Suchergebnisse

Abstract
This essay argues that the "slave community" paradigm obfuscates alternative lived experiences for enslaved men and women, especially those living in the urban areas of the early modern Atlantic world, and uses eighteenth-century Boston as a case study. A bustling Atlantic port city where slaves comprised between ten and fifteen percent of the population, Boston provides an important counterpoint. Slaves were a minority of residents, lived in households with few other people of African descent, worked with laborers from across the socio-economic spectrum, and had near constant interaction with their masters. Moreover, slavery in Boston reached its zenith before the American Revolution, meaning older, pre-revolutionary and early modern notions of social order—hierarchy, deference, and dependence—structured their society and everyday lives. These factors imbricated enslaved Bostonians in the broader society. Boston's slaves inhabited multiple "social worlds" where they fostered a rich tapestry of relations and forms of resistance.

The previous soviet contract between the state and the citizen was based on the obligation of the state to provide care for its citizens, but Russian citizens still have their expectations of the state-supported social services. In the sector of welfare services and care, in Russia significant developments have occurred since the late 1980s. Social services and the training of qualified social workers are key elements in these developments. A number of social services, social centers, social work specialists have appeared in the last two decades. Higher education training for social workers is a major contributor to these achievements. According to the current legislation, the recipient of social services in Russia is a person or a family in a difficult life situation, defined as a circumstance that contravenes or may damage the livelihood of a citizen (family) and requires professional support and assistance. ; El anterior contrato soviético entre el estado y el ciudadano, estaba basado en la obligación del estado de prestar atención a sus ciudadanos. Sin embargo, los ciudadanos rusos todavía tienen expectativas de que el estado apoye los servicios sociales. Desde finales de los Ochenta se han producido cambios significativos en el sector de los servicios sociales y la protección social. En esta evolución son elementos clave los servicios sociales y la formación de trabajadores sociales cualificados. En las últimas dos décadas han aparecido servicios sociales, centros sociales y trabajadores sociales especializados. La educación superior de trabajadores sociales es una importante contribución a estos logros. En Rusia, según la legislación vigente, el beneficiario de los servicios sociales es una persona o una familia en dificultad. Esta es definida como una circunstancia que vulnera o puede poner en peligro la subsistencia de un ciudadano (familia) y requiere apoyo y asistencia profesional. ; Il precedente contratto tra lo Stato e il cittadino di epoca sovietica si basava sull'obbligo del primo di fornire cure al secondo. Ancora oggi i cittadini russi si attendono servizi sociali erogati dallo Stato. Dalla fine degli anni Ottanta, nel settore dei servizi di assistenza e cura, si sono registrati sviluppi significativi in Russia. I servizi sociali e la formazione degli assistenti sociali qualificati sono gli elementi chiave dell'attuale nuovo corso. La formazione di livello universitario pure. Il destinatario dei servizi sociali è una persona o una famiglia che vive una situazione difficile, definita come quella circostanza che danneggia o può danneggiare la vita di un cittadino (famiglia) e che richiede supporto e assistenza professionali.

This paper analyzes the needs and possibilities of establishing the social pension, under conditions of the existence of social assistance - a form of general social allowance. The basic parameters of the social pension are analyzed, and a short description is given regarding its treatment in the comparative law of the EU countries. The conclusion is that the social pension, as a particular benefit of the Serbian social security system, is justified only if it is more favorable than the financial security benefit provided by the general social security allowance. Having in mind the large pension system deficit, the preference for increased social assistance for persons unable to work is seen as being more acceptable in providing for their minimum existence.