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In German post-war historiography, the 1960s are usually viewed as a time of political and economic transition. Politically, the period marks the watershed between the paternalistic conservatism of the Adenauer era and the full-scale social democracy of the early seventies, with the so-called 'grand coalition' government of the late sixties being the tangible incarnation of transition. Economically, the period figures as a bridge between the German miracle of the fifties and the slow-down and stagnation of the seventies and eighties, with national income growing at a rate which was still remarkably high by historical standards, but not more than average by the international standards of the time. In one respect, however, the 1960s do unambiguously figure as a peak of German history after World War II and even in this century, namely in terms of labour shortage.

Population models proposed as a result of independent tagging programs of nesting Caretta caretta in
Queensland are in disagreement about the size of discrete breeding units. An electrophoretic survey was
conducted to assess the relevance of genetic variation as revealed by electrophoresis to the investigation
of Caretta caretta population breeding structure. Low level electrophoretic variability (H*L(obs) = 0.016)
was found. The geographical distribution of alleles, when compared with tag-recapture data and other
aspects of life history, indicated that discrete breeding populations of C. caretta in Queensland are
larger than previously thought. C. caretta nesting on the mainland beaches and on the cays of the
Capricornia Section of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park form a panmictic population. The data
indicate that those nesting on the Swain Reefs cays do not interbreed with the mainland-Capricornia
breeding population.

The social and economic history of a Labrador coastal town is reviewed with particular reference to the roles of the Church, the Hudson's Bay Company, and the medical profession. Objective indicators of the current health status of the community are presented, and the major causes of ill-health in Davis Inlet are discussed. Comparison is made with Rudolph Virchow's assessment of the causes of a typhoid epidemic in Upper Silesia in 1848. The subsequent evolution of medicine from a socio-political to a scientific model is reviewed briefly. The authors conclude that the medical profession has embraced the scientific model to the point of virtually excluding the socio-political one, even though social, political, economic, and cultural alienation remain major causes of morbidity and mortality. In so doing, the profession promotes ill-health.

On 6 July 1874, the government of Alexander II published an edict announcing the formation of a mounted Bashkir squadron in the Orenburgguberniia.The modest scale of the endeavor—a squadron-sized element added little to Russian military strength—belied its historic importance. The Bashkirs, in 1874, stood at a watershed in their long history of military service to Russia marking the divide between decades of irregular frontier duty and inclusion in the ranks of the regular army. The evolution of Bashkir military formations, paralleling the course of social change, offers a most instructive case in little-studied aspects of imperial policy towards subject national minorities and their employment in the armed forces in particular. A virtually forgotten component in Russia's rich military tradition, the contribution of "native" units organized among theinorodtsyof the Caucasus, the Crimea, and Asia was indeed significant.

THE MINERS' STRIKE OF 1984/85 REPRESENTED A NEW RESPONSE TO AN OLD PHENOMENON. PIT CLOSURES IN THE NATIONALISED COAL INDUSTRY HAVE BEEN AN ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ISSUE SINCE THE LATE 1950S. SUCCESSIVE LABOUR AND TORY POST-WAR ADMINISTRATIONS HAVE CLOSED, OR THREATENED TO CLOSE, PITS WHICH WERE "UNECONOMIC" OR POTENTIALLY "UNECONOMIC". THROUGHOUT THE 1950S, THE 1960S AND MOST OF THE 1970S THE POSITION ADOPTED BY THE NATIONAL UNION OF MINEWORKERS (NUM) TOWARDS THESE PIT CLOSURES WAS ONE OF COMPLIANCE AND CO-OPERATION WITH THE NATIONAL COAL BOARD (NCB) AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE DAY. IT WAS ONLY IN THE 1980S THAT THIS POSITION WAS SUPERSEDED BY ONE OF RESISTANCE. WHY AND HOW THIS CHANGE CAME ABOUT AND WHY THE POLICY OF THE NUM TOWARDS PIT CLOSURES FOR SO MUCH OF ITS HISTORY WAS ONE OF ACQUIESCENCE IS THE SUBJECT OF THIS ARTICLE.

AbstractWithin the framework of administrative co‐operation, transnational arrangements of education and training constitute a delicate activity. Many reverberations of colonial and early post‐colonial times can still be felt in this domain. Nevertheless, the problems of transfer, be it doctrine, technical implementation or practical experience, are still very apparent and will probably continue. This article traces the progress of education and training through post‐colonial history until the present, discusses the merits of the different approaches taken by the most active Western institutions and identifies the major experiences and lessons regarding the various problems of transfer. The debate concentrates on the specific activities and experiences of the most recent programmes offered by the Graduate School of Administrative Sciences in Speyer in co‐operation with the public administration branch of the German Foundation for International Development.

The development of a labor force has become an important focus of recent historical research on 19th-century Puerto Rico. One center of investigation has been slavery and its linkages to sugar culture.1 Until recently historians had consistently stressed the relative insignificance of slave labor in Puerto Rico.2 However, by focusing at the municipal, or even hacienda level, scholars have begun to generate a more analytical view of 19th-century Puerto Rican slavery. It has been shown that slaves were critical for Puerto Rican planters during the period of rapid sugar expansion in the 1820s and 1830s, and continued as an important source of labor until abolition in 1873. Contrary to prior interpretations, the history of slavery in Puerto Rico differed little from that of the other sugar producing islands of the Caribbean

1. A CHECKERED RECORD THE HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH'S ENCOUNTER WITH THE PROBLEMS OF WAR AND PEACE IS CHEQUERED. OFTEN IT MAKES DISMAL READING. VERY OFTEN CHURCHES HAVE CONDONED AND EVEN ACTIVELY SUPPORTED WARS IN WHICH THE SOVEREIGN OF THEIR LANDS TOOK PART. IN MANY CASES ARMY CHAPLAINS ON BOTH SIDES OF THE FRONTLINE PROVIDED MORAL ENCOURAGEMENT BEFORE BATTLES. IN THE EARLY CHURCH, PACIFISM WAS THE PREDOMINANT ATTITUDE OF THE FOLLOWERS OF THE PRINCE OF PEACE. BUT WHEN THE NEW RELIGION ASCENDED TO POWER IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE, IT ALSO LOST ITS POLITICAL AND MILITARY INNOCENCE. CHRISTMAS JOINED THE LEGIONS. THE CHURCH FATHERS DEVELOPED THE FIRST TENETS OF A BODY OF THOUGHT WHICH POSTERITY NAMED THE DOCTRINE OF THE JUST WAR. IT LEGITIMIZED WAR AS A FINAL RESORT IN CASES WHERE NOT PUTTING UP ARMS WOULD HAVE RESULTED IN AN EVEN GREATER CALAMITY THAN WAR ITSELF.

The first quarter of the twentieth century contains a fascinating chapter of modern Iranian history. It was a period of the death agony of the Qājār state; a period of revolutionary upheaval, sociopolitical disorder and disintegration, and cultural and literary transformation, a moment both of joy and of sadness, achievement and failure, which, in an unusually clear way, illuminated the long distance between what there was, and what was desired to be. This period may be analysed in three parts: the first decade, which covers the period of the Persian Revolution; the second decade, which can be described as a period of interregnum, when, in the well-known phrase, power was lying in the streets waiting to be picked up; and the remaining five years which was a period of dual sovereignty, characterized by a ruthless struggle for political power.

On december 14, 1974, the United Nations General Assembly adopted by consensus a draft resolution submitted by its Sixth (legal) Committee known as the Definition of Aggression. Adoption of this definition culminated years of effort, interspersed with numerous wars, by the international community. Here is not the place to enter into an elaborate discussion either of its history or contents. It will suffice to note that its antecedents can be traced back to the 1815 Triple Alliance, the 1907 Hague Conventions, the League of Nations, and the 1945 Inter-American Act of Chapultapec. From 1952 to 1974, however, at least four United Nations special committees grappled with the task of this definition, made more crucial by the growing diversity of techniques of aggression and the restraintson responding to aggression imposed by Article 51 of the Charter.

The history of women in the militaries of the US, UK, Canada & Australia was reviewed from their founding during WWI to the present day. Similarities among these four English-speaking countries in their utilization of service women were noted. A primary focus was the dispensable nature of women as a human resource. That is, each government was shown to have utilized women in a wide array of duties during the exigencies of war & relegated them to civilian life or gender-appropriate jobs when the emergency passed. Testimony from the Congressional Record illustrates the sociopolitical issues surrounding military women, while the struggle for sexual equality continues because of restrictive legislation & service regulations. However, the growing shortage of Ms available for military service is creating a crisis of sufficient proportion that many of these laws & roles soon may be voided. AA.

A macro-solution is a comprehensive system of public and private agencies in which the services needed by a specific group of children are coordinated in such a way that all such children receive services in the most efficient and least redundant way. Proper coordination of existing agencies and centralized planning and evaluation are the keys. Using the examples of the national system of centers for deaf blind children in the United States and the programs for the education of the deaf in Denmark, a macro-solution for the provision of services to all exceptional children in the United States is proposed. Specific suggestions include a state coordinator for all services, a central registry, coordination of funding, and centralized certification of personnel. A case history illustrating the inefficiency of the present system is provided.

Few subjects in the theory and practice of international relations are as sensitive and widely discussed as the meaning of sovereignty. Concentrating on transatlantic perspecive, this article adds new evidence to the fundamental debate on the nature of sovereign authority in the international system. Many trans‑national economic and technological forces encourage the state to retreat from its traditional role. On the other hand, economic integration, monetary unification and the development of modern economies and cutting‑edge technologies – the assets of partners of the Transatlantic Alliance – are possible only in stable political systems. So, are we witnessing the end of sovereignty or just a phase in history in which relations of power between political authorities, nations, groups of interests and individuals must be negotiated in order to create a new model of governa nce in a complex world?

The counterpoint of radical change and durable continuity which has characterised the Communist upheaval in China is nowhere so marked as in the ambivalent attitudes towards youth and age. Traditional China was a backward-looking civilisation, espousing a view of life and of history which esteemed past over present, age over youth, authority over innovation. The twentieth century has seen a definite, often violent, conflict between the generations, with the revolt of 1911, the May Fourth movement, and the Northern Expedition each expressing an aspect of the upsurge of youthful aspiration. The emergence of a Communist government has been marked by a drastic change in the official attitude, a new preoccupation with the future rather than the past, and sustained attention to the organisation of the youth of China, from which group will come the national leaders of the generation ahead.

In his widely discussed stage theory of economic growth Professor W. W. Rostow has attempted to reach a level of historical generalization somewhat similar to that essayed by the pioneers in the discipline of economic history. Herbert Heaton observed that early economic historians were interested in a search for "the laws of social development" and for conclusions "as to the character and sequence of stages through which the economic life of society has actually moved." Their valiant attempts to put historical generalization in the place of economic theory, concluded Heaton, were not successful. One purpose of this paper is to show that Rostow's analysis, while relying more on economic theory than its predecessors, is no more successful in understanding specific cases of economic development and, more widely, contains many difficulties as a general theory of development.