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Abstract
There is a large variation across countries of origin in the gender composition of migrants coming to Germany. We argue that women's economic rights in developing countries of origin have three effects on their migration prospects to a place like Germany that is far away and difficult to reach. First, the lower are women's economic rights the fewer women have access to and control over the resources needed to migrate to Germany. Second, the lower are the rights the lower is women's agency to make or otherwise influence migration decisions. These two constraining effects on the female share in migrant populations dominate the opposing third effect that stems from low levels of women's economic rights generating a potentially powerful push factor. We find corroborating evidence in our analysis of the gender composition of migration to Germany over the period 2009–2017.

This work starts with a substantial historical account of the different ways that freedom, race and gender were intertwined in Jamaica and Haiti after the end of slavery. Newly free men and women were rebound into a racialized class order with acceptable and unacceptable forms of masculinity and femininity. Sheller traces these histories of racialized and sexualized forms of freedom to the present.

Female drug addicts are often stereotyped either as promiscuous, lazy, and selfish, or as weak, scared, and trapped into addiction. These depictions typify the "pathology and powerlessness" narrative that has historically characterized popular and academic conversations about female substance abusers. Neither Villain Nor Victim attempts to correct these polarizing perspectives by presenting a critical feminist analysis of the drug world. By shifting the discussion to one centered on women's agency and empowerment, this book reveals the complex experiences and social relationships of women addicts. Essays explore a range of topics, including the many ways that women negotiate the illicit drug world, how former drug addicts manage the more intimate aspects of their lives as they try to achieve abstinence, how women tend to use intervention resources more positively than their male counterparts, and how society can improve its response to female substance abusers by moving away from social controls (such as the criminalization of prostitution) and rehabilitative programs that have been shown to fail women in the long term. Advancing important new perspectives about the position of women in the drug world, this book is essential reading in courses on women and crime, feminist theory, and criminal justice

Despite the increasing percentage of women entering masculinized workplaces, certain organizations consistently see little change in the gender makeup of their staff. Contemporary scholarship suggests that women in rigidly gendered organizations are often assigned a token status and are victimized due to their gender. This study relocates the conversations of women as tokens towards a fresh conversation of women's agency in masculinized workplaces. This paper uses ten qualitative interviews and ethnographic fieldwork to discuss how female firefighters navigate their gender at work. This article draws on reflexive accounts of everyday gendered negotiations to look at how the female firefighters 'do gender' within a specific fire service in Australia. I argue that emergency services, such as firefighting, create a contradictory field where women are located in (1) a paradoxical environment where the 'female body' is problematized (2) a work environment where they have to repeatedly prove their cultural competence in order to confirm their professional identity. The findings suggest that while female firefighters do have agency, tokenism locates many of them in a 'never quite there' bind that challenges their ability to progress into leadership roles within the service. This article concludes that the nuanced difference between, and at times, within the women's narratives problematizes the bounds of personal agency and cultural change. This consequently results in resistance to policies by some women that may benefit like-situated women, such as affirmative action.

Part I: Women's leadership in community peace building in Africa --. - Part II: Women's political leadership --. - Part III: Gender in the context of security challenges --. - Part IV: Women's leadership in re-inventing a globalized world --. - Part V: Women's leadership in globalised communities as peace-builders --. - Part VI: A reflection on the challenges of rebuilding post-conflict Liberia --. - Part VII: The praxis of engaging with women's agency in peace building

Introduction: anonymous portraits -- Social skin in Roman-Byzantine Syro-Palestine -- Ritual purity in medieval Ashkenaz -- Sacred space in Papal Avignon and the Comtat Venaissin -- Marriage and divorce in Israeli film -- Conclusion: patriarchy and feminism.

Rwanda is a leading country in gender equality indicators such as women's political participation and health. However, women's status remains largely defined by unpaid care work (UCW), a phenomenon that threatens women's access to education, income, and well-being. To promote gender equality, several non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have implemented initiatives towards recognising, reducing, and redistributing UCW. This study analyses the approaches of five selected NGOs upon women's UCW in rural Rwanda and focuses on how conducive they are to the promotion of women's empowerment, based on Kabeer's (1999) and Moser's (1989) theories on women's empowerment. This research included semi-structured individual interviews developed remotely, and the revision of NGOs' reports and the National Gender Policy. The results indicate common approaches by the chosen civil society organisations regarding unpaid care work. First, they consider that UCW Recognition implies perceiving care not (only) as an obstacle but (also) as an empowering force. Second, they promote UCW Reduction strategies that give women access to resources and other opportunities, but that can also create a discourse of 'reduce to produce' that threatens women's agency. Third, they support UCW Redistribution as a key catalyser of gender equality by supporting women's empowerment and further social changes. The joint work of the NGOs and the government can foster the transformation of Rwanda's gender equality model, so it responds to challenges such as women's empowerment and the elimination of intimate partner violence. This research aims to contribute to academic literature in gender and development by presenting a case from the Global South. ; M-DS

Egyptian women's increasingly active presence in the public sphere, throughout the 20th century, has recently reflected itself in their active involvement and visible participation in the Egyptian revolution, since as Ahdaf Soueif states in an interview: "women have always been part of national and social movements and of politics. This revolution has been about everybody claiming agency and women have been very much part of that" (Soueif April2012, 63). It is in the light of women's agency, as both participants in and narrators of the revolution, that this paper attempts to study two women's literary texts, with particular emphasis on self­ representations of women's activism in the Egyptian revolution: Mona Prince's lsmi Thawra (My Name Is Revolution 2011) and Ahdaf Soueifs Cairo: My City, Our Revolution (2011).