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The USA persuaded its European allies under the terms of the Marshall Plan to agree to embargo exports to the Soviet bloc in 1947 and to the PRC when it was established in 1949. This ban took the form of an East/West trade war and literally banned the export of everything from needles to anchors. As the West invented new technology such as coaxial telephone cable or scientific instruments, these were embargoed, although the Soviets were able to develop their own versions of those products. The Americans were early developers of the electronic computer, supported greatly by extensive sales to the military. The British looked to sell their computers in external markets, including the Soviet bloc and China. The Americans objected, but their officials did not wish to alienate the British from continuing to support the East/West trade embargo and allowed a small number to be sold. US support for such sales was important because the British machines contained some essential US equipment. The Wilson government sought to expand the development and export of British high technology, including computers. This article highlights the tension between Britain and the USA, particularly under the Nixon administration, over how the British computer firms struggled to obtain sales in the communist countries.

Starting in 1949, the USA and communist China engaged in a struggle over ownership of 70 aircraft claimed by the American company, Civil Air Transport (CAT). Because the planes were stationed in Hong Kong, it was up to Great Britain to determine ownership. The British subsequently found themselves forced to choose between their American ally and a China that offered a potential threat to their colony. London eventually decided in favour of Washington, but only after a nearly three-year-long legal and diplomatic struggle.

The Eloquence of Mary Astell makes an important contribution to the knowledge and understanding of the important role that women, and one woman in particular, played in the history of rhetoric. Mary Astell (1666-1731) was an unusually perceptive thinker and writer during the time of the Enlightenment. Here, author Christine Sutherland explores her importance as a rhetorician, an area that has, until recently, received little attention. Astell was widely known and respected during her own time, but her influence and reputation receded in the years after her death. As a skilled theorist and practitioner of rhetoric, Astell wrote extensively on education, philosophy, politics, religion, and the status of women. She showed that it was possible for a woman to move from the semi-private form of rhetoric represented by conversation and letters into full public participation in philosophical and political debate. ; Yes

Discusses implications of government electronic service delivery (ESD) for the Fire Service; includes effects of the government's commitment to a customer focus and social inclusion in delivery of public services, and fire prevention efforts including home fire risk assessments (HFRA).

John Hawkins' three voyages to Guinea were anomalous in respect of the first eight decades of English commercial voyaging to Guinea (1550s-1630s), in that they were slaving voyages and hence proceeded to America. His third voyage of 1567-1569 was the most ambitious and, partly because it ended in disaster, the best recorded. This edition analyses the Guinea section of the voyage by drawing on English, Portuguese and Spanish sources. Two notable features are an attack on a Portuguese shipping base in River Cacheu, an episode concealed in the account published at the time, and the mercenary assistance lent to one side in an African civil war in Sierra Leone. The evidence for each Guinea episode, much of it previously unpublished, is presented with a commentary.

"In diesem Aufsatz wird die Kapital- und Personalverpflechtung der 623 größten Unternehmen in Deutschland und der 520 größten Unternehmen in Großbritannien untersucht. Die Struktur der Unternehmensverpflechtung unterscheidet sich in den beiden Ländern in folgender Weise: 1. Während für Deutschland ein hoher Konzentrationsgrad des Eigentums nachgewiesen wurde, der eine Beherrschung der abhängigen Unternehmen ermöglicht, wurde in Großbritannien ein niedriger Konzentrationsgrad gefunden: 48,6 Prozent aller Anteile sind kleiner als 5 Prozent und werden von Unternehmen des Finanzsektors gehalten. 2. Für Deutschland wurde ein hoher Deckungsgrad zwischen Kapital- und Personalverpflechtung gefunden, der darauf hinweist, daß die Personalverpflechtung der Durchsetzung von Eigentümerinterssen dient. In Großbritannien sind diese beiden Netzwerke entkoppelt. 3. In Deutschland findet sich eine hohe horizontale Verpflechtungsdichte, d.h. potentielle Konkurrenten sind miteinander verflochten. Dies gilt nicht für Großbritannien. Deutschland verkörpert den Typ des 'kooperativen Kapitalismus', während Großbritannien ein Beispiel für den 'Konkurrenz-Kapitalismus' ist." (Autorenreferat)