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Disasters and the consequent displacement is common world over. Global trends indicate that disaster-induced displacement is on the rise, and is brought about by factors which include natural and human-made disasters as well as complex human conflicts. The most notable case of internal displacement in Kenya arose from the 2007-2008 post-election violence. Most of the displacees have been since resettled. Among the effects of displacement are loss of property, loss of livelihoods and mental health problems. The aim of this study was to establish the vulnerability to mental health problems among persons in prolonged displacement in Nakuru County of Kenya. The study was a qualitative survey in which a sample of 400 respondents was obtained from a population of 106,004 internally displaced persons who had been resettled. Data was collected using questionnaires and structured interview schedules. The mental health status was determined using an adapted version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). This instrument has been used widely and established as having a test-retest reliability of about 0.91. Owing to the sensitive and personal nature of information sought, respondents were assured of confidentiality. The data was analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 14.0. The research established that the respondents experienced considerable mental health problems as indicated by high scores in the overall Impact of Event Scale-Revised as well as in the intrusion, avoidance and hyper-vigilance sub-scales. This shows that the internally displaced persons, despite having been resettled, were still vulnerable to mental health problems. The findings are expected to help the government line-ministries and humanitarian agencies involved in humanitarian interventions plan mitigation of adverse mental health effects of disasters. In particular, they are useful in designing psychosocial interventions required in post-disaster scenarios, and especially where internal displacement is prolonged.
Keywords: internal displacement, mental health, structured interview, vulnerability.

Background Humanitarian emergencies, including conflict, are a known risk factor for common mental disorder. The impact of such an emergency on the mental health of women in the perinatal period has not been studied. This is important because, in addition to personal and family distress, poor perinatal mental health has a negative impact on infant development and contributes to inter-generational disadvantage. Lack of awareness about such conditions hinders appropriate help seeking. This study, which was conducted in a post-conflict area in Swat, Pakistan, had the following aims: a) to determine the prevalence and associations of psychological distress in perinatal women, and; b) to evaluate the feasibility of a psycho-educational intervention to improve awareness of common mental disorder amongst such women and their families. Methods The study was conducted in a rural area in Swat that had witnessed a decade-long armed conflict between the military and local insurgents. Study participants included all pregnant women on the list of local community health workers (Lady Health Workers) aged 17 to 45, living in the study area and not suffering from a physical disorder. Psychological distress was assessed using the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ). Conflict-related traumatic events were measured with the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ). Stressful life-events and perceived social support were measured by the Life Events Checklist and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), respectively. Information was also collected on demographic and socio-economic variables. Half of the women who scored =>9 on the SRQ (n=34) were randomised to receive a 2-session psychoeducational intervention, and the remaining (n=37) acted as controls. Outcomes including appropriate help-seeking, perceived social support and levels of psychological distress were measured 2 months after intervention delivery. Results The prevalence of psychological distress (SRQ score =>9) was 38.1%. Psychological distress was positively associated with four or more traumatic events and there was a dose-response relationship, with levels of psychological distress increasing with an increase in the number of traumatic events [4 events (OR=2.80, 95% CI: 1.18 to 6.65), 5 (OR=2.85, 95% CI: 1.04 to 7.79) and 6 or more (OR=4.62, 95% CI: 1.59 to 13.44)]. Psychological distress was also independently associated with three or more stressful life events in the post-conflict year. Family support and living in a joint family was protective, as was being primi gravida. There was very low level of recognition of psychological distress in the trial participants at the baseline. Following intervention, more women sought assistance for their distress from their community health worker in the intervention arm, compared to women in the control arm (71% intervention arm vs 46% control arm P= 0.036). There was no difference in the levels of perceived social support or severity of symptoms although mean reduction of SRQ score from baseline was significantly more in the intervention arm compared to control arm. There was a high response rate, and attrition rates were low. Conclusions This study is one of the first epidemiological studies to assess the prevalence of psychological distress during pregnancy in an area affected by conflict. The study shows that over a third of all women show evidence of significant psychological distress, and are likely to be suffering from a common mental disorder. A psychoeducational intervention to improve awareness and appropriate help seeking showed promising results in the context of this rural post-conflict setting.

Abstract
Background
Cash transfers are an increasingly common intervention in the Syrian refugee response to meet basic needs, though there is little known of their potential secondary impact on health outcomes in humanitarian settings.

Methods
A quasi-experimental prospective cohort study was implemented from October 2018 through January 2020 to assess the effectiveness of multi-purpose cash (MPC), community health volunteer (CHV)-led education, combined with conditional cash transfers (CCT) with respect to health measures among Syrian refugees with type II diabetes in Jordan.

Results
CHV + CCT participants had the highest expenditures at endline and were the only group with statistically significant increases in payments for outpatient diabetes care (25.3%, P < 0.001) and monthly medication costs (13.6%, P < 0.001). Conversely, monthly spending on diabetes medication decreased significantly in the CHV only group (− 18.7%, P = 0.001) yet increased in the MPC and CHV + CCT groups. Expenditures on glucose monitoring increased in all groups but significantly more in the CHV + CCT group (39.2%, P < 0.001).
The proportion of participants reporting regular diabetes care visits increased significantly only in the CHV + CCT group (15.1%, P = 0.002). Specialist visits also increased among CHV + CCT participants (16.8%, P = 0.001), but decreased in CHV only participants (− 27.8%, P < 0.001). Decreases in cost-motivated provider selection (− 22.8%, P < 0.001) and not receiving all needed care because of cost (− 26.2%, P < 0.001) were significant only in the CHV + CCT group.
A small significant decrease in BMI was observed in the CHV + CCT group (− 1.0, P = 0.005). Decreases in HbA1C were significant in all groups with magnitudes ranging from − 0.2 to − 0.7%. The proportion of CHV + CCT participants with normal blood pressure increased significantly from baseline to endline by 11.3% (P = 0.007).

Conclusions
Combined conditional cash and health education were effective in improving expenditures, health service utilization, medication adherence, blood pressure, and diabetes control. The lower cost health education intervention was similarly effective in improving diabetes control, whereas unconditional cash transfers alone were least effective. Study findings suggest that conditional cash or combined cash and health education are promising strategies to support diabetes control among refugees and that where the purpose of MPC is to improve health outcomes, this alone is insufficient to achieve improvements in the health of refugees with diabetes.

Menschenrechte - und mit ihnen die Menschenwürde - sind weltweit in den Verfassungen zahlreicher Staaten verankert. Und dennoch werden sie immer wieder relativiert, sodass ihre Um- und Durchsetzung selbst in der Demokratie - dessen Grundlage die Menschenrechte darstellen - nicht mehr sichergestellt werden kann. Wirken sich direktdemokratische Entscheide unter Umständen als menschenrechtlich problematisch aus? Wie sollen wir mit humanitären Interventionen umgehen? Wie kann der Begriff der Menschenwürde begründet werden - und wie lassen sich Menschenrechte global absichern? Die Beiträge des Bandes widmen sich diesen Fragen aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven.

The ethnic violence following the 2007 presidential elections in Kenya led to a wide array of regional and international mediation efforts and diplomatic initiatives, which resulted in a power-sharing agreement and a constitutional process. That these events in Kenya have been called by some the first test case for the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is not without irony: over the course of these international efforts, R2P was only marginally invoked. It was rather post-hoc framing of this case that brought the non-coercive elements of R2P into the limelight and turned Kenya into an R2P case. This, however, impacted the further development of R2P in two ways. First, references to the experiences in Kenya proved to be an effective frame for actors highlighting, in the run-up to the 2009 United Nations General Assembly debate, the value of preventive and diplomatic initiatives. Second, experiences in Kenya facilitated the inclusion of the procedures of the International Criminal Court in the toolbox of the wider norms of protection, though they remain controversial for some actors.

Examines conflict between humanitarian and military actions of the UN.

In 1992, after the U.S. military intervention in Somalia, the term 'CNN effect' was coined to refer to the media's ability to focus international attention on a country in a critical situation. Based on a deductive approach to a news sample from four Spanish newspapers, this study examines the news agenda of countries and generic frames used in the coverage of countries facing humanitarian crisis. Results show that most of humanitarian crises are forgotten: While one third of the news sample focused on Afghanistan, nine crises were not present at all. Furthermore, the press does not use the 'classic' generic frames when they report humanitarian crises, but a combination of them, for instance 'conflict for which the government is responsible'. ; En 1992, tras la intervención del ejército estadounidense en Somalia, se acuñó el término 'efecto CNN' para referirse a la capacidad de los medios de comunicación para dirigir la atención internacional hacia un país en situación crítica. Basado en una aproximación deductiva a una muestra de noticias procedentes de cuatro periódicos españoles, este estudio examina la presencia de estos países en situación crítica en la agenda informativa, así como los encuadres noticiosos genéricos utilizados para retratarlos. Los resultados muestran que los medios 'olvidan' la mayor parte de las crisis humanitarias: mientras un tercio de la muestra analizada se centraba en la situación de Afganistán, nueve crisis no recibieron ninguna atención. Además, la prensa no utiliza los encuadres noticiosos 'clásicos' (en la literatura científica) cuando informa sobre las crisis humanitarias, sino una combinación de ellos. Es el caso, por ejemplo, del encuadre 'conflicto con responsabilidad del Gobierno'.

The COVID-19 pandemic has made evident that the field of global health – its practices, norms, and failures – has the power to shape the lives of billions. Global health perspectives on the role of religion, however, are strikingly limited. Uncovering the points where religion and global health have connected across the twentieth century, focusing on Ghana, provides an opportunity to challenge narrow approaches. In Religion in Global Health and Development Benjamin Walker shows that the religious features of colonial state architecture were still operating by the turn of the twenty-first century. Walker surveys the establishment of colonial development projects in the twentieth century, with a focus on the period between 1940 and 1990. Crossing the colonial-postcolonial divide, analyzing local contexts in conjunction with the many layers of international organizations, and identifying surprisingly neglected streams of personnel and funding (particularly from Dutch and West German Catholics), this in-depth history offers new ways of conceptualizing global health. Patchworks of international humanitarian intervention, fragmented government services, local communities, and the actions of many foreign powers combined to create health services and the state in Ghana. Religion in Global Health and Development shows that religion and religious actors were critical to this process – socially, culturally, and politically.

"This book investigates how effective human rights and the inherent dignity of refugees can be secured in situations of protracted exile and encampment. The book deploys an innovative human rights-based capabilities approach to address fundamental questions relating to law, power, governance, responsibility and accountability in refugee camps. Adopting an original theoretical framework, the author demonstrates that legal empowerment can change the distribution of power in a given refugee situation, facilitating the exercise of individual agency and assisting in the reform of the opportunity structure available to the individual. Thus, by helping to increase the capability of refugees to participate actively in the decisions that most affect their core rights and interests, participatory approaches to legal empowerment can also assist in securing other capabilities, ultimately ensuring that refugees are able to live dignified lives while in protracted exile. Ultimately, the book demonstrates that legal empowerment for refugees can bring lasting benefits in establishing trust between refugees, the state, and local communities. It will be of interest to researchers within the fields of refugee studies, international law, development studies, and political science, as well as to policy makers and practitioners working in the fields of refugee assistance and humanitarian intervention"--

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgments -- List of Figures and Tables -- INTRODUCING GLOBALIZATION -- 1 What Is Globalization? -- 2 A New Millennium -- 3 Globalization -- CULTURE -- 4 Globalizing Cultures -- 5 Globalization as Hybridization -- 6 Social Theory, Cultural Relativity, and the Problem of Globality -- 7 Nothing (and Something) -- 8 Jihad vs. McWorld or Jihad via McWorld? -- 9 Re-embedding Identity Politics as a Response to Globalization -- 10 The Production of Locality -- Ancillary Materials -- ECONOMY -- 11 Globalizing Economies -- 12 Ending the Crisis of Capitalism or Ending Capitalism -- 13 Global Class Formation and the Rise of a Transnational Class -- 14 The ABCs of Free Trade Agreements -- 15 The Ghosts in the Trees -- 16 China Makes, the World Takes -- 17 The Contradictions of Global Capitalism and the Future of Global Society -- 18 Humanitarianism or the Internationalism of the Peoples? -- Ancillary Materials -- POLITICS -- 19 Globalizing Politics -- 20 One Community -- 21 Human Rights -- 22 Global Sociology and the Nature of Rights -- 23 Democracy's Failing Light -- 24 The Counteroffensive to the 1960s Insurgencies: The Crime Issue -- 25 Rights and Duties -- 26 Humanitarian Intervention: Global Enforcement of Human Rights -- Ancillary Materials -- Source Credits -- Index

Rich in its spatial scope, this edited collection provides an extensive and detailed overview of contemporary Turkish foreign policy. From the founding principles of foreign policy in the early republic to changing patterns during the second half of the 20thcentury, this text not only charts underexplored periods in Turkish foreign policy history, but also offers a fresh analysis of recent events, with new challenges ever-emerging in this region. This volume is essential reading for students, scholars and professionals of International Relations, foreign policy and international law who would like to study Turkish foreign policy. P?nar Gözen Ercan is an assistant professor at the Department of International Relations of Hacettepe University, Turkey. She holds a BA and an MA in International Relations from Bilkent University, Turkey, and a PhD in International Studies from the University of Trento, Italy. Her research interests include humanitarian intervention, the Responsibility to Protect, human rights, international law and the law of the sea, theories of International Relations, and Greek-Turkish relations. Besides journal articles and book chapters, she is also the author of the books entitled Debating the Future of the 'Responsibility to Protect': The Evolution of a Moral Norm(Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), andThe Territorial Sea Issue in Greek-Turkish Relations(VDM Verlag, 2009).

"This book brings an important new perspective to the study of sex trafficking by considering the different types of social contracts which existed in the past that had sexual labour or activity as an inherent component. It outlines the nature of these social institutions - marriage, temporary marriage, debt bondage and slavery - which were recognised in local law, carried no stigma and endured for long periods. It discusses how labour pledged in return for a loan of cash or as a result of a punishment dictated by the state often included sexual labour, and how this could take the form of servicing the master of the house, or his guests, or foreign travellers, who paid the person who held the debt for the privilege, and how even wives of different ranks, temporary or permanent, and children, were pledged as sureties for loans. The book, which covers the modern states of Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam, argues that cultural norms are not static, that sexual contracts are more complicated than simply "marriage" or "prostitution", and that as trafficking for sexual purposes increases those engaging in humanitarian intervention would do well to understand better the historical underpinnings of cultural understandings of familial and contractual obligations"--

Rawls on constitutionalism and constitutional law / Frank I. Michelman -- Rawls and the law / Ronald Dworkin -- Are there limits to constitutional change? : Rawls on comprehensive doctrines, unconstitutional amendments, and the basis of equality / Charles A. Kelbley -- A backdoor to policy making : the use of philosophers by the Supreme Court / Neomi Rao -- Does philosophy deserve a place at the Supreme Court? / Thom Brooks -- Immigration, association, and the family / Matthew Lister -- Political liberalism / Michael J. Sandel -- The subject of liberalism / Frank I. Michelman -- Some problems with public reason in John Rawls's Political liberalism / Kent Greenawalt -- Can a liberal take his own side in an argument? : the case for John Rawls's idea of political liberalism / Ronald C. Den Otter -- On belling the cat : Rawls and tort as corrective justice / Kevin A. Kordana and David H. Tabachnick -- Private order and public justice : Kant and Rawls / Arthur Ripstein -- Rawls and reparation / Martin D. Carcieri -- From Utopia to Kazanistan : John Rawls and the law of peoples / John Tasioulas -- The incoherence between Rawls's theories of justice / Thomas W. Pogge -- Why Rawls is not a cosmopolitan egalitarian / Leif Wenar -- Preventing military humanitarian intervention? : John Rawls and Jürgen Habermas on a just global order / Regina Kreide -- Human rights and liberal toleration / David Reidy.

The Nature of Intractable Conflict introduces the latest ideas that seek to explain the basis of deep-rooted and violent conflict among human groups, communities and nations. It analyses a range of methods by which people have sought to mitigate, contain or resolve destructive processes, for example through customs, courts, humanitarian interventions, peacekeeping and peace-building. Surveying the field of conflict analysis and resolution in the twenty-first century, Mitchell focuses on developments in theory and practice that have taken place over the last forty years, reviewing the foundations of the field and innovations such as the growth of interest in conflict prevention and long term peace-building, various forms of conflict mitigation, and efforts to introduce courts and legal processes to help with the control and resolution of violent conflict within and across inter-state boundaries. Informed by fieldwork in Africa, Latin America, the Basque country, Northern Ireland and the former Soviet Union, this volume uniquely explores emerging ideas about the role of creativity and innovation in developing new ways of channelling or resolving apparently insoluble disputes. By examining the wider concepts of truth, reconciliation and post-conflict stability, this book will be an essential resource for all peace and conflict scholars.