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Exit is a ubiquitous feature of life, whether breaking up in a marriage, dropping a college course, or pulling out of a venture capital investment. In fact, our exit options often determine whether and how we enter in the first place. While legal scholarship is replete with studies of exit strategies for businesses and individuals, the topic of exit has barely been touched in administrative law scholarship. Yet exit plays just as central a role in the regulatory state as elsewhere – welfare support ends; government steps out of rate-setting. In this article, we argue that exit is a fundamental feature of regulatory design and should be explicitly considered at the time of program creation. Part I starts from first principles and sets out the basic features of regulatory exit. It addresses the design challenges of exit strategies and how to measure success of exit. With these descriptive and normative foundations in place, Part II develops a framework that explains the four basic types of regulatory exit strategies, exploring the political economy that determines each strategy and explaining when policy makers are most likely to adopt them. To demonstrate its usefulness in practice, the framework is applied as a case study in Part III to the emerging challenge of fracking. We conclude by describing a new exit strategy model for regulatory design, a hybrid approach of "Lookback Exit.†Exit is a vast, central, yet largely unexplored aspect of administrative governance. By providing a fuller account, we demonstrate why exit warrants focused research and theoretical development in its own right, create a framework for the analysis of exit issues, and identify the key questions for future research. Doing so provides important insights not only to understand the practice we see around us today but also for the design of programs to manage emerging issues.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Tables and Figures -- Acknowledgements -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Parliamentary administrations and the challenge of European integration: Introduction -- The challenge of European integration -- Objective of this book -- The study of parliamentary affairs in the European Union -- The study of public administration in the European Union -- Conclusion -- 1 Conceptualizing the Role of Parliamentary Administrators -- Introduction -- The problem of delegation to administrators

The proposal on compensations in cases of non-compliance with contractual quality requirements for rail freight services14 has been re¬jects by the European Parliament. This system could increase costs for rail freight services and distort competition with road transport. As the legis¬lative report by Roberts Zile(UEN, LV) argues, "the compensation system would not improve standards in the industry, and existing international legislation is already imposing strict enough rules on rail, far more than equivalent regulations on road transport. Rather than imposing more regulations and fines, the emphasis should be or easier market access for new rail companies so as to increase competitiveness".

Coalitions will probably become an increasingly important theme in European Union (EU) politics. The spread of decision making by majority voting promotes coalition-building behavior. The impending enlargement is predicted to differentiate & polarize policy standpoints within the EU. Increasing levels of policy conflict imply increased propensities for coalition building. Still, the role & nature of coalitions in EU negotiations are obscure. This article raises important research questions: What characterizes coalition building in the EU? How important are coalitions? What coalition patterns are discernible? Using data from a questionnaire to Swedish participants on EU committees, it is shown that coalitions are more frequent when majority voting occurs than when unanimity rules. Coalition behavior is, however, important also under unanimity. The existence of consensus norms diminishes the propensity to form coalitions. As regards coalition patterns, there is a prevalence of coalitions based on policy interests and/or on cultural affinity. Contrary to conventional wisdom, consistent & durable coalition patterns seem to exist. The north-south divide is one such persistent pattern. The Swedish respondents thus reveal a close cooperation between the Nordic member states & GB, whereas France & Spain are seldom approached for coalition-building purposes. As to future research, evidence from other member states & from case studies is needed in order to learn more about the bases for coalition building in EU negotiations. 4 Tables, 35 References. Adapted from the source document.