Suchergebnisse

Based on a thematic content analysis of 2000 anonymous posts to the website AThinLine.org , this article explores adolescents' personal accounts of digital stress. Six kinds of digital stressors that engender two distinctive types of digital stress are identified. Type 1 stressors—"mean and harassing personal attacks," "public shaming and humiliation," and "impersonation"—reflect the migration of common forms of relational hostility onto the online space and echo discussions of harassment, drama, and bullying. Type 2 stressors stem from adolescents' use of digital technologies in the service of seeking relational connection. These lesser-discussed Type 2 stressors—"feeling smothered," "pressure to comply with requests for access," and "breaking and entering into digital accounts and devices"—transpire in the context of adolescents' attempts to form and maintain intimacy or close connections with others.

PurposeThis article aims to introduce the special issue which arose from a conference about urban regeneration in post industrial cities hosted at Bradford University in 2008. The event focused on the sustainable and intangible aspects of individual and community well‐being.Design/methodology/approachThe article discusses the background to urban regeneration and introduces the papers in the issue.FindingsThe papers investigate and understand how policies, programmes and projects can increase well‐being in the built environment, and what this means for those involved. Specifically the papers address key features of well‐being in terms of the economics of regeneration, participation, sustainability, social enterprise, migration, partnership, management, and the importance of place and space.Originality/valueThe article focuses on the papers of the special issue that encourage pragmatic and workable solutions based on sound theory and practice.

Peut-il y avoir apprentissage organisationnel sans leadership politique ? Le cas de la réforme du ministère de l'Intérieur sud-africain Cet article traite de la transformation des « cultures institutionnelles » dans les administrations publiques. Cette dynamique est explorée dans le contexte des réformes des administrations publiques post-apartheid, et plus particulièrement de la gestion des migrations par le ministère de l'Intérieur sud-africain. L'article évalue les effets d'une réforme de nature politique destinée à inculquer un nouvel éthos de « service public » sur les perceptions et les pratiques des fonctionnaires. L'article conclut que les facteurs structurels n'expliquent que marginalement les difficultés rencontrées. C'est bien plutôt l'incapacité du leadership politique à pallier le manque d'un sens de mission commune et l'ensemble des effets non anticipés et contre-productifs de la réforme elle-même qui expliquent l'incapacité à amender les perceptions et les comportements des bureaucrates.

Access to a nationality from a European Union (eu) country has become a key migration strategy for people from outside the eu and their families. This paper explores access to Spanish citizenship, through an innovative methodology, "netnography". We analyzed an Internet discussion group (41 000 posts and 2 860 individuals), where migrants share their concerns about the cumbersome Spanish naturalization process. We identify a series of strategies to access Spanish citizenship that seek to maximize the possibilities given by residence experience in Spain or Spanish ancestry (a sort of family endowment that we call "ethnic capital" here). These factors create an unequal pattern in the "geography of naturalization", marked by the history of Spanish emigration and immigration policies, woven together in the complex web of the personal experiences of migrants, who are constantly faced with the question: residence or ancestry?.

The computer represents a new resource in developing social capital that previously did not exist among migrants. The relationship between physical space and cyberspace is discussed using the experience of migrants from Newfoundland who, although dispersed from their homeland, use the computer to maintain ties with both their homeland and others in diaspora. Three phases in the migration cycle are identified (pre-migrant, post-migrant, settled migrant) and four categories of computer usage are linked to each phase. Three types of online relationships can be identified among diasporic peoples that result in developing new ties, nourishing old ties and rediscovering lost ties. The processes of verification, telepresence, hyperreality and attribution are discovered and illustrated from online data and interviews which indicate how computermediated communication is related to both social networking and identity among migrants.

International audience ; The reform of the Albanian Armed Forces began in 1991, together with the transformation of Albanian society from a centralized planed economy to a market-oriented one with respect for rule of law and democratic values. The reform of the armed forces is a complex process that is complicated even more by the ways that national interests are defined in the post-Cold War era since, in addition to the multi-polar environment, nations are facing an advanced stage of the globalization of relationships among states and societies. At the present time, vital national interests are challenged by a wide range of problems that go beyond the traditional military concerns that have almost become anachronistic in the face of terrorism , migration, civil unrest, resurgent nationalistic splits, and further escalations of tensions across borders, including economic and environmental problems.

An analysis of sub-Saharan Africa's food production & consumption that uses a nutrition-system model provides a more complex & differentiated picture than generalized pronouncements of the continent's food insecurity based on international statistics. The model emphasizes household-level food security, taking into account household-specific factors in addition to global economic conditions/changes & national agrarian policies. The analysis draws on macrolevel economic data, microstudies of the nutrition risks/deficits & security strategies of rural households in several countries, & a detailed case study of Mali's food situation. It shows how individual coping strategies have interacted with post-1980 agricultural market liberalization to define the conditions of household food security. Coping strategies have included income diversification, agrarian innovation, migration, & consumption changes. Implications for agricultural policy & research are discussed. 2 Figures, 49 References. Adapted from the source document.

SUBURBIA WAS A PRINCIPAL MOVEMENT IN POST-WWII DOMESTIC US THAT MANIFESTED ITSELF IN THE SEARCH FOR "A PLACE OF ONE'S OWN" ON A VERY LARGE SCALE; ANOTHER CHARACTERISTIC OF THE NATIONAL MOOD WAS THE BELIEF IN THE HOMOGENEITY OR 'TOGETHERNESS' OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. AT THE SAME TIME HOWEVER, THE NATION WAS PREOCCUPIED WITH THE ISSUES & OBLIGATIONS OF WORLD LEADERSHIP. THESE DOMINATING INFLUENCES LEFT US UNPREPARED TO DEAL WITH THE LARGE MIGRATIONS TO THE CITIES IN THE 1950'S & THE RACIAL CONFLICTS IN THE 1960'S. ALTHOUGH THERE HAVE BEEN SOME GENUINE REFORMS, WE STILL DO NOT DEAL RATIONALLY WITH METROPOLITAN PROBLEMS, & UR DEVELOPMENT IS DICTATED PRIMARILY BY THE PRIVATE DEVELOPER. IT IS IRONIC THAT A NATION THAT PRIDES ITSELF ON ITS CAPACITY FOR ORGANIZATION CANNOT COME TO GRIPS WITH THE DIVISIVENESS OF SUBURBS & THE NEGLECT OF THE CITIES. J. N. MAYER.

Die Autorin beschäftigt sich mit den bislang wenig beachteten biografischen Narrationen von Aufstiegs-und Erfolgsstrategien einer neuen türkischen Mittelschicht in Berlin-Kreuzberg. Hier finden sich eine Reihe von Widersprüchlichkeiten und Paradoxien: Einerseits sorgt die Agenda 2010 des neuen "fordernden Sozialstaats" für eine weitreichende gouvernemental geformte Mobilität und Flexibilität. Insbesondere Migranten sollen zum Unternehmer ihrer Selbst werden; andererseits haben diese längst lebensweltliche Praktiken entwickelt, indem sie durch das räumliche Mobilsein ein Erfahrungswissen generierten und für den Aufstieg und die Umgestaltung städtischer Landschaften nutzen konnten. Die Autorin zeigt am Beispiel eines türkischstämmigen Möbel- und Textilhändlers im Berliner Stadtteil Kreuzberg auf, wie sich die soziale Mobilität aufgrund unternehmerischer Aktivitäten gestaltet und wie diese mit einem räumlich-geografischen In-Bewegung-Sein verknüpft ist. Die Wirtschaftsakteure, so wird deutlich, innovieren nicht nur sich selbst, sondern wirken auch mit ihren Dienstleistungen, materiellen und immateriellen Ökonomien seit mehr als 30 Jahren verändernd auf die pulsierende Geschäftsader rund um die Oranienstraße hin in eine urban-mediterrane und (post-)migrantische Stadtlandschaft. Ihre Mobilität mobilisiert wiederum das Lokale vor Ort, indem der "Mythos Kreuzberg" weiter produziert wird. (ICI2)

Der Aufsatz leistet einen Beitrag zur Debatte um die Multikulturalität in demokratischen Gesellschaften im Zuge des aktuellen Globalisierungsprozesses. Bei der Bestimmung und Verortung von Multikulturalität bzw. kultureller Vielfalt werden in einem ersten Schritt zunächst die Konstitutionsbedingungen der (post)modernen Gesellschaft zum Referenzrahmen gemacht. So wird Multikulturalität in den historischen, gesamtgesellschaftlichen und globalen Kontext gestellt und von da aus interpretiert. Im zweiten Schritt wird die Perspektive umgekehrt und gefragt, wie die Menschen im Alltag leben, wo sie miteinander in Kontakt kommen, wie sie miteinander umgehen, welche kulturellen Formationen, formellen und informellen Netze dabei sichtbar werden und welche Relevanz diese für die Gestaltung des Alltagslebens von einzelnen Gesellschaftsmitgliedern besitzen. Auf dieser Grundlage werden sodann die Aspekte (1) der städtischen Multikulturalität im öffentlichen Diskurs, (2) des Stellenwertes der Multikulturalität in der Demokratie und (3) der Multikulturalität im globalen Zusammenhang betrachtet. So wird durch den Perspektivwechsel eine lebenspraktisch angelegte Multikulturalität sichtbar, die zu einem selbstverständlichen Bestandteil des urbanen Lebens gehört. Aus dieser Perspektive gewinnen multikulturelle Zusammenhänge einerseits eine größere Relevanz für die Einzelnen im Alltag, andererseits ergibt sich daraus eine andere Gewichtung der Multikulturalität im gesellschaftlichen Gefüge. Auf diese Weise kristallisiert sich ein anderes Verhältnis zwischen demokratischer Gleichheit, kultureller Vielfalt (Differenzen im Alltag) und Partizipation im Zeitalter der Globalisierung heraus. (ICG2)

Rund 50 Jahre nach der Unabhängigkeit Algeriens von Frankreich sind die Beziehungen zwischen beiden Ländern noch immer durch die tiefsitzende Erfahrung der Kolonialisierung und des französisch-algerischen Kriegs geprägt. Regionale Aspekte, wie die Rivalität zwischen Algerien und seinem Nachbarn Marokko, der enge Beziehungen mit Frankreich unterhält, belasten das Verhältnis zusätzlich. Diese Konflikte stehen einer auf Vertrauen beruhenden Politik, die gemeinsame Interessen verwirklicht, bislang im Wege. Dabei sind letztere unter anderem im Energiesektor, bei der Bekämpfung des islamistischen Terrorismus und bei der Zusammenarbeit im Bereich Migration zahlreich vorhanden. Doch mit dem Ende der Amtszeit des algerischen Präsidenten Abdul Aziz Bouteflika 2014 kündigt sich ein Generationenwechsel an, der die Aussicht auf eine Neuausrichtung der französisch-algerischen Partnerschaft erlaubt. Auch Frankreich hat mit François Hollande einen Staatspräsidenten, der großes Interesse an einer Aussöhnung mit Algerien - in Anlehnung an das deutsch-französische Vorbild - hat.

The migrants from Niger Republic move into the neighboring Nigerian communities in numbers in search for greener pastures. Previously, research in the region has shown migration to be male dominated (Liman, 2021). However, a new wave of women participation was noticed hence the need for literature update. The study was conducted at Daura Local Government Area, Katsina state in Nigeria. The study area shares with Niger Republic a manned border at Kongolom and unmanned borders throughout the expanse of its several remote villages making the influx of both human and animal resources uncontrolled. Women, just like men move freely into the study area yearly. In order to understand the reasons behind the decision by these women to cross the borders, four (4) Focus Group Discussions were conducted with the 35 migrants using a checklist as a guide. Four (4) Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) also held with their hostesses. Qualitative data was therefore collected and reported in descriptive narration. The results of the FGD show all respondents were female within the age range of 12-56years. Some were married, some widowed, a good number divorced and the rest were spinsters. None of them had formal education but some had basic Islamic knowledge. They engaged in farming, post harvest activities, domestic chores such as cleaning, cooking and babysitting and others street begging. Findings reveal that economic gains were the major reason for coming to Nigeria. For some respondents, this is the first time of partaking in migration, others have had the joy of returning yearly thereby making them circular migrants. These ladies and others practicing this migration type are commonly referred to as 'Yan Tabiradi. Information gathered from the 3 of 4 of the hostesses, who were elderly women, all widowed and lived in 2-3 room houses explained that some migrants pay a token fee to stay (N150-N200 monthly/less than 50cents) for accomodation. The fourth hostess, relatively younger, entertained her relatives at no cost. Finally, it can be concluded that, women from southern Niger Republic do partake actively in short distance, seasonal, circular migration in parts of northern Nigeria. They come due to availability of work, a good network of family and friends that secure the work and accommodate them and also the ease of crossing the border.

Europe after Empire is a pioneering comparative history of European decolonization from the formal ending of empires to the postcolonial European present. Elizabeth Buettner charts the long-term development of post-war decolonization processes as well as the histories of inward and return migration from former empires which followed. She shows that not only were former colonies remade as a result of the path to decolonization: so too was Western Europe, with imperial traces scattered throughout popular and elite cultures, consumer goods, religious life, political formations, and ideological terrains. People were also inwardly mobile, including not simply Europeans returning 'home' but Asians, Africans, West Indians, and others who made their way to Europe to forge new lives. The result is a Europe fundamentally transformed by multicultural diversity and cultural hybridity and by the destabilization of assumptions about race, culture, and the meanings of place, and where imperial legacies and memories live on

This study is an enquiry into the processes shaping rural livelihoods in peripheral areas. The study is situated in the field of livelihood research and departs in the persistent crisis within African smallholder agriculture and in rural policy debates during the postindependence era. The research takes a critical stance to the way that people-centred and actor-oriented approaches have dominated livelihood research, thereby over-shadowing structural and macro-oriented features. The aim of this study is to, through a historical perspective on rural livelihoods and policy regimes, uncover the political and economic processes, with their discursive foundations, that shape contemporary rural livelihoods in peripheral areas. The analytical framework emphasises four key factors: ideas of development and modernity; the terms of incorporation into the global economy; rural policy regimes; smallholders' ways of making a living. Inspiration is gained from critical political geography, world-systems analysis and different perspectives on rural livelihoods and development. The empirical study is based on fieldwork in Chipata District in Eastern Zambia, investigations at the National Archives of Zambia, the British National Archives and library research. The findings are presented in three parts. The first part looks into contemporary policies and the situation among smallholders in Chipata District. The second part examines the history of the area up to independence in 1964. The third part examines the post-independence period which links colonial experience to the contemporary situation. The findings suggest that smallholders' livelihoods are shaped by long-term politicaleconomic- discursive processes, rooted in the terms of the study area's integration into the world-economy in the colonial period. Colonial policies peripheralised the area through tax, labour, and market policies and the creation of native reserves, all of which have led to contemporary problems of food insecurity, soil depletion and a marginal role in agricultural markets. Since the inception of colonial rule, semi-proletarianisation has been a dominant process in the area. Current diversified livelihoods are more a contemporary expression of this semi-proletarianisation than a consequence of postcolonial policies. The households in the study area show preference for a farming way of life. However, the development goal of modernity has since long led to an 'othering' of smallholders, labelling them backwards and resistant to change. In the early twenty-first century this 'othering' has been played out through a development programme aimed at changing attitudes and mindsets among the farmers in line with individualistic and entrepreneurial behaviour. The 'othering' discourses of contemporary and colonial policymakers display striking similarities in this case.

Introduction : understanding xenophobia and nativism in the global South / Sabella Ogbobode Abidde, Michael R. Hall, and José de Arimatéia da Cruz -- Xenophobia and nativism in South Africa : exceptional phenomena or standard -- Africa-wide practices? / Ayabulela Dlakavu -- Colonial roots for contemporary xenophobic attitudes : Dominican hatred towards the Haitians / Antonio J. P Tortosa and Nairobi Rodríguez -- Citizenship, belonging and the stupid federation : the colonial roots of contemporary xenophobia and nativism in Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe / Sitinga Kachipande -- Aliens and strangers in West Africa States : interrogating the 1969/1983 Ghana-Nigeria post-colonial immigrants crises / Yemisi Olawale -- Global perspective on xenophobia : the African Experience, 2015-2019 / Vincent Chenzi -- When xenophobes turn their faces on foreigners : whom to blame? the government or the natives / Anslem W. Adunimay and Tinuade A. Ojo -- Factors influencing xenophobic attacks recurrences and their implications on South Africa's foreign policy / Eric B. Niyitunga -- Haitian migration, the Bahamas, and the wider Caribbean / Anne Ulentin -- Migration and xenophobia in Southern Africa : assessing the benefits of social inclusion in South Africa and Zimbabwe / Darlington Mutanda and Enock Ndawana -- Xenophobia and nativism against Haitian immigrants in Brazil and Chile / Angela Ju -- Othering our neighbors : examples of nativism and xenophobia in Calypso / Alison McLetchie -- Caribbean xenophobia and nativism / Raymond Ramcharitar -- Conclusion : xenophobia and nativism in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean / Sabella Ogbobode Abidde, Michael R. Hall, and José de Arimatéia da Cruz.