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The aging of the global population, combined with changes in technology and cultural understandings of disease and the body, have thrust discussion and contestation over health into the center of local, national, and global politics. Is the politics of health different from the politics of other policy domains? On a number of dimensions, I conclude that it is. Voters and politicians in the developed world appear more likely to accept redistributive claims with respect to health than they are in other policy areas. Nations vary less widely in spending on health than on other functions of government and policy. Moral claims made about health are more likely to attach to its politics than are moral claims about the environment, labor, finance, and energy. More than these other realms, health politics encompasses issues regarding identity, the human body, and other personal matters that endow the health arena with greater significance. Bureaucratic agencies of state are more involved in the provision and regulation of health politics than in other areas, and the science-related nature of state expertise allows medical science itself to be sculpted in deeply political and administrative ways. The article concludes with reasons why political scientists should approach cross-policy generalizations cautiously, and with a call for greater engagement with health politics-to do for political science what health economics, the history of medicine, and medical sociology have done for other social science disciplines. Adapted from the source document.

"Focusing on émigrés from Baden, Wurttemberg and Hungary in four host societies (Switzerland, the Ottoman Empire, England and the United States), Heléna Tóth considers exile in the aftermath of the revolutions of 1848-1849 as a European phenomenon with global dimensions. While exile is often presented as an individual challenge, Tóth studies its collective aspects in the realms of the family and of professional and social networks. Exploring the interconnectedness of these areas, she argues that although we often like to sharply distinguish between labor migration and exile, these categories were anything but stable after the revolutions of 1848-1849; migration belonged to the personal narrative of the revolution for a broad section of the population. Moreover, discussions about exile and amnesty played a central role in formulating the legacy of the revolutions not only for the émigrés but also for their social environment and, ultimately, the governments of the restoration. As a composite, the stories of émigrés shaped the post-revolutionary era and reflected its contradictions"--

Much more than trade : the common commercial policy in a global context / Joris Larik -- Capital market openness after financial turmoil / Eilis Ferran -- When is migration not migration? Examining services in the EU and GATS / Elspeth Guild -- Diplomacy by directive? An analysis of the international context of the Emmissions Trading Scheme directive / Hans Vedder -- The EU and the international legal order : the case of human rights / Bruno De Witte -- The European Union and the rest of the world : criminal law and policy interconnections / Valsamis Mitsilegas -- The principle of legality, human rights and the management of risks : Post-Kadi reflections / Takis Tridimas -- Europe's counter-terrorism law(s) : outlines of a critical approach / Jan Klabbers -- Reflections on European effective multilateralism and the use of force / Per Cramer -- The non-proliferation policy of the European Union / Panos Koutrakos -- Values in EU foreign policy / Marise Cremona -- Principled monism and the normative conception of coercion under international law / George Pavlakos and Joost Pauwelyn.

AbstractInterest in examining climate change adaptation has arisen in many disciplines in the past two decades; however to date, sociologists have given only sparse attention to the issue. This is both a missed opportunity for sociologists and a detriment to the study of adaptation. In this paper, we set out the following research agenda: bringing core concerns of sociology into the critically important conversation of how society will respond to climate change. We identify five broad themes in which sociologists can begin their work on adaptation: (1) structures and resource access, (2) social cohesion and future planning, (3) constraints of social stratifications, (4) power and agency in decision‐making, and (5) justice in process and outcomes. After summarizing existing sociological work on adaptation and detailing our research agenda, we draw examples from our own work in Bangladesh to illustrate how this agenda might be taken up. In doing so, we point to several places where sociological insights come into play in questions related to development, organizations, expertise, migration, gender, and labor. We believe a robust sociological analysis can produce a clarified, reparative, and just conceptualization of adaptation that will contribute to the growing global discourse on the topic.

Summary
The main aim of this chapter is to make a brief and comprehensive overview of various events of crises across the EU member states that arose in the period from the adoption of the Lisbon Treaty until the end of year 2020. The chapter first, examines the period of crisis in the EU after the adoption of Lisbon Treaty and before BREXIT which includes: economic and debt crisis, euro-zone crisis, Ukrainian crisis and migration crisis. The next part of the chapter looks at BREXIT as "another serious test for the EU". In the third stage, the chapter looks at the most recent crisis the EU is facing as a consequence of global spread of COVID19 virus in the world and examines various options for further potential cooperation of member states in this new area. In this part chapter looks at the scope of EU competences and explores measures adopted by the EU since the beginning of the pandemic. In its conclusions the chapter looks at various options and scenarios of further potential developments the "European union on crossroads" at the end of year 2020. This includes reflections on various (and often contradictory) views and arguments on the shape of future euro integration process.

A noticeable rise in global mobility has led to an increase in people identifying with more than one culture. This has been described as 'effects of globalisation' on the microlevel by some authors (Arnette, 2003; Fitzsimmons et al., 2017). The reasons for this are manifold and include: increase in migration for both economic and political reasons, increase in binational relationships and marriages, easier access to education abroad with international recognition of degrees, increased travel for both leisure and work, and not least, the increase in digitalisation. These developments facilitate private and professional interactions and relations with people across the globe. Building on previous work on multiculturalism, this paper aims to make a theoretical contribution to understand how daily behaviour is impacted by antecedents of multiculturality, ranging from monocultural to multicultural individuals. Specifically, we hypothesise multiculturality as relevant for behavioural outcomes, only to the extent of antecedent a) situational cues of in- vs outgroup cultural identity, b) degrees of stereotype activation and moderated by c) the individual need for cognitive closure. We postulate a theoretical model that explains the impact of various degrees of individual multiculturality on behaviours. With this, the paper contributes to understanding the psychological antecedents and underlying processes of people within an increasingly multicultural environment.

International audience ; This chapter aims to assess how the Brexit process may have affected the perceptions of the EU by Brazilian political, intellectual and entrepreneurial elites, as well as by the mainstream online and print media. Speeches and reports are collected from the Brazilian government's official websites, while media content is obtained through the Nexis database. The analysis is supported by semi-structured interviews with diplomatic officials in London and Brussels. Particular attention is paid to the following dimensions due to their saliency in the Brazil–EU agenda: economic/trade; migration/development; and political/security. Preliminary results suggest that Brazilian narratives of the EU are linked to the benefits of regionalism and the perception of the EU as a global (trade) power. Results contribute to a better understanding of how Brexit is reported to Brazilian audiences, and which narratives about the "new EU-27" are either reinforced or deconstructed due to the UK's decision to leave the Union. The working hypothesis – that Brexit has not significantly changed the perception of the EU among Brazilian elites and media apart from the trade aspects – is by and large confirmed.

International audience ; This chapter aims to assess how the Brexit process may have affected the perceptions of the EU by Brazilian political, intellectual and entrepreneurial elites, as well as by the mainstream online and print media. Speeches and reports are collected from the Brazilian government's official websites, while media content is obtained through the Nexis database. The analysis is supported by semi-structured interviews with diplomatic officials in London and Brussels. Particular attention is paid to the following dimensions due to their saliency in the Brazil–EU agenda: economic/trade; migration/development; and political/security. Preliminary results suggest that Brazilian narratives of the EU are linked to the benefits of regionalism and the perception of the EU as a global (trade) power. Results contribute to a better understanding of how Brexit is reported to Brazilian audiences, and which narratives about the "new EU-27" are either reinforced or deconstructed due to the UK's decision to leave the Union. The working hypothesis – that Brexit has not significantly changed the perception of the EU among Brazilian elites and media apart from the trade aspects – is by and large confirmed.

Despite the fact that rubrics for reading national and "world" literatures through comparative optics have grown increasingly sophisticated over the last decade, the problem of how to theorize cross-cultural and literary interaction still plays a critical role in debates on global connectivity. This article suggests an approach for reading cross-cultural interaction across literary systems and musical cultures by tracing the migration of discourses beyond their supposedly native origins. It therefore examines how a popular discourse about a well-traveled bird, the crane, itself migrated across Arabic, Punjabi, and Turkish literary cultures, a process that in part enabled Armenian intellectuals to configure the wandering crane into the predominant symbol of the Armenian diaspora during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Consequently, in mapping the non-linear flight of "cranes" as a symbol of dispersion between Armenian and Turkish literary and musical cultures in particular, this article argues the need to complicate simple un-and bidirectional models for understanding cross-cultural exchange. Instead, it suggests that we ought to give more attention to specifying multiple forms of transmission—such as the interplay between manuscript, oral, and print cultures—in the study of semiotic ties between different peoples, even across far-flung geographic regions.

The city of Salvador da Bahia, Brazil attracts considerable numbers of visitors who spend time there in order to participate in local cultural practices, particularly percussion music, capoeira and African–Brazilian dance. This paper investigates the extent of their engagement with those practices and with the wider cultural context. It was found that such participatory cross-cultural learning, adoption and travel can be split into categories and differs markedly from conventional tourism. Theorisations of cultural interaction have frequently concentrated on colonialism or migration, where acculturation is a by-product of political, economic and even military shifts. The concept of "mimicry" as used in postcolonial theory is evoked here and considered in relation to the processes studied. One of the main differences is that the subjects voluntarily expose themselves to a measure of culture shock. Furthermore, the adoption takes place against the predominant global flow of cultural influence from the "West" to the rest. Apart from certain factors which make Bahian culture accessible and attractive, motivating factors for this voluntary movement and orientation are the perception of particular aspects of that culture as "authentic other", as well as a weakened attachment to place, specifically to Western community and cultural origins.

Starting from a child rights-based approach to sustainable development, this contribution underlines and compares the discourses in selected Spanish and Swedish migration and education policies on the rights of unaccompanied minors to education and discusses their impact on the enactment of the 2030 Agenda's Sustainable Development Goals in both countries. Based on critical discourse analysis, this research shows the co-existence of two different discourses: one on unaccompanied minors as global rights holders and the other on unaccompanied minors as foreign citizens. By describing unaccompanied migrant minors as citizens rather than children, international migration agreements make it possible for the Spanish and Swedish governments to deprioritize other international agreements on refugees' rights, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the 2030 Agenda. Furthermore, as child rights and sustainable development are mutually reinforcing, the negotiation of rights shows that there are obstacles to accomplishing rights-based Sustainable Development Goal 4 in the 2030 Agenda.

Starting from a child rights-based approach to sustainable development, this contribution underlines and compares the discourses in selected Spanish and Swedish migration and education policies on the rights of unaccompanied minors to education and discusses their impact on the enactment of the 2030 Agenda's Sustainable Development Goals in both countries. Based on critical discourse analysis, this research shows the co-existence of two different discourses: one on unaccompanied minors as global rights holders and the other on unaccompanied minors as foreign citizens. By describing unaccompanied migrant minors as citizens rather than children, international migration agreements make it possible for the Spanish and Swedish governments to deprioritize other international agreements on refugees' rights, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the 2030 Agenda. Furthermore, as child rights and sustainable development are mutually reinforcing, the negotiation of rights shows that there are obstacles to accomplishing rights-based Sustainable Development Goal 4 in the 2030 Agenda.

It has become a vogue for scholars to describe and analyze Chinese migration and migrants under the term "diaspora." However, most previous studies have focused on the Chinese diaspora in a global, national, or metropolitan context and neglected the diasporic phenomenon as manifested in towns and small cities. A major purpose of this essay, therefore, is to fill the gap in the diasporic scholarship concerning small, localized communities by examining Chinese migration and networks around Peterborough, Ontario, which is about 110km to the northeast of Toronto. Peterborough developed as an incorporated town from 1850 and then as an incorporated city from 1905, and it has long attracted migrants from China. It is typical of the many small urban communities of eastern Canada whose Chinese communities have rarely received scholarly attention. While this essay mainly reports the results of empirical research on the Peterborough case, it also offers a theoretical critique of cultural, ethnic, and especially diasporic studies of the Chinese overseas.

Development of mediation practices for resolving interethnic conflicts in a multicultural educational environment is actual due to the globalization and expansion of migration flows. The paper is aimed at the analysis of challenges of interethnic relations in a multicultural environment of the Krasnoyarsk Region and the empirical research of mediation practices development in the field of education to resolve conflicts between the actors of the education process, including intercultural conflicts. Based on the content analysis of the Krasnoyarsk schools reporting documents on mediation procedures, the problematic aspects of the introduction of mediation in the multicultural educational environment of the region were characterized. The deficiencies of teacher education in terms of development of migration processes in Russia were indentified, among which the most acute is shortage of mediation techniques use for prevention and resolution of intercultural conflicts at all levels of education due to the lack of mediation specialists and practitioners. The survey on the didactic components of the mediation competence was carried out. The article presents the analysis on the key professional competencies, obtained from the expert survey of practicing mediators of Krasnoyarsk, in a comparative retrospective with similar international studies. The practical use of the study is in fostering the mediation practices implementation in the educational environment to resolve conflicts between the culturally diverse actors of educational process.

Development of mediation practices for resolving interethnic conflicts in a multicultural educational environment is actual due to the globalization and expansion of migration flows. The paper is aimed at the analysis of challenges of interethnic relations in a multicultural environment of the Krasnoyarsk Region and the empirical research of mediation practices development in the field of education to resolve conflicts between the actors of the education process, including intercultural conflicts. Based on the content analysis of the Krasnoyarsk schools reporting documents on mediation procedures, the problematic aspects of the introduction of mediation in the multicultural educational environment of the region were characterized. The deficiencies of teacher education in terms of development of migration processes in Russia were indentified, among which the most acute is shortage of mediation techniques use for prevention and resolution of intercultural conflicts at all levels of education due to the lack of mediation specialists and practitioners. The survey on the didactic components of the mediation competence was carried out. The article presents the analysis on the key professional competencies, obtained from the expert survey of practicing mediators of Krasnoyarsk, in a comparative retrospective with similar international studies. The practical use of the study is in fostering the mediation practices implementation in the educational environment to resolve conflicts between the culturally diverse actors of educational process.