period before and after independence. In these processes we will seek to know what the role of the Church and its clergy was. The changes are manifested equally in the religious, as the main brotherhoods, which were the main source of the devotions of their patron saints and the Holy Week processions, saw their goods diminished. This confiscation, of their property and sell of their goods, must be handed over to the crown to pay their debts. ; El artículo analiza los cambios políticos y administrativos llevados a cabo en la Diócesis de Nicaragua y Costa Rica a partir de las reformas planteadas por la corona borbónica. También analizaremos el periodo anterior y posterior a la independencia. En estos procesos buscaremos conocer cuál fue el papel de la Iglesia y de su clero secular. Los cambios se manifestaron de igual manera en la religiosidad, ya que las cofradías principales sostenedoras de las devociones de sus santos patrones y de las procesiones de Semana Santa, vieron disminuidos sus bienes con la confiscación y venta de sus bienes, fruto que se debía de entregar a la corona para pagar sus deudas.