Suchergebnisse

ABSTRACTThis paper presents difference‐in‐differences estimates of the impact of the British minimum wage on the wage growth of low‐wage employees. Estimates of the probability of low‐wage employees receiving positive wage growth have been significantly increased by the minimum wage upratings or hikes. However, whether the actual wage growth of these workers has been significantly raised or not depends crucially on the magnitude of the minimum wage hike considered. Findings are consistent with employers complying with the legally binding minimum wage but holding down or offsetting the wage growth that they might have awarded in periods of relatively low minimum wage hikes.

This article describes an attempt to establish by regression analysis the form of the relationships which determine wage-rates and average earnings in the United Kingdom.

Culture, Poverty, and Education: What's Happening in Today's Schools? is intended to not only discuss 5 myths about the culture of poverty and its effects on education, but provide some resources on alternatives for educator's to better address this growing barrier to student achievement in today's schools.

In The General Theory, John Maynard Keynes lumped together the marginalist and neoclassical economics of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries and the more narrowly defined "classical" economics of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, J. R. McCulloch, James and John Stuart Mill and other mainstream economists of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth into what he called the "classical theory of employment," which he reduced to two "fundamental postulates":(a) The wage is equal to the marginal product of labour…(b) The utility of the wage when a given volume of labour is employed is equal to the marginal disutility ofthat amount of employment…(Keynes 1936, p. 5).

Collective wage agreements still play an important role in the German wage bargaining system. However, there is a critical debate in Germany whether collective agreements deliver the flexibility needed by firms to adjust to the needs of international competition and technological change. In recent years, the social partners in some industries have responded to this possible lack of flexibility by introducing so called opening clauses into their collective bargaining agreements. These allow firms to deviate from their collective agreement under certain conditions. The aim of this paper is to empirically analyze the prevalence of opening clauses in the German manufacturing sector and their impact on the wage structure. To provide a basis for the empirical analyses, a survey on the existence and intensity of opening clauses in central collective agreements has been conducted. Thereby, these sectoral data about opening clauses are exactly combined with those from the German Structure of Earnings Survey 1995 and 2001, a linked employer-employee dataset from German official statistics. The results show the number of collective bargaining agreements containing opening clauses increasing remarkably since 1991. Furthermore, the implementation of opening clauses into collective contracts creates significant effects on wages. ; Flächentarifverträge spielen im deutschen System der gemischten Lohnbildung noch immer eine bedeutende Rolle. Ob die zentral verhandelten Verträge den Betrieben ausreichende Möglichkeiten bieten, Löhne und Arbeitszeit an die betrieblichen Rahmenbedingungen anzupassen, ist jedoch seit geraumer Zeit Gegenstand einer zwischen Arbeitgebern und Gewerkschaften kontrovers geführten Debatte. Flexible Anpassungen an die betriebliche Ebene sind gerade vor dem Hintergrund des internationalen Wettbewerbs und technologischer Veränderungen erforderlich. Seit den 90er Jahren werden daher die kollektiven Tarifverträge zunehmend dadurch flexibilisiert, dass Öffnungs- und Härteklauseln vereinbart werden, die es den Betrieben erlauben, vom Tarifvertrag abweichende Regelungen zu treffen. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, das Vorhandensein von Öffnungsklauseln im Produzierenden Gewerbe zu erfassen und die Auswirkungen auf die Lohnstruktur zu untersuchen. Als Daten stehen Ergebnisse einer eigenen Erhebung zu Existenz und Grad der tarifvertraglichen Öffnung in verschiedenen Tarifbereichen zur Verfügung. Diese werden der Gehalts- und Lohnstrukturerhebung 1995 und 2001 exakt zugespielt. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass die Zahl der Flächentarifverträge, die Öffnungsklauseln vorsehen, seit 1991 stark angestiegen ist. Zudem lassen sich für die Einführung von Öffnungsklauseln zwischen 1995 und 2001 signifikante Lohneffekte beobachten.

Testing in U.S. public schools is out of control. The stress and pressures for all involved have effects that are not even measureable in most instances. Is this really the best thing for our schools? Are there alternative measures that may serve our future in a better way? Will the rewrite of NCLB be enough?.

Pt. I.: Introduction. Lim Chong Yah: The National Wages Council. A keynote address. - S. 3-7. Chew, R.: The National Wages Council. Themes and issues. - S. 8-14. Pt. II.: Structure and objectives. Lim Chong Yah: The National Wages Council. The politics of consensus. - S. 15-27. Lim Chong Yah: The National Wages Council. Targets and goals. - S. 28-47. Lim Chong Yah: The National Wages Council. Issues and initiatives. - S. 48-69. Tan Wee-liang: A legal perspective of the National Wages Council. - S. 70-92. Pt. III.: Macroeconomic impact. Chew Soon-beng ; Chew, R.: Tripartism in Singapore. The National Wages Council. - S. 93-111. Lee Suan-hiang: Productivity-wage linkage and competitiveness. The role of the state. - S. 112-126. Cao Yong: Unit labour cost, industrial restructuring and productivity change in Singapore's manufacturing sector. - S. 127-146. Hoon Hian-teck ; Kee Hiau Looi: Factors shaping Singapore's wages and unemployment and the role of the National Wages Council. - S. 147-165. Tay Boon Nga: The National Wages Council, Central Provident Fund and home ownership. - S. 166-182. Yu-Foo Yee-shoon: The National Wages Council and women in Singapore. - S. 183-195. Lloyd, P.: A long-term view of labour migration, foreign investment and growth in the Singapore economy. - S. 196-218. Pt. IV.: Impact on wages and wage system. Then Yee-thong: The National Wages Council and the wage system in Singapore. - S. 219-229. Chew, R.: Output, employment and wage determination in Singapore. - S. 230-247. Bauer, J.: Remuneration and older workers. - S. 248-266. Chew, I. ; Tan Ern Ser: Flexiwage and performance appraisal in Singapore. - S. 267-278. Robinson, D.: A comparison of occupational wage structures in Singapore and other countries. - S. 279-326. Pt. V.: Theoretical perspectives. Tan Kim-heng: Issues in the macroeconomic management of wages, competitivenesss, profitability and productivity in Singapore. - S. 327-342. Wu Ying: Training costs and efficiency wages. - S. 342-356. Pt. VI.: Consensual incomes policy in Australia. Hogan, W. ; King, S.: Incomes policies and wages outcomes in Australia, 1983 to 1996. - S. 357-381