Suchergebnisse

According to 2011 road data, there are 214,524 kilometers of roads in Yunnan Province, of which 102,982 kilometers are township roads and 37,100 kilometers are village roads. Of these township and village roads, less than 6% have either concrete or (simple) asphalt pavement; while just over 94% are classified as unpaved, including 3% with stonepaved surfaces (4% of township roads and 1% of village roads), 63% with gravel surfaces (72% of township roads and 37% of village roads), and 28% with earthen surfaces (17% of township roads and 58% of village roads). kilometers and comprise 62% of the total road network in Yunnan Province. The maintenance of these unpaved rural roads is, therefore, very important for ensuring continued access to the province's rural areas and for economic development in these areas. Many roads are currently impassable for a number of months each year, in part due to a lack of timely maintenance.This chapter looks at the deterioration process of these unpaved roads and identifies a suitable maintenance strategy to address this deterioration and ensure better road conditions as well as more continuous access.

The developmental successes of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and India are eshaping the economic landscape of not only Asia but also the world. The diverse and rich development experiences of these two countries emanate from the wide differences in their economic policies and systems, dissimilarities in their institutions, and their social diversities. However, their development challenges are similar. The PRC and India can learn from each other's experience in meeting their common challenges. The successes and failures of the PRC and India in their quest to transform and grow will also provide some valuable insights on development policy to other developing countries in Asia. At the 39th Annual Meeting of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in Hyderabad, India, the Prime Minister of India suggested that ADB supports studies on the development experience of the PRC to benefit India and other developing countries. The Ministry of Finance of the Government of the People's Republic of China supported the suggestion and also expressed its interest in studying India's development experience. Responding to these requests, ADB provided a technical assistance grant (RETA 6398: A Program of Studies on the Development Experience of the PRC and India) for conducting the studies. The program started in August 2007.

The developmental successes of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and India are eshaping the economic landscape of not only Asia but also the world. The diverse and rich development experiences of these two countries emanate from the wide differences in their economic policies and systems, dissimilarities in their institutions, and their social diversities. However, their development challenges are similar. The PRC and India can learn from each other's experience in meeting their common challenges. The successes and failures of the PRC and India in their quest to transform and grow will also provide some valuable insights on development policy to other developing countries in Asia. At the 39th Annual Meeting of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in Hyderabad, India, the Prime Minister of India suggested that ADB supports studies on the development experience of the PRC to benefit India and other developing countries. The Ministry of Finance of the Government of the People's Republic of China supported the suggestion and also expressed its interest in studying India's development experience. Responding to these requests, ADB provided a technical assistance grant (RETA 6398: A Program of Studies on the Development Experience of the PRC and India) for conducting the studies. The program started in August 2007.

The record of Pacific developing member countries with regard to progress towards the MDGs is mixed. While some have made significant progress in some areas, others are struggling to provide the social, economic, physical and political environment that promotes human development. Several countries have already achieved certain targets such as universal primary education or the elimination of gender disparities in education. Many countries are facing increasing difficulties to provide efficient and equitable access to basic social services and an environment conducive for private sector development. Finally, signs of emerging pockets of poverty challenge countries and donors to focus policies and action programs.

El trabajo está montado como un intencionado diálogo con los criterios esgrimidos por el Tribunal Constitucional sobre esta materia (desbordamiento material de las leyes de presupuestos) en su ya dilatada jurisprudencia. Su autor defiende una concepción amplia del ámbito material de las leyes de presupuestos. Según esta posición, este tipo de ley debe incluir la materia presupuestaria, pero, como ley que es, puede cobijar otras materias, salvo prohibición constitucional clara al respecto. Esta posición es superadora de la concepción de la ley de presupuestos como ley meramente formal, de suerte que la concibe como una ley plena, emanada de la potestad legislativa del Parlamento, con la fuerza propia de la ley, esto es, no vinculada a la legislación previa y capaz (aunque no siempre idónea, desde la perspectiva de la técnica legislativa) de emprender innovaciones legales. Desde esa postura "amplia" el autor formula propuesta de solución o de mejora frente al desbordamiento material de las leyes de presupuestos. Asimismo tras analizar su problemática específica, plantea posibles soluciones en relación a la práctica de las leyes de acompañamiento. ; El treball està muntat com un intencionat diàleg amb els criteris esgrimits pel Tribunal Constitucional sobre aquesta matèria (desbordament material de les lleis de pressupostos) en la seva ja dilatada jurisprudència. El seu autor defensa una concepció àmplia de l'àmbit material de les lleis de pressupostos. Segons aquesta posició, aquest tipus de llei ha d'incloure la matèria pressupostària però, com a llei que és pot acolir altres matèries, excepte prohibició constitucional clara al respecte. Aquesta posició és superadora de la concepció de la llei de pressupostos com a llei merament formal, de manera que la concep com una llei plena, emanada de la potestat legislativa del Parlament, amb la força pròpia de la llei, és a dir, no vinculada a la legislació prèvia i capaç (encara que no sempre idònia, des de la perspectiva de la tècnica legislativa) d'emprendre ...

The record of Pacific developing member countries with regard to progress towards the MDGs is mixed. While some have made significant progress in some areas, others are struggling to provide the social, economic, physical and political environment that promotes human development. Several countries have already achieved certain targets such as universal primary education or the elimination of gender disparities in education. Many countries are facing increasing difficulties to provide efficient and equitable access to basic social services and an environment conducive for private sector development. Finally, signs of emerging pockets of poverty challenge countries and donors to focus policies and action programs.

Lifting close to 1 billion people out of poverty is a major challenge for Asian countries. Many of the 240 million–260 million poor living in cities and towns suffer from inadequate service and other forms of deprivation. That the numbers of the poor have changed little over the years demonstrates how the medium-to-high rates of economic growth registered by many Asian countries have failed to improve living conditions. Years of experimentation with approaches that go beyond economic growth and often even direct provisioning of education and health have not had a noticeable impact on the lives of the poor. Public policies and public sector initiatives via programs such as sites and services, slum improvement and upgrading, income-earning opportunities for women, urban basic services, and microfinance have also not reached the poor.

In November 1999, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) adopted poverty reduction as its principal objective. The Poverty Reduction Strategy that resulted from that decision committed ADB to host an international forum on poverty issues every three years. In February 2001, the Asian Development Bank hosted the first-ever Asia and Pacific Forum on Poverty (the Forum), one of the largest international meetings ever undertaken exclusively by ADB: more than 300 delegates from all over the world met in Manila, Philippines, for a week of presentations and discussions of poverty issues.

Lifting close to 1 billion people out of poverty is a major challenge for Asian countries. Many of the 240 million–260 million poor living in cities and towns suffer from inadequate service and other forms of deprivation. That the numbers of the poor have changed little over the years demonstrates how the medium-to-high rates of economic growth registered by many Asian countries have failed to improve living conditions. Years of experimentation with approaches that go beyond economic growth and often even direct provisioning of education and health have not had a noticeable impact on the lives of the poor. Public policies and public sector initiatives via programs such as sites and services, slum improvement and upgrading, income-earning opportunities for women, urban basic services, and microfinance have also not reached the poor.

In November 1999, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) adopted poverty reduction as its principal objective. The Poverty Reduction Strategy that resulted from that decision committed ADB to host an international forum on poverty issues every three years. In February 2001, the Asian Development Bank hosted the first-ever Asia and Pacific Forum on Poverty (the Forum), one of the largest international meetings ever undertaken exclusively by ADB: more than 300 delegates from all over the world met in Manila, Philippines, for a week of presentations and discussions of poverty issues.