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There is a long running debate on the significance of ethnic residential segregation levels in Britain. These phenomena have been related to the extent of community cohesion in British cities, and particularly to the riots of 2001 in the north of England. Further light is cast on these issues by examining ethnic segregation by age in the case of Bradford, the location of the largest riot. Both the dissimilarity index and the exposure index are used to consider relations between the White British and the largest minorities at ward level and at census output area level. The level of segregation is shown to vary with age, usually in a consistent direction. The direction varies between ethnic groups however.

The article examines the recent changes in art world from the characteristics of the global art market and its implications for sociological theories of art. Therefore, it focuses on the correlation established between the decline of the avant-garde art and how there are tenuous boundaries between high culture and popular culture. In this sense, it discusses and analyzes the influence increasingly exerted by actors located in countries such as the United States, England, Germany, France and, more recently, China. It concludes with how much the global art market may be illustrative of cases in which the globalization of markets expands the cultural and economic inequality by favoring the privilege of small social groups in the contemporary world.

This article begins with a re-evaluation of political communication research based on Habermas' original theory of the public sphere. It presents Habermas' alternative framework for assessing communication in contemporary 'actually existing democracies'. The model is then tested with a case study of the UK parliamentary public sphere based on 95 semi-structured interviews with political actors (politicians, journalists and officials). It concludes that parliament today operates rather better, according to public sphere norms, than the public sphere described in Habermas' accounts of 18th and 19th-century England. Such a finding, on its own, is clearly at odds with public perception. The research accordingly offers two explanations for this disparity and the (perceived) crisis of political legitimacy in UK politics.

The Atlantic Ocean as physical and psyche space forms the basis of this work. During the last 600 years, stretches from the eastern shores in the Caribbean and the America's and the western shores and England and Europe, have been the sites of important arrivals and departures. Using the juxtapositions of various voices this work examines how the legacy of black families in the Caribbean connects with the stories of European maritime `hero's, such as Frances Drake, Christopher Columbus, Walter Raleigh and James Cook. Images of state sanctioned and educational authorities are placed alongside those preserved in family albums and the throwaway colloquialisms of letters, intimate voices that are often overlooked. Hand tinted silver prints and Xeroxes, & text.11x 24x20inch.

Using new public spending statistics for Spain and other various indicators we show that Spain and Britain suffered larger increases in public expenditure in the periods in which they fought each other and other countries.The British Exchequer spent much more than its Spanish counterpart,especially on the Army and Navy and debt repayment. This situation helps to explain why Britain emerged victorious against Spain in the majority of these wars and was a consequence of the political and institutional changes made in England from 1688 onwards, reducing budget constraint and allowing Britain to mobilise the necessary resources to become the leading world power. In Spain, however, the changes required to eliminate the country's history of bankruptcies and increase its spending capacity were not made.

This article begins by presenting four main positions on the leadership in education territory: critical, humanistic, instrumental and scientific. It is argued that the current generic and globalised model of transformational leadership is rooted in the latter two positions and is the preferred model within government policy in England. The article then goes on to focus on the knowledge claims underpinning critical approaches by firstly, exploring the concerns raised about transformational leadership; and, secondly, examining alternative approaches to leadership theory and practice. In particular, emphasis is put on how the epistemology of research and theorising in critical work is inclusive of practice, connects practice with the processes of democratisation, and so opens up possibilities for teacher, student and community leadership as an educative relationship.

The UK's devolution reforms have been piecemeal, directed at specific territorial issues in one or other part of the UK, and poorly coordinated with one another. While this piecemeal approach reflects a centuries-old approach to territorial statecraft in the UK, the addition since 1999 of democratic process and, more recently, partisan conflict between UK and devolved government, has established strong centrifugal tendencies. The article explores how territorial policy variation, inter-regional spillovers, the fusion of UK central government institutions with those for governing England, contradictions in public opinion, and under-institutionalized intergovernmental relations underline that centrifugal dynamic. Most significantly there has been no sustained attempt to review and renew the purposes of union since devolution. Adapted from the source document.

1637 stellt Thomas Morton den Lesern seines New English Canaan die Indianer von New England in wirtschaftlicher Hinsicht als beispielhaft vor; die gegenwärtige Literaturgeschichte hingegen betrachtet den Text nur als Reflex von Mortons Auseinandersetzung mit den Führern der puritanischen Siedlern. - Der kanadische Autor Thomas King beschreibt in seinem 1993 erschienenen Roman Green Grass, Running Water indianische Frauen, die sehr erfolgreich ein Restaurant mit dog meat specialities führen, die allerdings keinerlei Hundefleisch enthalten: Kings Frauen sind stark, unabhängig und doch verletzlich. Sie vereinen indianische wie westeuropäische Charaktereigenschaften und spielen mit verschiedensten politischen und religiösen Vorstellungen, sind jedoch gleichzeitig darin auch gefangen. - In heutigem Englisch wird that häufig als Variante von which und who verwendet: Welche grammatische Struktur steht dahinter, und wie läßt sie sich fassen? Diese Themen und Fragestellungen stammen aus Forschungsgebieten, die Studierende sich im Rahmen ihres Studiums am Seminar für Englische Philologie entwickeln und erarbeiten. Dieser Sammelband enthält die besten Arbeiten der ersten Bachelor-Kohorte - sie sind wissenschaftlich herausragend und zeigen neue Ansätze und Lösungsmöglichkeiten auf. ; https://univerlag.uni-goettingen.de/handle/3/isbn-978-3-940344-75-5

Aufgrund der fortschreitenden Europäisierung des Privatrechts rückt die Methodenlehre des Europäischen Privatrechts stärker in den Mittelpunkt rechtstheoretischen Denkens. Vor diesem Hintergrund erarbeitet Thomas Henninger rechtsvergleichend methodische Prinzipien des Europäischen Privatrechts. Zunächst untersucht er die existierenden Methodenlehren in den wichtigsten Ländern Europas insbesondere in Deutschland, der Schweiz, Frankreich, Großbritannien und am EuGH. Dabei legt er jeweils die gesetzlichen Methodennormen, historische Entwicklung, exemplarische Urteile, Rechtsprechung, wissenschaftliche Lehre und das methodische Selbstverständnis der Richter zu Grunde. Durch den Vergleich mit weiteren deutschsprachigen, romanischen, angloamerikanischen, skandinavischen und osteuropäischen Rechtsordnungen entsteht ein Gesamtbild der Methodenlehre in Europa. Im normativen Teil arbeitet der Autor die gemeinsamen Prinzipien einer Methodenlehre der europäischen Privatrechte heraus und stellt Lösungsansätze für eine europäische Methodenlehre des Privatrechts vor. Dabei werden die Funktionsweise der jeweiligen methodischen Instrumente beleuchtet und deren Vor- und Nachteile abgewägt. Ein zentraler Punkt ist dabei der Vergleich der Methode kontinentaler Zivilrechtskodifikationen mit der präjudiziengestützten Fallrechtsmethodik in England und die Darstellung gemeinsamer Prinzipien. Abschluss des Buches bildet eine Methodennorm, welche - vergleichbar mit Art. 1 des schweizerischen Zivilgesetzbuches - die Tätigkeit des Richters in einem europäisch geprägten Privatrecht definiert.

ABSTRACTUsing new public spending statistics for Spain and other various indicators we show that Spain and Britain suffered larger increases in public expenditure in the periods in which they fought each other and other countries. The British Exchequer spent much more than its Spanish counterpart, especially on the Army and Navy and debt repayment. This situation helps to explain why Britain emerged victorious against Spain in the majority of these wars and was a consequence of the political and institutional changes made in England from 1688 onwards, reducing budget constraint and allowing Britain to mobilise the necessary resources to become the leading world power. In Spain, however, the changes required to eliminate the country's history of bankruptcies and increase its spending capacity were not made.

"Elisabeth von Herzogenberg (1847-1892) wurde von professionellen Musikern wie dem Violinvirtuosen und Leiter der Berliner Musikhochschule, Joseph Joachim, für ihr 'musikalisches Können' bewundert. Die berühmte Pianistin Clara Schumann musizierte mit ihr vierhändig. Die englische Komponistin Ethel Smyth verglich ihr Partiturspiel mit dem geübter Dirigenten. Um ihre erstaunliche musikalische Auffassungsgabe mit der sie ganze Symphoniesätze in wenigen Tagen auf dem Klavier spielen konnte und auswendig behalten konnte, spann sich Legenden im Freundeskreis. Diesen empfing sie im Salon ihrer Leipziger Wohnung. Neben Johannes Brahms gehörten hierzu auch Edvard Grieg und Antonin Dvorak. Ihrem Mann, dem Komponisten Heinrich von Herzogenberg, war sie musikalische Alter Ego. Ethel Smyth fand in ihr während des Kompositionsstudiums in Leipzig eine mütterliche Freundin und Mentorin. War Elisabeth von Herzogenberg also eine Saloniere? Oder ist ihre unterstützende Zuwendung als Mäzenantentum einzuordnen? Die Autorin wertet für diese Arbeit über 2.000 größtenteils unveröffentlichte Briefquellen in Deutschland, Österreich, England und Tschechien aus. In einem vielseitigen Portrait nähert sie sich dem Leben der Musikerin und Komponistin, die nur selten an die Öffentlichkeit trat. Mithilfe des soziologischen Konzeptes des 'sozialen Netzwerkes' entwickelt die Autorin an diesem Beispiel erstmalig einen wissenschaftlichen Begriff von Musikförderung." (Verlagsangabe)

This article explores the ways in which young people's decisions about post-compulsory education, training and employment are shaped by place, drawing on case study evidence from three deprived neighbourhoods in England. It discusses the way in which place-based social networks and attachment to place influence individuals' outlooks and how they interpret and act on the opportunities they see. While such networks and place attachment can be a source of strength in facilitating access to opportunities, they can also be a source of weakness in acting to constrain individuals to familiar choices and locations. In this way, 'subjective' geographies of opportunity may be much more limited than 'objective' geographies of opportunity. Hence it is important for policy to recognise the importance of 'bounded horizons'.

The sudden cancellation of the Virginia lotteries during the first sitting of the parliament of 1621 was not part of a general parliamentary attack on monopolies but a calculated political act intended to pressure the Virginia Company of London to pay more taxes than required by its charter of 1612. The appropriate context for considering the cancellation is the financial difficulties of James I and the search for funds by Sir Lionel Cranfield. The cancellation coincided with a rejection of a new charter for the company, possibly incited by Count Gondomar, the Spanish ambassador in England. The cancellation of the lotteries was the most important turning point in the history of Jamestown and started the company on its downward spiral.

E.P. Hennock, The Origin of the Welfare State in England and Germany, 1850-1914: Social Policies Compared (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007)Reviewed by Christopher S. AllenLars Fischer, The Socialist Response to Antisemitism in Imperial Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007)Reviewed by Eric KurlanderDevin O. Pendas, The Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial, 1963-1965. Genocide, History, and the Limits of the Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006)Reviewed by Klaus L. BerghahnDonna Harsch, Revenge of the Domestic: Women, the Family, and Communism in the German Democratic Republic (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007)Reviewed by Elizabeth MittmanJeffrey K. Olick, The Politics of Regret: On Collective Memory and Historical Responsibility (New York: Routledge, 2007)Reviewed by Cora Sol Goldstein

Abstract:The recent history of probation supervision in England and Wales has seen a significant reduction in its links to residential communities; but, by contrast, visible 'Community Payback' is now a key feature of unpaid work penalties. This article considers why these contrasting developments are occurring simultaneously. It argues that the dominant reason for the evolution of the 'Community Payback' scheme is governmental preference for aspects of the ideology of the 'new market state' (Bobbitt 2002). However, it is contended that a more appropriate policy framework, capable of application to both unpaid work and probation supervision, would be a dual emphasis, in a community context, on: (i) civil renewal and community engagement; and (ii) offender rehabilitation.