Suchergebnisse

The 2015 Paris Agreement was widely greeted with enthusiasm. We assess the short-term and long-term potential effectiveness of Paris. Concerning short-term effectiveness, we contend that while Paris scores high on participation, and reasonably high on the depth of the parties' commitments (ambition), its Achilles' heel will likely be compliance. Concerning long-term effectiveness, we argue that Paris does little to restructure states' incentives so as to avoid free riding. At worst, it might end up as a failure, much like Kyoto did. On the other hand, domestic and international norms could continue to develop in a direction that makes it more and more difficult for individuals, firms, and states alike to ignore the plea to limit and reduce their carbon footprints. Technological progress that gradually reduces abatement costs, combined with leadership by major emitters such as the United States, might further strengthen climate cooperation and enhance other countries' willingness to follow through. However, deep political polarization continues to represent a significant barrier to U.S. leadership on climate change.

International audience ; Toute œuvre monumentale est déconcertante à quelque égard ; il en va ainsi des Mémoires de guerre du général de Gaulle qui, plus de cinquante ans après leur publication, et alors que maints analystes ont commenté l'élaboration d'une légitimité historique, politique et littéraire, suscitent encore des interrogations aussi bien sur leur écriture que sur leur réception. Ces quelques notes sont consacrées à la mise en évidence puis à la discussion d'une « curiosité », jusque-là non observée, dans leur composition. Cette curiosité ne serait qu'anecdotique si elle n'engageait une question beaucoup plus fondamentale : celle du rapport du général de Gaulle avec le plus tragique événement de la Seconde Guerre mondiale : l'arrestation et l'extermination systématique des Juifs. Concertés — le texte fut remanié plusieurs fois — mais déconcertants donc, les Mémoires usent, au moins localement, d'un procédé quelque peu inattendu : l'emploi de phrases quasiment identiques pour référer à trois reprises à l'arrestation en masse des Juifs en France. Si le quasi-silence du mémorialiste au sujet de l'extermination des Juifs a été souligné, il convient d'examiner avec précision les passages dans lesquels l'auteur relate la politique antijuive en France. On relève ainsi dans les Mémoires seulement trois références à la tragédie (dans le deuxième tome : « L'Unité »), dont la seule recension est par elle-même déjà significative ; ces occurrences sont reproduites en italique ci-dessous, avec un contexte plus large qui, comme on le verra, joue un rôle important.

International audience ; Toute œuvre monumentale est déconcertante à quelque égard ; il en va ainsi des Mémoires de guerre du général de Gaulle qui, plus de cinquante ans après leur publication, et alors que maints analystes ont commenté l'élaboration d'une légitimité historique, politique et littéraire, suscitent encore des interrogations aussi bien sur leur écriture que sur leur réception. Ces quelques notes sont consacrées à la mise en évidence puis à la discussion d'une « curiosité », jusque-là non observée, dans leur composition. Cette curiosité ne serait qu'anecdotique si elle n'engageait une question beaucoup plus fondamentale : celle du rapport du général de Gaulle avec le plus tragique événement de la Seconde Guerre mondiale : l'arrestation et l'extermination systématique des Juifs. Concertés — le texte fut remanié plusieurs fois — mais déconcertants donc, les Mémoires usent, au moins localement, d'un procédé quelque peu inattendu : l'emploi de phrases quasiment identiques pour référer à trois reprises à l'arrestation en masse des Juifs en France. Si le quasi-silence du mémorialiste au sujet de l'extermination des Juifs a été souligné, il convient d'examiner avec précision les passages dans lesquels l'auteur relate la politique antijuive en France. On relève ainsi dans les Mémoires seulement trois références à la tragédie (dans le deuxième tome : « L'Unité »), dont la seule recension est par elle-même déjà significative ; ces occurrences sont reproduites en italique ci-dessous, avec un contexte plus large qui, comme on le verra, joue un rôle important.

We describe a hybridisation strategy whose objective is to integrate linguistic resources from shallow-transfer rule-based machine translation (RBMT) into phrase-based statistical machine translation (PBSMT). It basically consists of enriching the phrase table of a PBSMT system with bilingual phrase pairs matching transfer rules and dictionary entries from a shallow-transfer RBMT system. This new strategy takes advantage of how the linguistic resources are used by the RBMT system to segment the source-language sentences to be translated, and overcomes the limitations of existing hybrid approaches that treat the RBMT systems as a black box. Experimental results confirm that our approach delivers translations of higher quality than existing ones, and that it is specially useful when the parallel corpus available for training the SMT system is small or when translating out-of-domain texts that are well covered by the RBMT dictionaries. A combination of this approach with a recently proposed unsupervised shallow-transfer rule inference algorithm results in a significantly greater translation quality than that of a baseline PBSMT; in this case, the only hand-crafted resource used are the dictionaries commonly used in RBMT. Moreover, the translation quality achieved by the hybrid system built with automatically inferred rules is similar to that obtained by those built with hand-crafted rules. ; Research funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through projects TIN2009-14009-C02-01 and TIN2012-32615, by Generalitat Valenciana through grant ACIF 2010/174, and by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement PIAP-GA-2012-324414 (Abu-MaTran).

A noun phrase is an extension of a noun, in which one or more adjectives or modifiers are used with the noun. In terms of translation studies, the analysis of internal and external textual factors contributes to the knowledge of the source text and to a better understanding of the text and its aim. Noun phrases are an important element in terms of intertextual factors of the source text. Hence, the objectives of the present study are to describe and explain the function of noun phrases in English and Hindi languages in terms of text analysis for understanding a source text, producing an acceptable translation, and the assessment of that translation and to indicate an investigation of the similarities and differences of the noun phrase in the two languages. The present study focuses on the similarities and differences between Hindi and English noun phrases. Data were gathered using library surveys. Data analysis was performed as a comparative study based on contrastive analysis techniques. The key research findings of this paper are based on identifying several comparative elements of English and Hindi noun phrases. This paper emphasizes that the classification of noun phrases and Englis-hHindi noun phrases may play with respect to the action or state described by a governing verb.

Protest and opposition in Russia have had a complex and at times conflictual relationship. But as elections have gradually lost their competitiveness, protest has become increasingly important. This article presents educated guesses about the future of the relationship between protest and opposition in light of Russia's war against Ukraine. In the short term, the regime's clearly signaled readiness to quell any form of resistance suggests that protest is unlikely. In the long term, however, changing socio-economic conditions have the potential to reshuffle the protest landscape and generate incentives among elites to address social grievances, perhaps even giving new life to the loyal opposition. Protest, therefore, might not only re-emerge, but also usher in a new phase of political opposition.

The literature on there-existential construction (e.g. 'there are no graves, son') is extensive, especially those showing the complexity involved in its internal structure, meaning and interpretation. Whereas very little is known about its internal structure variability, and how that might provide important contributions to the question of complexity. The present study takes on this task by providing a corpus-based structural variability account of the internal structure of English there-existential construction, showing that the complexity involved in the processing of meaning of there-existential construction is related to the variability of its internal structure. Drawing on empirical evidence from a lesser known variety of English representing Indian variety of English, the study shows that the complexity underlying the meaning and interpretation of there-existential is related to its internal structure. With a focus on the varying degree of its noun phrase (NP), the study finds that the structural complexity of the NP is related to the semantic complexity of the overall clause structure. Also, it is shown that quite a number of linguistic factors interact in influencing the internal structure and meaning of there-existential construction.

"Language and politics (Extracts from a lecture by Hans Sperber)": p. 7-14. ; Director of the project: Hans Sperber. ; Mode of access: Internet.