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This article is an attempt to bridge both the concept of ethnic and political tolerance into one account. It also is an attempt to make a connection between both ethnic and political tolerance with the studies of voting behaviour. Using qualitative methodology with content analysis approach and reviewing past literature, this article proposed a development of democratic-rational learning framework, a hybrid perspective from democratic learning and rational choice theories. As to date, the non-existence of any single model that explains both areas may pave to a new avenue in understand tolerance ethnically and politically and its importance in the study of voting behaviour. The proposed framework is perhaps contributed to the current body of knowledge of both theories. It is significance where ethnic and politics perceived as most important matter, and tolerance become increasingly worldwide agenda in managing multi-diversity society. Evidences are discussed further. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s1p365

Some researchers have claimed that there has been a substantial increase in political tolerance among the US public since the 1950s, while others assert that this increase is illusory -- though more tolerant of leftists, the public has simply found other targets on which to vent its intolerance. Data from Samuel A. Stouffer's 1954 survey on civil liberties (Communism, Conformity, & Civil Liberties, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1955) are reanalyzed after recalculating some of its measures to simulate the least-liked group question used in a study conducted twenty years later that arrived at different conclusions (Sullivan, John L., Piereson, James, & Marcus, George E., "An Alternative Conceptualization of Political Tolerance: Illusory Increases, 1950's-1970's," American Political Science Review, 1982, 73, 781-794). In addition, extensive trend data from polls conducted between 1940 & 1985 are analyzed. It is concluded that this shift does primarily reflect greater tolerance of leftists, although tolerance has fluctuated greatly over this period, largely due to changes in perceptions regarding threats from putatively subversive groups, especially domestic communists. However, the public's grasp of & concern about civil liberties seems so minimal that it can be argued that it really has no tangibly measurable attitude on the subject one way or the other. In A Note on "Trends in Political Tolerance", John L. Sullivan & George E. Marcus explain why they used the content-controlled measurement strategy in their initial study, defend their conceptualizations of tolerance & threat, & show why it is difficult to adequately compare their results with those of other researchers. It is concluded that Mueller is persuasive in arguing that attitudes toward communists have changed over time, but less so regarding changes in the level & structure of overall political tolerance. 6 Tables, 56 References. K. Hyatt

Tolerance & solidarity are recognized as key elements in the United Nations Culture of Peace Declaration. The contributions of psychology to our understanding of the causes of intolerance & the promotion of both tolerance & solidarity are discussed by drawing on insights from the Costa Rica symposium & connecting more widely with the scholarly literature in social & peace psychology. Guided by theory & research, we examine the sources of intolerance & exclusion, emphasizing not only small group processes but structural, societal-level changes. We cite provocative evidence indicating that democratization & globalization leave in their wake new divisions & intolerance. While noting the value of intergroup contact in the context of interdependent goals, we underscore the limits of traditional social psychological approaches when addressing complex social phenomena. We emphasize the critical role peace psychologists can play in exposing ideologies of oppression, & promoting social designs & practices that support tolerance & solidarity, at micro & macro levels, within the context of a collaborative, multidisciplinary framework. 52 References. Adapted from the source document.

Einstellung zu Religion und Kirche.

Themen: Kirchgangshäufigkeit; Gebethäufigkeit; Vorstellung von Gott;
Gottesglaube; Glaube an Jesus Christus; Glaube an ein Leben nach dem
Tod, das Jüngste Gericht und an eine Wiedergeburt; Einstellung zu
Angehörigen anderer Religionsgemeinschaften wie evangelische,
Mohamedaner, Katholiken, Zeugen Jehovas, Juden, Mormonen, Scientologen,
griechisch-orthodoxe, Buddhisten sowie Wünschelrutengänger, Astrologen,
Kartenleger, Wunder- und Geisterheiler.

Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Familienstand; Schulbildung; Beruf;
Berufstätigkeit; Haushaltseinkommen; Haushaltsgröße; Ortsgröße;
Bundesland.

The study examines the factors that have contributed to shaping the crisis in the culture of tolerance and moderation in Arab societies and its limits. I look at the dilemmas and risks necessitated by the problematic issues surrounding tolerance in contemporary Arab societies. I present a brief theoretical framing of the concept of 'tolerance' and a look at its manifestations in the structure of Arab societies. I also examine the variables shaping the content, meaning, and philosophy of tolerance in the structure of contemporary societies at large and of Arab societies in particular. The paper suggests that political, economic, social, and structural transformations have negatively affected Arab societies, which have then contributed to the culture of tolerance in Arab communities.