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The article deals with the contradictory effect of civil society and civility discourses for the theory ofmodern democracy. The author concentrates on observed two main theoretical approaches towards the role andposition of civil society in new democracies. Following the cautious optimism of "neotocquevillians" thetransition from undemocratic regime to the democracy was influenced of universal and global spread ofdemocracy. In the transitional period civil society comes into play as the guarantee for consolidatingdemocracy. Scientists skeptics don't share this view and not consider civil society as the panacea buildingdemocracy.Civility can be described as an ethos of citizens conduct, necessary condition for real democracy. Socialcapital theory inspired discussion on the influence of "republican virtues" upon the modern democracy.However, the more important question is what type of civil society promotes democracy.The manifestations of civility discourse complicated the creation of liberal democracy at the initial stage ofpostcommunist transformations in East and Central European countries. Seeking more authentic reflection ofmodern democracy in their own country Lithuanian social scientists should: 1) discard all the uncriticalapproaches to the Western models of civil society; 2) propose the original decision while trying to solve thedilemma of modern democracy, because the one suggested by L. Siedentop is hardly applicable for societieswhich lack the liberal hinge.

O Híbrido de Timor (HT) 'CIFC 4106' é um anortoploide (alotriploide, 3x=33, 2C=2,10 pg), semi-estéril, oriundo do cruzamento natural entre Coffea arabica (4x=44, 2C=2,62 pg) e Coffea canephora (2x=22, 2C=1,41 pg). Acredita-se que o 'CIFC 4106' é primeira planta de HT encontrada em 1927, numa plantação de C. arabica 'Typica' situada no Timor Leste. Estudos citogenéticos em Coffea têm possibilitado entender a história evolutiva e inferir as contribuições dos genomas parentais na formação de alopoliploides, como C. arabica. Nesse sentido, o conteúdo de DNA cromossômico; mensurado pela combinação da citogenética, citometria de fluxo e de imagem; gerou dados relevantes acerca da origem de C. arabica, um alotetraploide verdadeiro. O presente trabalho objetivou quantificar o conteúdo de DNA nuclear, caracterizar o cariótipo e mensurar o conteúdo de DNA cromossômico do HT e dos seus ancestrais: C. canephora, C. eugenioides e C. arabica. O valor 2C médio nuclear e o número cromossômico variou entre os quatro Coffea: C. canephora (2x=22, 2C=1,41 pg), C. eugenioides (2x=22, 2C=1,38 pg), HT (3x=33, 2C=2,10 pg) e C. arabica (4x=44, 2C=2,62 pg). Portanto, uma série euploide foi confirmada, destacando o conteúdo de DNA do HT equivalente a soma dos valores 1C dos seus progenitores. A caracterização do cariograma mostrou a predominância de cromossomos metacêntricos e submetacêntricos, com exceção apenas de um par acrocêntrico (22) em C. arabica. Distribuindo os valores médios 2C nuclear pelos valores médios de densidade óptica integrada; obtidos por meio da citometria de imagem; o conteúdo de DNA de cada cromossomo dos quatro Coffea foi mensurado. O valor 1C cromossômico de C. canephora oscilou de 0,090 (cromossomo 1) a 0,050 pg (11), C. eugenioides de 0,095 (cromossomo 1) a 0,044 pg (11), C. arabica de 0,090 (cromossomo 1) a 0,030 pg (22), e HT de 0,104 (cromossomo 1) a 0,026 pg (33). Os dados qualitativos (classes cromossômicas) e quantitativos (valor 1C) dos Coffea foram comparados, evidenciando a contribuição das três espécies de Coffea na origem do alotriploide HT.

The article deals with influence of modern innovations on enterprises competitiveness. The different concepts of competition, from D. Ricardo and H. Adams up to M. Porter and Kim Chan and R. Mouborgne are analysed. The results of comparative analysis are provided in table 1. Different models of competition and competitiveness are analyzed. There is stressed that very important role plays M. Porters' 5 market forces, Diamod and Dubble diamond models and latest modifications made in the model. Some drawbacks of competitiveness models from K. Lancaster up to A. Rugman and latest authors as well as the author are submitted in table 2. The weakness of the Diamond model discovered and modification of Diamond model is made by incorporating the innovation in the model as it is proposed in picture 1. The importance of innovations for competition of enterprises is disclosed. The definitions of innovation and competitiveness of different authors are submitted. Innovation as risky process in competition from J. Shumpeterian economic view to innovation up to P. Drucker and McMeekin and D. Soutterton commercionalization as well as EU innovation policy are analyzed. Short analysis of Lithuania's position in the EU economy on innovation is made. The G. Brennan's optimistic idea on innovations at recession period that innovation could be a chance for companies to leapfrog their competition is stressed. Some data from Fray's analysis demonstrating the idea mentioned are provided in the article. According to Ch. Frey, founder and editor of Innovation tools, innovation climate has improved in 47,5 % of companies, and only for 25,9 % of respondents – has worsened at recession. But because the customers even at recession tend to the innovative, reasonably priced and hyped-up products and because the markets at recession are tightened, it is good time to invest in research and renew the products, processes, structure and management as main elements of competitiveness, as it has been recommended by Lisbon strategy. The impact of main areas ...

Background Appreciative inquiry (AI) is an innovative knowledge translation (KT) intervention that is compatible with the Promoting Action on Research in Health Services (PARiHS) framework. This study explored the innovative use of AI as a theoretically based KT intervention applied to a clinical issue in an inpatient pediatric care setting. The implementation of AI was explored in terms of its acceptability, fidelity, and feasibility as a KT intervention in pain management. Methods A mixed-methods case study design was used. The case was a surgical unit in a pediatric academic-affiliated hospital. The sample consisted of nurses in leadership positions and staff nurses interested in the study. Data on the AI intervention implementation were collected by digitally recording the AI sessions, maintaining logs, and conducting individual semistructured interviews. Data were analysed using qualitative and quantitative content analyses and descriptive statistics. Findings were triangulated in the discussion. Results Three nurse leaders and nine staff members participated in the study. Participants were generally satisfied with the intervention, which consisted of four 3-hour, interactive AI sessions delivered over two weeks to promote change based on positive examples of pain management in the unit and staff implementation of an action plan. The AI sessions were delivered with high fidelity and 11 of 12 participants attended all four sessions, where they developed an action plan to enhance evidence-based pain assessment documentation. Participants labeled AI a 'refreshing approach to change' because it was positive, democratic, and built on existing practices. Several barriers affected their implementation of the action plan, including a context of change overload, logistics, busyness, and a lack of organised follow-up. Conclusions Results of this case study supported the acceptability, fidelity, and feasibility of AI as a KT intervention in pain management. The AI intervention requires minor refinements (e.g., incorporating continued follow-up meetings) to enhance its clinical utility and sustainability. The implementation process and effectiveness of the modified AI intervention require evaluation in a larger multisite study. ; Kavanagh, T., Stevens, B., Seers, K., Sidani, S., & Watt-Watson, J. (2010). Process evaluation of appreciative inquiry to translate pain management evidence into pediatric nursing practice. Implementation Science : IS, 5(1), 90-90. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-5-90

Innovations play a significant role in surviving in economic and marketgames. However the innovation is not self-sufficient tool for response of all futurechallenges and needs. It requires potential for new knowledge generation, adaptationand commercialization, and support of government. Therefore the article presents aconceptual analysis of the relationship between innovation and entrepreneurship,with the main focus being on the business sector, highlighting the role of governmentpolicy in the promotion of innovation through entrepreneurship.It is said that the dimension of innovation is at the core of entrepreneurship, butat the same time these concepts still often are defined singly. The concept of entrepreneurshipis often wrongly explained, just as business activity or establishment ofnew enterprises without focus on innovation. In this respect, there is a suggestion toadopt the concept of innovative entrepreneurship as the new direction for developmentof innovation through entrepreneurship.

Growing consumption of goods, production and usage of various chemicals influence the amount of different hazardous waste (HW) flows. Society is increasingly facing the problem how to treat and where to dispose of waste in environmentally sound, and economically efficient way, also taking into account a social aspect.Waste management is one of the principal pollution problems in many countries, and its control has so far not been addressed in a sustainable analysis. Each year in the European Union alone people throw away 1.3 billion tons of waste, 40 million tons of which being hazardous. HW generally constitutes about 1% of the total waste amount generated in Europe; nevertheless, it presents a serious risk to the ecosystem and human health if not managed and treated properly. Several EU countries report HW treatment rates over 40%, the others export a large of portion of HW. Recently, lots of efforts having been put into proper HW identification, treatment, recycling, storage, transportation and/or disposal, this issue is still hot among the governments of the EU.In spite of the fact that all European Union legal requirements concerning HW management are transferred to Member States legal framework, there are still a number of problems concerning inefficiency of an HW management system and Lithuania is not the exception. The total amount of waste generated in 2008 in Lithuania is about 7.8 million tons; about 145 thousand tons are considered as HW. While the incineration plant and landfill for HW is not built, HW is temporarily stored, processed, exported or managed in the companies which have the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) permits. It aims to manage HW in a more environmentally friendly way. However, the current HW management is not developed on an integrated approach, which allows to evaluate the environmental impact throughout the life cycle and to use cost-effective HW management processes, and all available technical and technological capabilities. The legal system determines the main HW ...

In the public sector, the decision-making process is multidimensional. Themethodological framework for all decision-making theories is the rationalisttradition, according to which mankind is inherently rational and seeks to maximizeits goals. The proponents of the main decision-making theories—the rationalcomprehensivetheory, the incremental theory and the mixed scanning theory—seekto argue in favour of their postulated values and the approaches to avoidunnecessary risks of the decision-making process. Those theories are aimed atpromoting innovative solutions in the new public management environment. Toimprove the decision-making process, it is necessary to improve the management ofinformation flows which would allow an accurate and objective information analysisby distorting the information necessary for decision-making.

The paradox in the formation of Union citizenship is that, on the one hand, its list of rights is primarily relevant for migrants and – again apart from the parliamentary permit - largely resembles the elements of enhanced denizen ship many member states had introduced before for their settled immigrants, but, on the other hand, its definition of the population to whom these rights apply excludes third country aliens, i.e. the great majority of migrants living in the territory of the Union. Union citizenship, first introduced in the Maastricht Treaty, confers a broad range of rights on national of the member states, including rights of movement, political rights, protection in non-EU states, and rights to petition. The relationship to national citizenship was clarified in the Treaty of Amsterdam: Union Citizenship is meant to supplement, not supplant, national citizenship. The European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights, signed and proclaimed in Nice December 2000, laid out the range of civil, political, economic and social rights conferred both to Union Citizens and other persons resident in the EU.The Treaty of Lisbon, which was signed in Lisbon on 13 December 2007 and amends the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community, sought in particular to reinforce the democratic fabric of the European Union. One of its major innovations is to introduce the European citizens' initiative. It provides that "not less than one million citizens who are nationals of a significant number of Member States may take the initiative of inviting the Commission, within the framework of its powers, to submit any appropriate proposal on matters where citizens consider that a legal act of the Union is required for the purpose of implementing the Treaties". It also provides that the procedures and conditions required for such a citizens' initiative, including the minimum number of Member States from which citizens must come, shall be determined in a Regulation to be adopted by the European Parliament and ...

The paper deals with the problems of tax coordination and perspectives during and after financial crisis. As we see the 2008 financial crisis is the worst economic crisis. Great Depression of 1929 was financial crisis which know all world financers and we can compare these days financial crisis with 1929 financial crisis. Thr 2008 financial crisis has been characterised by a rapid credit expansion, high risk-taking and exacerbated financial leverage and credit crunch when the bubble burst. In particular, it reviews the existing evidence on the links between taxes and many characteristics of the crisis. Finally, it examines some possible future tax options to prevent such crises.This financial and economic crisis presents major challenges for tax administration. With the economic downturn, tax agencies are encountering growing compliance risks and greater demands for taxpayer support in the face of prospective budget cuts. This paper examines these challenges and sets out a strategy and measures for responding to them. Theoretical and empirical studies suggest that an economic downturn tends to worsen taxpayer compliance in important aspects. While a drop in compliance may have some countercyclical effects on the economy, tolerating noncompliance is not an appropriate response to the crisis because it is distortionary, inequitable, and, perhaps most importantly, hampers the rebuilding of tax bases over the medium-term.The crisis therefore presents the financial authorities – central banks, regulators and finance ministries – with two challenges:The first and most urgent is to design short-term policies so as to at least limit the adverse impact of deleveraging and deflation on the real economy. We cannot make that impact nil, but we do know how to avoid the policy mistakes which turned the initial problems of 1929-30 into the Great Depression. Fiscal and monetary policies need to be carefully designed, and – as we approach a zero interest rate and consider quantitative easing options – need to be increasingly coordinated. And ...