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The literature review about post-Saddam political system deals largely with the role of the United States and the coalition forces in establishingand stabilizing the country's political system and its proper functioning. However, works referring to the institutions, processes and procedures of the political system are very few. There are occasional references toIraqi politics, but there are no many in-depth studies providing an analysis of the nature of the political system and its expected outcomes. The few works in the area do not differentiate between the three dominant ethnic groups and their concerns vis-à-vis the country's internal organization and its future. Placing them in the same box as is often done is tantamountto equalizing centrifugal and centripetal forces, ignoring current history and obstructions created by colonial power.

Long history of woman movement in Indonesia showing what woman has given special nuance to democratization learningin Indonesia. Indonesian woman movement dynamic in last two year show that they courageous to express issues about their interest.However, in reality, still much homework to enhance woman access and control in decision making at public sphere that influencingindividual life at family. We have to acknowledge that, woman movement still urban bias and only enjoyed by educated ones. Suburban orvillage woman that became largest part of Indonesian people not yet having access and control to became part of democratization process,so woman have room to own autonomy of herself on public sphere that impendent from other domination. At this point, empowerment andstruggle to bring village woman software they can develop themselves, is an urgent agenda

Este artículo, basado en gran medida en fuentes primarias, intenta reconstruir el itinerario de uno de los hombres más fascinantes de la historia contemporánea de México: el luchador social de orientación anarquista Herón Proal. Interesa aquí entender y tratar de explicar su relación —así como el tipo de vínculo— con los más destacados actores, instituciones, movimientos sociales y paradigmas de la época estudiada.Neither Programs nor Imported Tactics: Herón Proal, a Libertarian among the Working Classes in the Revolutionary MexicoThis article, based largely on primary sources, attempts to reconstruct the itinerary of one of the most fascinating figures in the modern Mexican history. The interest here is to understand and explain his relation —and also the quality of such ties— to prominent actors, institutions, social movements and paradigms of the time.

Caring for America—part feminist critique of the welfare state, part labor history, part organizing case study—is the story of home care workers, the fastest growing yet still mostly invisible segment of the nation's labor force, and their complex relationship to the state. Mostly women and frequently welfare recipients, home care workers have typically bounced back and forth between government employment, private vendors, and work as independent providers and contractors. Bargaining power over wages has been miniscule, and, with private homes as worksites, working conditions have been difficult to monitor. This has put home care workers in a perpetually precarious position: one threatened, it often seems, from all sides. Home care workers are also at the intersection of an evolving labor movement and a welfare state under attack.

Major advances in church and monastic archaeology are discussed in terms of two distinct waves, ca. 1970–1995 and 1995 to the time of writing (2014). The first wave was influenced by landscape history and processual archaeology; scholarship focused principally on historical, economic, and technological questions and targeted individual sites and monuments for study. The second wave has been informed by postprocessual approaches and considers change and complexity in religious landscapes and perspectives on religious space, embodiment, and agency. In conclusion, this article calls for a more holistic approach to the archaeology of medieval Christian belief, one which moves beyond the focus on institutions and monuments that has characterized monastic and church archaeology and extends archaeological study to include the performative rituals of Christian life and death in the Middle Ages.

ABSTRACT
Utopian thinking has always played a central role in the literature of urban design, with utopians being the first urban designers. Moreover, many utopian projects throughout history have, until recently, been a research laboratory for the urban designer. This article aims to understand the role that urban utopias can play in thinking about the structure of contemporary cities. To do this, it compares two cases: KM3 by MVRDV and The Local Project book by Alberto Magnaghi. This analysis suggests that the utopian approach has two functions for the contemporary practice of urban design: First, it provides a unified external standard of criticism to diagnose urban challenges by looking at the city as a whole, and, second, it provides an approach in which catastrophic scenarios can be used to educate citizens.

El planteamiento historiográfico de "Historia Pragmática" en la obra de Polibio propicia la especial atención a la experiencia y preparación profesional de autores literarios y protagonistas de su relato: en particular, en cuestiones políticas y militares. En nuestra opinión, las Historias de Polibio deben entenderse desde la pluma de un experto en historiografía militar, como puede apreciarse, particularmente, en la narración de las operaciones militares. ; The historiographical approach of Polybius' "Pragmatic History" attracts our attention towards the experience and professional training of literary authors and protagonists of his account: in particular, political and military issues. In our opinion, Polybius' Histories must be understood as been writing by a seasoned military historian, as can be seen particularly in the report of military events. ; peerReviewed

In einer persönlichen Annäherung reflektiert der Autor über die Begriffe Ästhetik und Schönheit mit Blick auf die ihnen inhärenten Möglichkeiten von Freiheit und Widerstand. Dabei führt er verschiedene philosophische und geistesgeschichtliche Stränge zusammen. Ankerpunkt seiner Ausführungen ist die Frage, welches Ziel ästhetische Erziehung, ästhetische Bildung, Kunstproduktion, Kunstaneignung, Kunstwahrnehmung etc. hatten und haben. Abschließend werden gegenwärtige Entwicklungen und Neuerungen in Erziehung, Bildung und Gesellschaftspolitik aufgerollt und hinterfragt. (DIPF/Orig.) ; Taking a personal approach, the author reflects on the ideas of aesthetics and beauty, focusing on the possibilities for freedom and resistance inherent in them. He weaves together different strands of thought from philosophy and the history of ideas. His remarks revolve around the question of what goal aesthetic "education", art production, art acquisition and artistic perception have had in the past and what goal they currently have. Finally, current developments and innovations in education and social policy are reviewed and scrutinized. ((DIPF/Orig.)

We have the tools at our disposal to significantly bend AIDS-related morbidity and mortality curves and reduce human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence. It is thus essential to redouble our efforts to reach the goal of placing 15 million people on life-saving and -enhancing antiretroviral therapy (ART) by 2015. In reaching this milestone, we can write a new chapter in the history of global health, demonstrating that a robust, multidimensional response can succeed against a complex pandemic that presents as many social and political challenges as it does medical ones. This milestone is also critical to advance our ultimate goal of ending AIDS by maximizing the therapeutic and preventive effects of ART, which translates into a world in which AIDS-related deaths and new HIV infections are exceedingly rare.

В статье рассматривается историческая роль американского протестантизма в развитии политической и общественной жизни США. Особое внимание уделено идее американской исключительности («American exceptionalism»), вытекающей из мессианских религиозных воззрений. Анализируется геополитический аспект влияния протестантского мессианизма на политику Вашингтона в ходе истории Соединенных Штатов. Автор также уделяет внимание роли мессианских идей в отношении элиты США к исторической России. Библиогр. 15 назв. ; In the article the author considers the historical role of American Protestant ideas in the political and social development of the USA. He describes American exceptionalism, which derives from messianic religious perception, and analyzes the geopolitical aspect of Protestant messianism during the US history and its influence on Washington policy. The author also describes the role of messianic ideas in American-Russian historical relationship. Refs 15.

This qualitative study examined women assuming leadership roles in Oxford Houses, which are communal, democratically run recovery settings for substance use disorder. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 women Oxford House leaders who shared their thoughts and experiences on leadership. Several themes emerged from qualitative data analysis, most notably that stepping up and accepting a leadership role in Oxford House had a positive effect on self-esteem, which is vital to women with a history of substance abuse. Barriers to leadership were also identified such as negative interpersonal relationships with other women. A number of methods mentioned to increase the number of women leaders included: developing workshops, providing positive encouragement, and accessing existing female role models. The implications of this study are discussed.

Biohacking, or do-it-yourself (DIY) biology, has rapidly established itself as a distinctive movement over the past 6 years. Numerous media articles have reported on biohacking, and it has even entered the museum world, in an exhibition called Biohacking: Do-It-Yourself at the Medical Museion in Copenhagen. DIY biology is today a rather fashionable phenomenon, attracting an increasing number of practitioners, journalists, academics, scientists, students, citizens, hackers, artists, and potential entrepreneurs. This paper analyses the DIY biology movement. The paper examines its history and genealogy, its politics of openness, and its ethics and economic logics and argues that these need to be carefully analyzed and defy neat categories and simple narratives. The politics of life are complex and multifaceted - and the politics of hacking life are no exception.

The study is reported in two Working Papers. Working Paper 17 reports the findings of the HIM exercise. This paper contains the policies, legislation and organizations relevant for understanding of the HIM for the Olifants river basin. It also includes the historical development of the institutional framework in the basin, as this history has left a profound imprint on the South African society at large and is still dictating, in many cases, the interactions between the different organizations. This background on previous and current institutions and policies at the different government levels is used to shed light on the current relationships between different organizations in the basin. Although focusing on the Olifants, the description provided is applicable to the rest of South Africa in broad terms.

The post-independence history of India contradicts the segmental-institutions thesis. Non-ethnic federalism was met with popular resistance and segmental institutions emerged because of nationalist mobilization. These institutions stabilized India, which has remained intact. Central violations of segment-state arrangements have been the impetus for violent nation-state crises. The Gorkhaland movement in the Darjeeling area of West Bengal in India is used to explain the disconnection between India's experience and the segmental-institutions thesis. As the thesis predicts, progressively more-generous autonomy arrangements have helped regional elites to repress political competition in Darjeeling. However, limited political competition in Darjeeling curbs demands on the centre because regional elites' primary incentive to mobilize ethnic grievances is to outflank local political rivals. Adapted from the source document.

AbstractSingapore is not well known for its archaeological heritage. In fact, chance finds in the early twentieth century and systematic archaeological excavations since the 1980s conducted at sites around the Singapore River have unearthed artifacts shedding light on the island's early history. In addition, the value of archaeology for a deeper knowledge of Singapore's British colonial past is increasingly being recognized. Nonetheless, Singapore law provides only a rudimentary framework to facilitate archaeological investigations and protect cultural artifacts. This article considers how the National Heritage Board Act (Cap. 196A, 1994 Rev. Ed.), the Planning Act (Cap. 232, 1998 Rev. Ed.), and the recent Preservation of Monuments Board Act 2009 (No. 16 of 2009, now Cap. 239, 2011 Rev. Ed.) may be strengthened in this regard.