Suchergebnisse

Environment, Natural Resources and Biodiversity, are considered among the priorities for implementing management processes long term all countries, employed and used as flags of social, economic, cultural, economic and political demands. However units or ministries enjoy the lowest budget, they are not in the forefront of prioritizing the POA, no late reaction and few trained and hired specialized professionals. Bolivia has substantial rules with different names and a single focus: "Mechanisms of Regulation", which involves prevention systems under a precautionary principle, which can make possible, with imagination and will, immediate action. From the decade of the 70 in our country it will enact some legal instruments on environmental management: a) in 1975 which is considered the Wild Life, National Parks and Game and Fish to start an interesting process Management of Natural Resources (Law of Wildlife, National Parks, Fishing and Hunting: DL 12301, 14.03.1975); b) in 1980, a line is drawn to incorporate some safeguards mining activity, which did not give many results for its lack of consensus with the actors; c) between 1985 - 1989, to promote national productive sector precautele some agendas that water issues are developed, but again aimed at regulating the mining sector and the use of such a vital resource; d) between 91-92, since the commitments made by the country in the preparatory meetings for the Summit on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, is included on the agenda concerns environmental, thereby initiating a debate serious about the paradigm based on the development and conservation, giving rise formulating the Environmental Law (DS 1333, 27.4.1992); e) in 1996, after extensive research process, the Forest Law (DS 1700, 12/07/1996) is formulated in view of the forest land in the country with over 52 MM / ha of forests where the environmental context, conservation, ecosystem functions and high value attributes are important; f) from 1999 Bolivia faces the conservation of biodiversity and natural resources from a technical look with the National Climate Change Programme, which ends its action in 2014 based on the new policies of the country where the climate issue and the management of natural resources is a matter of foreign policy; g) 2010 Bolivia convenes and hosts the World People's Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth (Tiquipaya 2010) managing to reunite more than 30,000 representatives of governments, social organizations, nations and peoples; h) for the 2012 Law of Mother Earth (DS is passed, 300) and with it the guiding policy of living well with sovereignty, with a governing body such as the Plurinational Authority Mother Earth and political body that counteract the commodification of natural resources through: Joint Mechanism for Mitigation and Adaptation for Integral and Sustainable Management of Forests and Mother Earth. ; El medio Ambiente, los Recursos Naturales y la Biodiversidad, están considerada entre las prioridades para implementar procesos de gestión de largo plazo en todos los países del mundo, empleadas y usadas como banderas de reivindicación social, económica, cultural, económica y política. Sin embargo las unidades o ministerios gozan del más bajo presupuesto, no están en las primeras filas de priorización de los POA, hay tardías reacción y escasos profesionales capacitados, especializados y contratados. Bolivia tiene cuantiosas normas con distintos nombres y un solo énfasis: "Mecanismos de Regulación", lo que involucra sistemas de prevención bajo un principio precautorio, donde podemos viabilizar, con imaginación y voluntad, acciones inmediatas. A partir de la Década de los 70 en nuestro país se va promulgando algunos instrumentos legales relativos a la gestión ambiental: a) en 1975 donde se considera la Vida Silvestres, los Parques Nacionales y la Caza y Pesca para dar comienzo a un proceso interesante en la gestión de los Recursos Naturales (la Ley de la Vida Silvestre, Parques Nacionales, Caza y Pesca: DL 12301, 14/03/1975); b) en 1980 se traza una línea para incorporar en la actividad minera algunos resguardos, los que no dieron muchos resultados por su falta de consenso con los actores; c) entre el 1985 – 1989, para promover el sector productivo nacional se desarrollan algunas agendas que precautele el tema del agua, pero otra vez tendientes a regular el sector minero y el uso de tan vital recurso; d) entre el 91-92, dado los compromisos asumidos por el país en las reuniones preparatorias para la cumbre sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo de Rio de Janeiro, se incluye en la agenda política las preocupaciones de orden ambiental, iniciándose de esta manera un debate serio sobre el paradigma referido al desarrollo y la conservación, dando pie la formulación de la Ley de Medio Ambiente (DS 1333, 27/04/1992); e) en 1996, después de un amplio proceso de investigación, se formula la Ley Forestal (DS 1700, 12/07/1996), dada la vocación forestal del país con más de 52 MM/ha de bosques, donde el contexto ambiental, la conservación, las funciones ecosistemas y sus atributos de alto valor son importantes; f) a partir de 1999 Bolivia afronta la conservación de la biodiversidad y los Recursos naturales desde una mirada técnica con el Programa Nacional de Cambios Climáticos, que culmina su accionar el 2014 con base a las nuevas políticas del país, donde el tema climático y la gestión de los recursos naturales es un tema de política exterior; g) el 2010 Bolivia convoca y es sede de la Conferencia Mundial de los Pueblos sobre Cambio Climático y Derechos de la Madre Tierra (Tiquipaya 2010) logrando reunir más de 30.000 representantes de gobiernos, Organizaciones Sociales, Naciones y Pueblos del Mundo; h) para el 2012 se promulga la Ley de la Madre Tierra (DS: 300) y con ella el órgano rector de las políticas del vivir bien con soberanía, con un órgano rector como es la Autoridad Plurinacional de la Madres Tierra y políticas que contrarrestan la mercantilización de los recursos naturales a través del: Mecanismo Conjunto de Mitigación y Adaptación para el Manejo Integral y Sustentable de los Bosques y la Madre Tierra.

Environment, Natural Resources and Biodiversity, are considered among the priorities for implementing management processes long term all countries, employed and used as flags of social, economic, cultural, economic and political demands. However units or ministries enjoy the lowest budget, they are not in the forefront of prioritizing the POA, no late reaction and few trained and hired specialized professionals. Bolivia has substantial rules with different names and a single focus: "Mechanisms of Regulation", which involves prevention systems under a precautionary principle, which can make possible, with imagination and will, immediate action. From the decade of the 70 in our country it will enact some legal instruments on environmental management: a) in 1975 which is considered the Wild Life, National Parks and Game and Fish to start an interesting process Management of Natural Resources (Law of Wildlife, National Parks, Fishing and Hunting: DL 12301, 14.03.1975); b) in 1980, a line is drawn to incorporate some safeguards mining activity, which did not give many results for its lack of consensus with the actors; c) between 1985 - 1989, to promote national productive sector precautele some agendas that water issues are developed, but again aimed at regulating the mining sector and the use of such a vital resource; d) between 91-92, since the commitments made by the country in the preparatory meetings for the Summit on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, is included on the agenda concerns environmental, thereby initiating a debate serious about the paradigm based on the development and conservation, giving rise formulating the Environmental Law (DS 1333, 27.4.1992); e) in 1996, after extensive research process, the Forest Law (DS 1700, 12/07/1996) is formulated in view of the forest land in the country with over 52 MM / ha of forests where the environmental context, conservation, ecosystem functions and high value attributes are important; f) from 1999 Bolivia faces the conservation of biodiversity and natural resources from a technical look with the National Climate Change Programme, which ends its action in 2014 based on the new policies of the country where the climate issue and the management of natural resources is a matter of foreign policy; g) 2010 Bolivia convenes and hosts the World People's Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth (Tiquipaya 2010) managing to reunite more than 30,000 representatives of governments, social organizations, nations and peoples; h) for the 2012 Law of Mother Earth (DS is passed, 300) and with it the guiding policy of living well with sovereignty, with a governing body such as the Plurinational Authority Mother Earth and political body that counteract the commodification of natural resources through: Joint Mechanism for Mitigation and Adaptation for Integral and Sustainable Management of Forests and Mother Earth. ; El medio Ambiente, los Recursos Naturales y la Biodiversidad, están considerada entre las prioridades para implementar procesos de gestión de largo plazo en todos los países del mundo, empleadas y usadas como banderas de reivindicación social, económica, cultural, económica y política. Sin embargo las unidades o ministerios gozan del más bajo presupuesto, no están en las primeras filas de priorización de los POA, hay tardías reacción y escasos profesionales capacitados, especializados y contratados. Bolivia tiene cuantiosas normas con distintos nombres y un solo énfasis: "Mecanismos de Regulación", lo que involucra sistemas de prevención bajo un principio precautorio, donde podemos viabilizar, con imaginación y voluntad, acciones inmediatas. A partir de la Década de los 70 en nuestro país se va promulgando algunos instrumentos legales relativos a la gestión ambiental: a) en 1975 donde se considera la Vida Silvestres, los Parques Nacionales y la Caza y Pesca para dar comienzo a un proceso interesante en la gestión de los Recursos Naturales (la Ley de la Vida Silvestre, Parques Nacionales, Caza y Pesca: DL 12301, 14/03/1975); b) en 1980 se traza una línea para incorporar en la actividad minera algunos resguardos, los que no dieron muchos resultados por su falta de consenso con los actores; c) entre el 1985 – 1989, para promover el sector productivo nacional se desarrollan algunas agendas que precautele el tema del agua, pero otra vez tendientes a regular el sector minero y el uso de tan vital recurso; d) entre el 91-92, dado los compromisos asumidos por el país en las reuniones preparatorias para la cumbre sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo de Rio de Janeiro, se incluye en la agenda política las preocupaciones de orden ambiental, iniciándose de esta manera un debate serio sobre el paradigma referido al desarrollo y la conservación, dando pie la formulación de la Ley de Medio Ambiente (DS 1333, 27/04/1992); e) en 1996, después de un amplio proceso de investigación, se formula la Ley Forestal (DS 1700, 12/07/1996), dada la vocación forestal del país con más de 52 MM/ha de bosques, donde el contexto ambiental, la conservación, las funciones ecosistemas y sus atributos de alto valor son importantes; f) a partir de 1999 Bolivia afronta la conservación de la biodiversidad y los Recursos naturales desde una mirada técnica con el Programa Nacional de Cambios Climáticos, que culmina su accionar el 2014 con base a las nuevas políticas del país, donde el tema climático y la gestión de los recursos naturales es un tema de política exterior; g) el 2010 Bolivia convoca y es sede de la Conferencia Mundial de los Pueblos sobre Cambio Climático y Derechos de la Madre Tierra (Tiquipaya 2010) logrando reunir más de 30.000 representantes de gobiernos, Organizaciones Sociales, Naciones y Pueblos del Mundo; h) para el 2012 se promulga la Ley de la Madre Tierra (DS: 300) y con ella el órgano rector de las políticas del vivir bien con soberanía, con un órgano rector como es la Autoridad Plurinacional de la Madres Tierra y políticas que contrarrestan la mercantilización de los recursos naturales a través del: Mecanismo Conjunto de Mitigación y Adaptación para el Manejo Integral y Sustentable de los Bosques y la Madre Tierra.

In her pathbreaking book Designing Disability: Symbols, Space and Society, Elizabeth Guffey provides vital insights into decades of social and design processes that ultimately produced the most ubiquitous symbol of disability—and accessibility—worldwide: The International Symbol of Access (ISA). Building on existing scholarship from a range of disciplines coupled with original historical research, this book uncovers the origins and evolving (largely transatlantic) architectural and design discourse, and several moments of serendipity, that led to its creation. The ISA has since diffused to become part of the built environment in all corners of the world. Richly illustrated and charting at times vitriolic debates, protest activities, and artistic interventions up to the contemporary era, Guffey weaves together activist and aesthetic perspectives into a tapestry of social and design history relating to disability and accessibility. Structured in historical phases, the book's chapters progress across larger and shorter stretches over more than a century of wheelchair design, social and welfare policies and programs (mostly in the US, UK, and Scandinavia), architectural standards, and symbols relating to barriers and accessibility measures. Guffey engages the reader in what is necessarily a multidisciplinary, multilevel investigation, with unexpected twists and turns. On one level, the book focuses on the politics of highest office, with US Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Dwight D. Eisenhower (who permanently or temporarily used wheelchairs) sketched against the backdrop of the lack of accessible government buildings in Washington, DC, and the social consensus then to hide impairment for fear of stigmatization (shifted marginally by disabled Veterans). On another level, welfare state provisions in the US, UK, and Scandinavia are discussed in light of progressive legislation and the persistent challenges of implementation. Finally, at ground level, the utmost significance of individuals devoted to universal design writ large becomes manifestly evident. Guffey recounts how, in US universities, inspirational figures such as Timothy Nugent (at Illinois), Ron Mace (at North Carolina State), and Viktor Papanek (at Purdue, CalArts, Kansas, etc.), campus planners, and students designed and constructed new worlds on the drawing board and poured in concrete. We follow design professionals, such as architect Selwyn Goldsmith in the UK, who was a strident arbiter of accessibility. Academic initiatives went hand-in-fist with advocacy activities in organizations and protest and artistic actions in the streets. Indeed, to raise general awareness of the ever-present attitudinal and structural barriers—institutionalized discrimination—that disabled people face daily and to secure disability rights, disability protests and cross-national organizing have repeatedly been necessary. The long and bumpy road to universal design extends into the future. Integral to this history of design development, revision, and critiques of various symbols of disability have been international events (world expositions, Olympics & Paralympics) and organizations (Rehabilitation International), artistic inspiration, design competitions, and guerilla art interventions. Tracing the convoluted process of designing what would become the ISA—fifty years ago now—leads to Susanne Koefoed, a Danish design student, and Karl Montan, leader of the Swedish Institute for the Handicapped, but also to international negotiations and chance. The on-going questioning of the official ISA, especially, its "misfit" nature as an amalgam of technical aid and person, emphasizes the shift from invisibility to ubiquity of disability via social change and political activism as well as cultural representations and the need for signs of identity. In the new century, newer initiatives in the US, such as Brendan Murphy's and the Accessible Icon Project (developed by Sara Hendren and Brian Glenney), have challenged the official ISA, revealing both persistence and change in understandings of disability and accessibility. When integrated into signage, the ISA designates accessible spaces and facilities. If the ISA has become present in public buildings and spaces everywhere, cultural notions of disability and access remain understudied across the social sciences, with especially the Global South remaining a blank page. Research is needed to chart the diverse local interpretations that mirror shifts from exclusion to inclusion of disabled people as the human rights revolution witnessed since the end of WWII continues, but also suffers backlash, even in the Global North. Paradoxically, this global icon refers simultaneously to disability, and its ameliorating factor, accessibility. Yet, the ambivalence and debate surrounding the ISA persist, as Guffey emphasizes especially in the later chapters, focusing on proposed alternatives to the existing ISA, codified as it is in law and conforming to the guidelines of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Until universal design (and the universalizing social policies likely needed to support it) succeeds in reducing the barriers in environments and in attitudes and in maximizing the usefulness of products and services during the design stage, identity formation processes are among the most positive aspects of the ISA. The icon's influence and implementation extend far beyond marking modifications to the built environment. Whether taken-for-granted, modified or critiqued, the current ISA has spread globally. It can now be found wherever people move in physical space, finding their way. The symbol testifies to the on-going shift from exclusion, along a slow and winding road, to social inclusion and full participation of disabled people. In sum, Guffey brings scholarship on the ISA to the next stage. It complements studies that chart the influence of disabled peoples' organizations and of international organizations as they facilitated remarkable shifts in disability paradigms. Yet institutionalized discrimination abounds, with the ISA marking that accessibility and universal design are far from achieved. If a few imprecisions tarnish the literature list, this historical work reconstructing a largely Western process cannot be faulted for not providing a complete global analysis of ISA implementation and adjustment. In that vein, with contributions from Guffey herself, the current exhibition "Viktor Papanek: The Politics of Design" (Kries, Klein & Clarke, 2018) indeed extends the discussion to the Global South and across further disciplines, rightfully embedding the dialogue about symbols of disability and enhancing access within broader contexts. Footnote: Kries, Matteo, Amelie Klein & Alison J. Clarke (eds.) (2018). Viktor Papanek: The Politics of Design. Weil am Rhein, Germany: Vitra Design Museum. ISBN: 978-3-945852-26-2. The exhibition is currently on view at Germany's Vitra Design Museum (20 September 2018–10 March 2019), then at Barcelona Design Museum (20 October 2019–2 February 2020).

Problem statement. The modern stage in the development of science implies radical institutional changes in its social status and structure. The main differences from the classical stage are: first, the rejection of the principle of ethical neutrality of scientific knowledge and, second, the real revision of the content of the category "paradigm" as the central element of the organization of theoretical knowledge; its replacement by much more complex formations consisting of several heterogeneous components. There is an interpenetration of the public-axiological and descriptive-scientific forms of discourse, which create an inseparable unity in the content of the theoretical structure. Our research is devoted to the analysis of these two aspects of theoretical techno-science. According to the specifics of the subject, methods of quantitative discourse analysis and conceptual analysis of meta-theoretical and ontological knowledge, respectively, have been applied. There is a super-aim in our research, which is to determine the basic scheme of the relationship between the organization of the transdisciplinary matrix and the ontological level of theoretical techno-knowledge. In the ontological aspect, technoscience (postacademic science) is a theoretical and technological tools for managing the course of biological and sociocultural evolution. In the epistemological aspect, modern theories with a human dimension have a specific (trans)disciplinary matrix, which has not one but two paradigmatic cores: scientific-descriptive and humanitarian-axiological. According to our model, the principles of bioethics represent a social institution for regulating and controlling technological (biological and social) risk.Applied technological developments are represented by (1) genetic engineering as management tools of biological evolution and (2) socio-economic engineering as management tools of civilizational and socio-cultural development. This binary structure logically follows from the postulated three-module organization of the sustainable evolutionary strategy of the sentient human being. Naturphilosophy once again acquires the status of the basis of the theory of evolution in an explicit way. There is a system of metaphysical postulates and ontological categories derived from the anthropic principle of participation. For modern neoliberal political democracy, bio-power and biopolitics look like the most effective technology for stabilizing the scenarios and trends of the global evolutionary process that are optimal within this ideological system. Conclusions. Transbipolitics in our understanding is a political problematic related to the rationalization of the global evolutionary process. In the coming decades transbipolitics will become the carrier element of the global process of evolution of the noosphere with the consequent complication and increase of cohesion between the individual socio-cultural types that are part of the system of modern globalizing civilization. ; Постановка проблемы. Современный этап развития науки подразумевает радикальные институциональные изменения в ее социальном статусе и структуре. Основными отличиями от классического этапа являются: во-первых, отказ от принципа этической нейтральности научного знания и, во-вторых, реальный пересмотр содержания категории «парадигма» как центрального элемента организации теоретических знаний; ее замена значительно более сложными образованиями, состоящими из нескольких гетерогенных компонентов. Происходит взаимопроникновение публично-аксиологической и описательно-научной форм дискурса, создающих неразрывное единство в содержании теоретической структуры. Наша публикация посвящена анализу этих двух аспектов теоретической технонауки. В соответствии со спецификой предмета были применены методы количественного дискурсивного и концептуального анализа метатеоретических и онтологических знаний соответственно. В нашем исследовании есть супер-цель, которая заключается в определении базовой схемы взаимосвязи между организацией трансдисциплинарной матрицы и онтологическим уровнем теоретического технознания. В онтологическом аспекте технонаука (постакадемическая наука) представляет собой теоретический и технологический инструментарий для управления течением биологической и социокультурной эволюции. В эпистемологическом аспекте в современных теориях, имеющих человеческое измерение, есть специфическая (транс)дисциплинарная матрица, которая имеет не одно, а два парадигмальных ядра: научно-дескриптивное и гуманитарно-аксиологическое. Согласно нашей модели, принципы биоэтики представляют собой социальный институт регулирования и контроля технологического (биологического и социального) риска. Прикладные технологические разработки представлены (1) генной инженерией как инструментами управления биологической эволюцией и (2) социально-экономической инженерией как инструментами управления цивилизационным и социокультурным развитием. Эта бинарная структура логически вытекает из постулируемой нами трехмодульной организации устойчивой эволюционной стратегии человека разумного. Натурфилософия вновь приобретает статус основы теории эволюции в явном виде. Существует система метафизических постулатов и онтологических категорий, вытекающая из антропного принципа участия. Для современной неолиберальной политической демократии биовласть и биополитика выглядят наиболее эффективной технологией стабилизации сценариев и тенденций глобального эволюционного процесса, оптимальных в рамках этой идеологической системы. Выводы. Трансбиополитика в нашем понимании есть политическая проблематика, связанная с рационализацией глобального эволюционного процесса. В ближайшие десятилетия трансбиополитика станет несущим элементом глобального процесса эволюции ноосферы с последующим усложнением и увеличением когезии между отдельными социокультурными типами, входящими в систему современной глобализирующейся цивилизации. ; Постановка проблеми. Сучасний етап розвитку науки визначається радикальними інституційними змінами в її соціальному статусі та структурі. Основні відмінності від класичного етапу зводяться до: по-перше, відмови від принципу етичної нейтральності наукового знання і, по-друге, реального перегляду змісту категорії «парадигма» як центрального елементу організації теоретичних знань. Її замінюють значно більш складними конструкціями, що складаються з кількох гетерогенних компонентів. Відбувається взаємне проникнення публічно-аксіологічної та описово-наукової форм дискурсу, що створює нерозривну єдність щодо змісту теоретичної структури. Публікацію присвячено аналізу цих обидвох аспектів теоретичної технонауки. У відповідності до специфічності предмету дослідження було застосовано методи квантифікаційного дискурсивного та концептуального аналізу метатеоретичних і онтологічних знань відповідно. Надметою є визначення базової схеми взаємодії між організацією трансдисциплінарної матриці та онтологічним рівнем теоретичного технознання. У онтологічному аспекті технонаука (постакадемічна наука) є теоретичним і технологічним інструментарієм щодо управління напрямком біологічної та соціокультурної еволюції. У епістемологічному аспекті сучасні теорії, що мають людський вимір, містять специфічну (транс)дисциплінарну матрицю, що складається не з одного, а двох парадигмальних ядер: науково-дескриптивного та гуманітарно-аксіологічного. Згідно з нашою моделлю, принципи біоетики є соціальним інститутом регулювання та контролю технологічного (біологічного та соціального) ризику. Прикладні технологічні розробки представлені (1) генною інженерією як інструментом управління біологічною еволюцією та (2) соціально-економічною інженерією як засобом управління цивілізаційним і соціокультурним розвитком. Ця бінарна структура логічно походить з постульованої нами трьохмодульної організації стабільної еволюційної стратегії людини розумної. Натурфілософія знову набуває статусу основної теорії еволюції в експліцитному вигляді. Існує система метафізичних постулатів і онтологічних категорій, що походить з антропного принципу участі. Для сучасної неоліберальної політичної демократії біовлада та біополітика є найбільш ефективною технологією стабілізації сценаріїв і тенденцій глобального еволюційного процесу, оптимальними щодо цієї ідеологічної системи. Висновки. Трансбіополітика у нашому розумінні постає як політична проблематика, пов'язана з раціоналізацією глобального еволюційного процесу. Найближчими десятиліттями трансбіополітика стане несучим елементом глобального процесу еволюції ноосфери з подальшим ускладненням і збільшенням когезії між окремими соціокультурними типами, що входять до системи сучасної глобальної цивілізації.

Suid-Afrika se toekoms word wesentlik bedreig deur 'n uiters beperkte water-hulpbron wat vanweë 'n lae reënvalsyfer en onvoorspelbare droogtes vergelyk kan word met van die droogste lande ter wêreld. Suid-Afrika het boonop 'n swak rekord van waterbesparing, die behandeling van afvalwater asook die instandhouding van waterinfrastruktuur. Hierdie gebreke lei tot groeiende kommer oor die land se beskikbare volume water, asook die gehalte daarvan. Die Nasionale Waterwet 36 van 1998 (NWW) is uitgevaardig met die primêre doel om die reg rakende Suid-Afrika se waterhulpbronne fundamenteel te verander. Die aanhef van die NWW verklaar dat water "'n skaars nasionale hulpbron is" en "'n natuurlike hulpbron is wat aan alle mense behoort". Artikel 3 van die NWW brei hierdie standpunt uit deur te bepaal dat alle watergebruiksregte onder die gesentraliseerde beheer van die nasionale regering as openbare trustee val om onder meer die verspreiding, bestuur, gebruik en bewaring van en gelyke toegang tot dié skaars hulpbron te verseker. Die inkorporering van die konsep van openbare trusteeskap het 'n paradigmaskuif in die waterreguleringsraamwerk meegebring, met die gevolg dat alle privaat regte in water afgeskaf is en dat alle water effektief genasionaliseer is. Ten spyte van hierdie statutêre hervorming dui beskikbare data daarop dat die toestand van waterhulpbronne in Suid-Afrika besig is om gaandeweg en voortdurend te verswak. Hierdie artikel het ten doel om te bepaal of die nuwe waterreguleringsraamwerk van Suid-Afrika, geskoei op die konsep van openbare trusteeskap, voldoende oplossings vir Suid-Afrika se groeiende waterkrisis bied. Die artikel ontleed derhalwe Suid-Afrika se waterreguleringsraamwerk, met spesifieke verwysing na die konsep van openbare trusteeskap. Die verswakkende toestand van die land se water word vervolgens bespreek, waarna die artikel afsluit met 'n gefundeerde opinie oor of die waterreguleringsraamwerk, geskoei op die konsep van openbare trusteeskap, geskik is om Suid-Afrika se waterhulpbron op 'n volhoubare en billike wyse te bestuur en te beskerm ; Water is an essential but scarce resource. Worldwide, an estimated 663 million people do not have access to sufficient and safe water for domestic use, and the demand is on the increase. It is estimated that the world will have to cope with a 40 per cent water supply shortfall by 2030, which will unavoidably affect the availability of drinking water, sanitation and food production. South Africa faces a particularly gloomy water reality. Not only is South Africa plagued by severe drought conditions, but it also has a poor record of water conservation, outdated and inadequate water treatment infrastructure, and lingering concerns about the quality and degradation of the already limited volume of available water. South Africa's political history, characterised by a reality of unequal access to water, adds additional and unique challenges as far as water resource regulation is concerned. Following the advent of the constitutional era, a novel legal framework for water resources regulation was developed in South Africa. The National Water Act 36 of 1998 (NWA) was promulgated with the primary aim of reforming the law relating to water resources. The NWA broke new ground by inter alia introducing the concept of public trusteeship into the South African water law. Section 3 of the NWA provides that all water use rights fall under the centralised control of the state, or public trustee, to improve the distribution, management, use, conservation and equitability of access to this scarce resource. Although the concept of public trusteeship entered the South African legal realm without much fanfare, it fundamentally changed the foundation and regulatory practices of the South African water law dispensation. The water regulatory framework changed from one that linked access to water to land ownership and differentiated between private and public water, to a framework that applies to "all water" in South Africa and that acknowledges that the country's water "belongs to all people". Accordingly, the old system that provided for exclusive water use rights, and that was generally to the detriment of the majority of South Africans, has been replaced by a system that provides for water allowances granted at the discretion of government. The introduction of the notion of public trusteeship therefore denotes a major transformation in which existing property rights are re-defined. With this new system of the NWA, the South African government has effectively nationalised all of the nation's water resources. It has been almost 20 years since the transformation of South Africa's water regulatory framework, but the reality is that, despite the transformation brought about by the NWA, studies show a decline in the quantity and quality of South Africa's water resources. Adding to the problem that South Africa is a water scarce country, the demand for water is on the increase. Severe pollution such as the fact that approximately 4 billion litres of raw or partially purified sewage are discharged daily into South Africa's dams and rivers, as well as the widespread destruction of wetlands by mining and agricultural activities continue to impact negatively on the quality of the scarce water resource. One of the consequences of this is the growing presence of toxic blue-green algae in the water resources of South Africa, with an estimated 62 per cent of aquatic bodies already contaminated with cyanobacteria – the highest incidence in the world. In light of this water crisis, some may argue that the new regulatory framework, with its statutory objectives and strategies, is flawed. In order to determine whether the new regulatory framework for South Africa's water resources is indeed flawed, or whether the NWA is rather a beacon of hope amid the country's water crisis, this article analyses the novel water regulatory framework with specific reference to the concept of public trusteeship. In the second part, the article scientifically describes the state of South Africa's water resources. The third and last part of the article provides a legal response to the growing pressure on South Africa's water resources. It considers how the public trusteeship paradigm can be used to ensure that water is protected, used, developed, conserved, managed and controlled in a sustainable manner, for the benefit of all persons. The article confirms that the public trust regulatory regime is sufficient for water regulation in South Africa, and particularly relevant to a solution to the country's water crisis, as it offers the necessary mechanisms to achieve lasting protection for water resources, and ultimately to enhance sustainable water resource management

El primer objetivo es ocuparse del fenómeno de la diversidad funcional desde un enfoque ético-político, escasamente investigado en nuestro país. Un segundo objetivo consiste en explorar las posibilidades que ofrece el universalismo moral y político de la tradición kantiana y neo-kantiana para fundamentar esta problemática. El tercer objetivo es determinar en qué consiste dicho «trato justo». En el capítulo 1 abordamos la reconstrucción histórica de las formas de entender la discapacidad. Realizamos un análisis crítico de las aportaciones del «modelo social de la discapacidad», por su influencia en el movimiento social de personas con diversidad funcional surgido a finales del siglo XX y en la Convención Internacional sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad de 2006. En el capítulo 2 adoptamos una perspectiva antropológico-moral. Indagamos en los paradigmas contemporáneos sobre el «cuerpo» entresacando, a partir de ellos, lo que cabe entender por diversidad funcional. Relacionamos cada una de tales concepciones con la cuestión de la justicia con las personas con diversidad funcional. Pasamos después al ámbito normativo ético-político. En el capítulo 3 nos ocupamos del fundamento de la justicia: la igual dignidad de todas las personas, como seres corporales. Recurrimos al universalismo moral y político de la filosofía de Kant y a su transformación en la ética del diálogo (Apel, Habermas y la «ética de la razón cordial» de Adela Cortina) para fundamentar la inclusión de todas las personas con diversidad funcional en la comunidad moral y política con iguales derechos humanos. En el capítulo 4 aplicamos la justicia como reconocimiento de Axel Honneth al ámbito de la diversidad funcional. Analizamos las formas de menosprecio como daño a la identidad: menosprecio de la integridad corporal, menosprecio de los derechos y el menosprecio del valor del modo de vida (estigmatización). Consideramos después las esferas de reconocimiento y su teoría tripolar de la justicia (autorrealización): a) el cuidado afectivo en la familia, que extendemos a las profesiones de asistencia y al voluntariado; b) el reconocimiento de los derechos, según lo establecido en la Convención y c) la solidaridad con sus capacidades y modo de vida en empresas, medios de comunicación y cultura simbólica. El capítulo 5 parte del vacío teórico de la teoría de Honneth: la evaluación del reconocimiento efectivo de los derechos. Analizamos las teorías de la justicia distributiva del liberalismo solidario: la igualdad de recursos (Dworkin) y el enfoque de las capacidades (Sen y Nussbaum). Establecemos como conclusión que el trato justo con las personas con diversidad funcional se funda en el reconocimiento mutuo de la igual dignidad de la persona. Debe consistir en el trato igual al de las demás personas, teniendo en cuenta las «necesidades atípicas». Se concreta en: a) No menospreciar: no causar, por acción u omisión, daño físico; no negar ni obstactulizar derechos; no estigmatizar; b) Dar un trato inclusivo en las redes de reconocimiento social: proporcionar cuidado afectivo en las necesidades que presentan; reconocer iguales derechos humanos e iguales condiciones de acceso a los mismos, para empoderar sus capacidades básicas; contar con la solidaridad activa de empresas, medios de comunicación y cultura simbólica. The first aim is to take on the phenomenon of functional diversity from an ethical and political approach, poorly investigated in our country. A second objective is to explore the possibilities offered by the moral and political universalism of Kantian and neo-Kantian tradition to support this issue. The third objective is to determine the meaning of that "fair treatment". In Chapter 1 we address the historical reconstruction of several ways of understanding disability. We performed a critical analysis of the contributions of the "social model of disability", for his influence in the social movement of people with disabilities emerged in the late twentieth century and at the World Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in 2006. In Chapter 2 we take a moral-anthropological perspective. We investigate into contemporary paradigms on the "body", extracting from them what is meant by functional diversity. We connect each of these conceptions with the issue of justice for people with disabilities. After that, we take on the ethical and political normative field. In chapter 3 we deal with the foundation of justice: the equal dignity of all people, as corporeal beings. We resort to moral and political universalism of Kant's philosophy and its transformation into the ethics of dialogue (Apel, Habermas and the "ethics of cordial reason" from Adela Cortina) to support the inclusion of all set of people with functional diversity into the moral and political community, with identical human rights. In Chapter 4 we apply the idea of justice as recognition, from Axel Honneth, to the field of functional diversity. We analyze different forms of contempt as damage to the identity: scorn of bodily integrity, disregard for the rights and belittling the value of lifestyle (stigmatization). Then we consider the recognition spheres and its tripolar theory of justice (self-fulfillment): a) the emotional care in the family, that we extend to professions of social assistance and voluntary service; b) the recognition of the rights, as set out in the Convention; c) solidarity with their skills and way of life at companies, media and symbolic culture. Chapter 5 start with the theoretical emptiness in the work of Honneth: assessing the effective recognition of rights. We analyze the theories of distributive justice included into solidary liberalism: equality of resources (Dworkin) and the approach of capabilities (Sen and Nussbaum). We establish as conclusion that the fair treatment for people with functional diversity is based on the mutual recognition of the equal dignity of person. It should consist of equal treatment with others, taking into account the "unusual needs." In particular, it consists of: a) Do not underestimate: to not cause, by act or omission, physical harm; not to deny or obstruct their rights; not to stigmatize; b) Give an inclusive deal in networks of social recognition: providing emotional care to the needs they have; recognize equal human rights and an equal access to them, to empower their basic skills; to count on the active solidarity of companies, media and symbolic culture.

The big movements for a "Public, free and high-quality education", expressed as the canvas that covered the Casa Central (Headquarters) of the University of Chile for a long time in 2011, no doubt, represented, the most visible sign of the strong debate about the pertinence of the development model imposed in 1973, by soldiers and a group of disciples of Milton Friedman. In fact, to the debate about education we can add others, like profits, often exorbitant of the Chilean banking and the Private Health System; the low-returns of pension funds which are administrated by privates with a great impact in the uncertain future of millions of Chilean workers; the negative externalities of the system in environmental matters, the centralism and its limited interregional solidarity, besides scandalous abuses from the powerful people, especially in areas like drugstores and retail. In the end, an important part of the Chilean society is asking to itself about the justice of system that they live in. Justice in terms of John Rawls, like a central axis of the social coexistence system. This paper analyses and tries to identify the alternative that appears in one of the biggest matters in discussion: the Chilean education, in perspective of the developing country. Citizens movilizing now for more and better education, the society seeks to improve its existence process, its quality of life and its future projections of inter-generational fairness. This debate shows across the complaints for more educational justice, expressed during the "Revolucion Pingüina" in 2006, the teacher's strikes the years 2008-2009 and obviously the massive protests made by students between 2001 and 2012, that has aroused the important support of population. Mobilizing not only students but families, especially the middle class that have taken the streets across Chile; saucepan in hand, demanding for an educational system, in this case university, fairer and feasible to pay. In this perspective, it has been analyzed how it reached to this kind of problems in educational matter. Even if Chile shows features of a country that has made important progress during the last 20 years, at the same time it maintains big works unresolved in relation with its evident inequality in social and educational matters. General Question and Objective. In this sense, our general question of research has been: How to recognize the articulation between the implementation of Neoliberal Model in his different phases, its realization and features of "educative market", between 1981–2011? This analysis has been performed by taking as reference the Region of Coquimbo. Working Scheme Part I. Construction of problem. • Chapter 1. Development and Education, a functional relationship. • Chapter 2. Problem and Methodology Part II. Empirical study • Chapter 3. Socio-Historical Analyze Of Education In Chile From The Point of View Of Developing Polities. • Chapter 4. Implementation of Neoliberal Paradigm Inside of Polities of Chilean Education and the Creation of "Educative Market." • Chapter 5. Features of "Educative market" inside of the Region of Coquimbo. Part III. General Discussion of the Problem to light of research. Conclusions Bibliography Attached Documentaries. ; Las grandes movilizaciones por una "Educación pública, gratuita y de calidad", como lo expresó el lienzo que cubrió la Casa Central de la Universidad de Chile durante buena parte del año 2011, representa, sin duda, el signo más visible del fuerte debate sobre la pertinencia del modelo de desarrollo impuesto en 1973, por los militares y por un grupo de discípulos de Milton Friedman. En efecto, al debate sobre la educación se añaden otros, como las utilidades, a menudo exorbitantes de la banca chilena y del sistema de Salud Privada; las bajas rentabilidades de los fondos previsionales administrados por entes privados con su impacto en la incertidumbre respecto del futuro de millones de trabajadores chilenos; las externalidades negativas del sistema en materia medioambiental, el centralismo y su escasa solidaridad interregional, sumado a escandalosos abusos de los poderosos especialmente en áreas como las farmacias y retail. En el fondo, buena parte de la sociedad chilena se interroga sobre la justicia del sistema en que vive. Justicia en términos rawlianos, como eje central del sistema de convivencia social. Este trabajo analiza e intenta identificar las alternativas que surgen en uno de los grandes temas en discusión: el de la educación chilena, desde la perspectiva del desarrollo del país. Movilizándose ahora la ciudadanía por más y mejor educación, la sociedad busca mejorar sus procesos de existencia o calidad de vida y sus proyecciones futuras o equidad intergeneracional. Este debate se manifiesta a través de insistentes reclamos por más justicia educativa, expresados durante la "Revolución Pingüina" en 2006, las huelgas docentes de los años 2008 y 2009 y evidentemente por las masivas manifestaciones de los estudiantes entre los años 2011 y 2012, que han concitado un gran apoyo en la población. Movilizando no sólo a los estudiantes universitarios sino que a sus familias, especialmente de clase media que han salido a las calles de todo Chile, cacerola en mano, reclamando por un sistema de educación, en este caso universitaria, más justo y más viable de pagar. Desde esta perspectiva se ha analizado cómo se ha llegó a este problema en el ámbito educativo, si bien Chile exhibe características de un país que ha conseguido avanzar considerablemente en los últimos 20 años, a su vez mantiene grandes tareas pendientes en relación a su notoria desigualdad en materias sociales y económicas. Pregunta y Objetivo General En tal sentido nuestra pregunta general de investigación ha sido ¿como identificar la articulación entre la implementación del Modelo Neoliberal en sus distintas fases, su concreción en la política educativa chilena y la creación y características de los "mercados educativos" entre 1981-2011? Este análisis se ha realizado tomando como referencia territorial la Región de Coquimbo. Estructura del Trabajo Parte I. Construcción de la Problemática • Capítulo 1. Desarrollo y Educación, una relación funcional. • Capítulo 2. Problemática y Metodología Parte II. Estudio Empírico • Capítulo 3. Análisis Socio-Histórico de la Educación en Chile Desde el Punto de Vista de las Políticas del Desarrollo • Capítulo 4. Implementación del Paradigma Neoliberal en la Política Educativa Chilena y la Creación de un "Mercado Educativo". • Capítulo 5. Características del "Mercado Educativo" en la Región de Coquimbo Parte III. Discusión General de la Problemática a la luz de la Investigación Conclusiones Bibliografía Anexos Documentales ; (SPED 3) -- UCL, 2012

The big movements for a "Public, free and high-quality education", expressed as the canvas that covered the Casa Central (Headquarters) of the University of Chile for a long time in 2011, no doubt, represented, the most visible sign of the strong debate about the pertinence of the development model imposed in 1973, by soldiers and a group of disciples of Milton Friedman. In fact, to the debate about education we can add others, like profits, often exorbitant of the Chilean banking and the Private Health System; the low-returns of pension funds which are administrated by privates with a great impact in the uncertain future of millions of Chilean workers; the negative externalities of the system in environmental matters, the centralism and its limited interregional solidarity, besides scandalous abuses from the powerful people, especially in areas like drugstores and retail. In the end, an important part of the Chilean society is asking to itself about the justice of system that they live in. Justice in terms of John Rawls, like a central axis of the social coexistence system. This paper analyses and tries to identify the alternative that appears in one of the biggest matters in discussion: the Chilean education, in perspective of the developing country. Citizens movilizing now for more and better education, the society seeks to improve its existence process, its quality of life and its future projections of inter-generational fairness. This debate shows across the complaints for more educational justice, expressed during the "Revolucion Pingüina" in 2006, the teacher's strikes the years 2008-2009 and obviously the massive protests made by students between 2001 and 2012, that has aroused the important support of population. Mobilizing not only students but families, especially the middle class that have taken the streets across Chile; saucepan in hand, demanding for an educational system, in this case university, fairer and feasible to pay. In this perspective, it has been analyzed how it reached to this kind of problems in educational matter. Even if Chile shows features of a country that has made important progress during the last 20 years, at the same time it maintains big works unresolved in relation with its evident inequality in social and educational matters. General Question and Objective. In this sense, our general question of research has been: How to recognize the articulation between the implementation of Neoliberal Model in his different phases, its realization and features of "educative market", between 1981–2011? This analysis has been performed by taking as reference the Region of Coquimbo. Working Scheme Part I. Construction of problem. • Chapter 1. Development and Education, a functional relationship. • Chapter 2. Problem and Methodology Part II. Empirical study • Chapter 3. Socio-Historical Analyze Of Education In Chile From The Point of View Of Developing Polities. • Chapter 4. Implementation of Neoliberal Paradigm Inside of Polities of Chilean Education and the Creation of "Educative Market." • Chapter 5. Features of "Educative market" inside of the Region of Coquimbo. Part III. General Discussion of the Problem to light of research. Conclusions Bibliography Attached Documentaries. ; Las grandes movilizaciones por una "Educación pública, gratuita y de calidad", como lo expresó el lienzo que cubrió la Casa Central de la Universidad de Chile durante buena parte del año 2011, representa, sin duda, el signo más visible del fuerte debate sobre la pertinencia del modelo de desarrollo impuesto en 1973, por los militares y por un grupo de discípulos de Milton Friedman. En efecto, al debate sobre la educación se añaden otros, como las utilidades, a menudo exorbitantes de la banca chilena y del sistema de Salud Privada; las bajas rentabilidades de los fondos previsionales administrados por entes privados con su impacto en la incertidumbre respecto del futuro de millones de trabajadores chilenos; las externalidades negativas del sistema en materia medioambiental, el centralismo y su escasa solidaridad interregional, sumado a escandalosos abusos de los poderosos especialmente en áreas como las farmacias y retail. En el fondo, buena parte de la sociedad chilena se interroga sobre la justicia del sistema en que vive. Justicia en términos rawlianos, como eje central del sistema de convivencia social. Este trabajo analiza e intenta identificar las alternativas que surgen en uno de los grandes temas en discusión: el de la educación chilena, desde la perspectiva del desarrollo del país. Movilizándose ahora la ciudadanía por más y mejor educación, la sociedad busca mejorar sus procesos de existencia o calidad de vida y sus proyecciones futuras o equidad intergeneracional. Este debate se manifiesta a través de insistentes reclamos por más justicia educativa, expresados durante la "Revolución Pingüina" en 2006, las huelgas docentes de los años 2008 y 2009 y evidentemente por las masivas manifestaciones de los estudiantes entre los años 2011 y 2012, que han concitado un gran apoyo en la población. Movilizando no sólo a los estudiantes universitarios sino que a sus familias, especialmente de clase media que han salido a las calles de todo Chile, cacerola en mano, reclamando por un sistema de educación, en este caso universitaria, más justo y más viable de pagar. Desde esta perspectiva se ha analizado cómo se ha llegó a este problema en el ámbito educativo, si bien Chile exhibe características de un país que ha conseguido avanzar considerablemente en los últimos 20 años, a su vez mantiene grandes tareas pendientes en relación a su notoria desigualdad en materias sociales y económicas. Pregunta y Objetivo General En tal sentido nuestra pregunta general de investigación ha sido ¿como identificar la articulación entre la implementación del Modelo Neoliberal en sus distintas fases, su concreción en la política educativa chilena y la creación y características de los "mercados educativos" entre 1981-2011? Este análisis se ha realizado tomando como referencia territorial la Región de Coquimbo. Estructura del Trabajo Parte I. Construcción de la Problemática • Capítulo 1. Desarrollo y Educación, una relación funcional. • Capítulo 2. Problemática y Metodología Parte II. Estudio Empírico • Capítulo 3. Análisis Socio-Histórico de la Educación en Chile Desde el Punto de Vista de las Políticas del Desarrollo • Capítulo 4. Implementación del Paradigma Neoliberal en la Política Educativa Chilena y la Creación de un "Mercado Educativo". • Capítulo 5. Características del "Mercado Educativo" en la Región de Coquimbo Parte III. Discusión General de la Problemática a la luz de la Investigación Conclusiones Bibliografía Anexos Documentales ; (SPED 3) -- UCL, 2012

El objeto de este trabajo ha sido estudiar el motivo de la apoteosis con el fin de descubrir de qué manera se integra positivamente en la representación de las Metamorfosis. Se intenta trascender interpretaciones denigratorias o irónicas del motivo. El estudio consta de dos partes. En el primer capítulo de la primera parte, "La apoteosis en la estructura de las Metamorfosis", se demuestra con un análisis intratextual la importancia que tiene el relato de la creación del hombre como sanctius animal, considerada paradigmática, en el estudio del motivo de la apoteosis. El segundo capítulo insiste en la dimensión intertextual, recordando la influencia estructural de dos modelos poéticos de las Metamorfosis de Ovidio, Hesíodo y la Égloga 6 de Virgilio, para una representación que comienza en la creación del hombre y termina en la apoteosis del poeta. La introducción a la segunda parte, "Valor semántico de la apoteosis", pone el acento en tres aspectos esenciales para el estudio de la apoteosis. En primer lugar, la idea de "lectura", i.e., la trascendencia latente del motivo de la apoteosis y de la idea de estirpe a lo largo de la obra. Se propone, en segundo lugar, el concepto de "mitologización" como una forma de examinar la apropiación que hace el poeta del mito historizado y del mito con alusión augustea. Esa apropiación tendrá como fin destacar el aspecto literatio de las historias y ejercerá un papel fundamental en la construcción de una gfigura de poeta que, mediante la apoteosis por su obra, se eleva por sobre las figuras de filósofo y de político. Su tratamiento en este trabajo, pues, se debe al hecho de que está ligado, en último término, con el motivo de la apoteosis. Dado que el estudio tiene como punto de partida la relación entre el sanctius animal, paradigma de la creación del hombre, y la apoteosis, se ha elegido examinar detalladamente aquellas apoteosis en que aparece una alusión explícita a la parte mortal o a la parte inmortal, i.e., las de Ino y Melicertes, Hércules, Eneas, Glauco, Rómulo, Hersilia, César, Augusto y Ovidio. Se incluyen, de todas maneras, otras referencias y apoteosis relevantes. La alusión a la imagen de la pars, siguiendo una de las denominaciones con más trascendencia formal en la obra, remite a la creación del hombre divino semine y a partir de semina caeli, aspecto que se estudia en el primer capítulo de la primera parte y se retoma en el análisis de cada apoteosis. La conclusión del trabajo es que el motivo de la apoteosis sólo puede inteligirse a la luz del final, en el que se representa la apoteosis del poeta. Al margen de la mitologización que opera en las historias con valor histórico y augusteo, Ovidio se ha preocupado por mantener, aunque sólo sea en forma referencial, el sentido de las apoteosis con el fin de desplegar toda su significación en la apoteosis final. Inversamente, el valor completo del motivo en el cierre de la obra exige aceptar su significación a lo largo de la obra. En el final, el poeta, un poeta Romanus en la medida en que su obra será leída donde se extienda la Romana potentia, se revela como el auténtico sanctius animal referido en la creación. ; The aim of this work es to study the apotheosis theme in order to find out how it is inserted in the representation of the Metamorphoses. Denigratory or ironic interpretations of the theme are discarded. The study consists of two parts. In the first chapter of the first part, "The Apotheosis in the Structure of the Metamorphoses", we intend to prove, with an intratextual analysis, the importance that the story of the cration of man as sanctius animal, considered as paradigmatic, acquires in the study of the apotheosis theme. The second chapter insists on the intertextual dimension and focuses on the structural influence that two poetic models of Ovid's Metamorphoses, Hesiod and Virgil's Sixth Eclogue, have on a representation which begins in the creation of man and ends out in the apotheosis of the poet. The introduction to the second part, "Semantic Value of the Apotheosis", stresses three essential aspects in the study of the apotheosis. First, the idea of "reading", i.e., the latent importance of apotheosis and the idea of lineage throughout the work. We propose, in the second place, the concept of "mythologization" as an approach to the poet's appropriation of historicizied myth and to the Augustan allusion in myths. This appropriation aims to emphasize the literary aspect of stories and exerts a fundamental role in the construction of a figure of the poet which, by means of the apotheosis through his work, rises over the politician and philosopher figures. Its treatment in the poem, then, is related to the apotheosis theme. Since the study begins with the relationship between sanctius animal, paradigm of the creation of man, and apotheosis, we choose to examine in detail those apotheoses which contain an explicit reference to the mortal or the inmortal side, i.e., those of Ino and Melicertes, Hercules, Aeneas, Glaucus, Romulus, Hersilie, Caesar, Augustus, and Ovid. Nonetheless, other relevant allusions and apotheoses are included. The allusion to the image of pars, following one of the most important denominations of the poem, refers to the creation of man divide semine and from semina caeli. This aspect is studied in the firs chapter of the first part and is recalled in the analysis of each apotheosis. The conclusion of our thesis is that the apotheosis theme can only be understood in the light of the closing, where the apotheosis of the poet is represented. Besides the mythologization which works in tales with historical and Augustan value, Ovid cared to maintain, although only in a referential way, the sense of the apotheoses with the purpose of deploying all its meaning in the final apotheosis. Conversely, the complete value of the theme in the closure of the poem invites us to accept its meaning throughout the work. In the end, the poet, poeta Romanus so far as his work will be read where the Romana potentia is extended, is viewed as the sanctius animal referred in the creation. ; Fil: Martínez Astorino, Pablo Leandro. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

El objeto de este trabajo ha sido estudiar el motivo de la apoteosis con el fin de descubrir de qué manera se integra positivamente en la representación de las Metamorfosis. Se intenta trascender interpretaciones denigratorias o irónicas del motivo. El estudio consta de dos partes. En el primer capítulo de la primera parte, "La apoteosis en la estructura de las Metamorfosis", se demuestra con un análisis intratextual la importancia que tiene el relato de la creación del hombre como sanctius animal, considerada paradigmática, en el estudio del motivo de la apoteosis. El segundo capítulo insiste en la dimensión intertextual, recordando la influencia estructural de dos modelos poéticos de las Metamorfosis de Ovidio, Hesíodo y la Égloga 6 de Virgilio, para una representación que comienza en la creación del hombre y termina en la apoteosis del poeta. La introducción a la segunda parte, "Valor semántico de la apoteosis", pone el acento en tres aspectos esenciales para el estudio de la apoteosis. En primer lugar, la idea de "lectura", i.e., la trascendencia latente del motivo de la apoteosis y de la idea de estirpe a lo largo de la obra. Se propone, en segundo lugar, el concepto de "mitologización" como una forma de examinar la apropiación que hace el poeta del mito historizado y del mito con alusión augustea. Esa apropiación tendrá como fin destacar el aspecto literatio de las historias y ejercerá un papel fundamental en la construcción de una gfigura de poeta que, mediante la apoteosis por su obra, se eleva por sobre las figuras de filósofo y de político. Su tratamiento en este trabajo, pues, se debe al hecho de que está ligado, en último término, con el motivo de la apoteosis. Dado que el estudio tiene como punto de partida la relación entre el sanctius animal, paradigma de la creación del hombre, y la apoteosis, se ha elegido examinar detalladamente aquellas apoteosis en que aparece una alusión explícita a la parte mortal o a la parte inmortal, i.e., las de Ino y Melicertes, Hércules, Eneas, Glauco, Rómulo, Hersilia, César, Augusto y Ovidio. Se incluyen, de todas maneras, otras referencias y apoteosis relevantes. La alusión a la imagen de la pars, siguiendo una de las denominaciones con más trascendencia formal en la obra, remite a la creación del hombre divino semine y a partir de semina caeli, aspecto que se estudia en el primer capítulo de la primera parte y se retoma en el análisis de cada apoteosis. La conclusión del trabajo es que el motivo de la apoteosis sólo puede inteligirse a la luz del final, en el que se representa la apoteosis del poeta. Al margen de la mitologización que opera en las historias con valor histórico y augusteo, Ovidio se ha preocupado por mantener, aunque sólo sea en forma referencial, el sentido de las apoteosis con el fin de desplegar toda su significación en la apoteosis final. Inversamente, el valor completo del motivo en el cierre de la obra exige aceptar su significación a lo largo de la obra. En el final, el poeta, un poeta Romanus en la medida en que su obra será leída donde se extienda la Romana potentia, se revela como el auténtico sanctius animal referido en la creación. ; The aim of this work es to study the apotheosis theme in order to find out how it is inserted in the representation of the Metamorphoses. Denigratory or ironic interpretations of the theme are discarded. The study consists of two parts. In the first chapter of the first part, "The Apotheosis in the Structure of the Metamorphoses", we intend to prove, with an intratextual analysis, the importance that the story of the cration of man as sanctius animal, considered as paradigmatic, acquires in the study of the apotheosis theme. The second chapter insists on the intertextual dimension and focuses on the structural influence that two poetic models of Ovid's Metamorphoses, Hesiod and Virgil's Sixth Eclogue, have on a representation which begins in the creation of man and ends out in the apotheosis of the poet. The introduction to the second part, "Semantic Value of the Apotheosis", stresses three essential aspects in the study of the apotheosis. First, the idea of "reading", i.e., the latent importance of apotheosis and the idea of lineage throughout the work. We propose, in the second place, the concept of "mythologization" as an approach to the poet's appropriation of historicizied myth and to the Augustan allusion in myths. This appropriation aims to emphasize the literary aspect of stories and exerts a fundamental role in the construction of a figure of the poet which, by means of the apotheosis through his work, rises over the politician and philosopher figures. Its treatment in the poem, then, is related to the apotheosis theme. Since the study begins with the relationship between sanctius animal, paradigm of the creation of man, and apotheosis, we choose to examine in detail those apotheoses which contain an explicit reference to the mortal or the inmortal side, i.e., those of Ino and Melicertes, Hercules, Aeneas, Glaucus, Romulus, Hersilie, Caesar, Augustus, and Ovid. Nonetheless, other relevant allusions and apotheoses are included. The allusion to the image of pars, following one of the most important denominations of the poem, refers to the creation of man divide semine and from semina caeli. This aspect is studied in the firs chapter of the first part and is recalled in the analysis of each apotheosis. The conclusion of our thesis is that the apotheosis theme can only be understood in the light of the closing, where the apotheosis of the poet is represented. Besides the mythologization which works in tales with historical and Augustan value, Ovid cared to maintain, although only in a referential way, the sense of the apotheoses with the purpose of deploying all its meaning in the final apotheosis. Conversely, the complete value of the theme in the closure of the poem invites us to accept its meaning throughout the work. In the end, the poet, poeta Romanus so far as his work will be read where the Romana potentia is extended, is viewed as the sanctius animal referred in the creation. ; Fil: Martínez Astorino, Pablo Leandro. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

El objeto de este trabajo ha sido estudiar el motivo de la apoteosis con el fin de descubrir de qué manera se integra positivamente en la representación de las Metamorfosis. Se intenta trascender interpretaciones denigratorias o irónicas del motivo. El estudio consta de dos partes. En el primer capítulo de la primera parte, "La apoteosis en la estructura de las Metamorfosis", se demuestra con un análisis intratextual la importancia que tiene el relato de la creación del hombre como sanctius animal, considerada paradigmática, en el estudio del motivo de la apoteosis. El segundo capítulo insiste en la dimensión intertextual, recordando la influencia estructural de dos modelos poéticos de las Metamorfosis de Ovidio, Hesíodo y la Égloga 6 de Virgilio, para una representación que comienza en la creación del hombre y termina en la apoteosis del poeta. La introducción a la segunda parte, "Valor semántico de la apoteosis", pone el acento en tres aspectos esenciales para el estudio de la apoteosis. En primer lugar, la idea de "lectura", i.e., la trascendencia latente del motivo de la apoteosis y de la idea de estirpe a lo largo de la obra. Se propone, en segundo lugar, el concepto de "mitologización" como una forma de examinar la apropiación que hace el poeta del mito historizado y del mito con alusión augustea. Esa apropiación tendrá como fin destacar el aspecto literatio de las historias y ejercerá un papel fundamental en la construcción de una gfigura de poeta que, mediante la apoteosis por su obra, se eleva por sobre las figuras de filósofo y de político. Su tratamiento en este trabajo, pues, se debe al hecho de que está ligado, en último término, con el motivo de la apoteosis. Dado que el estudio tiene como punto de partida la relación entre el sanctius animal, paradigma de la creación del hombre, y la apoteosis, se ha elegido examinar detalladamente aquellas apoteosis en que aparece una alusión explícita a la parte mortal o a la parte inmortal, i.e., las de Ino y Melicertes, Hércules, Eneas, Glauco, Rómulo, Hersilia, César, Augusto y Ovidio. Se incluyen, de todas maneras, otras referencias y apoteosis relevantes. La alusión a la imagen de la pars, siguiendo una de las denominaciones con más trascendencia formal en la obra, remite a la creación del hombre divino semine y a partir de semina caeli, aspecto que se estudia en el primer capítulo de la primera parte y se retoma en el análisis de cada apoteosis. La conclusión del trabajo es que el motivo de la apoteosis sólo puede inteligirse a la luz del final, en el que se representa la apoteosis del poeta. Al margen de la mitologización que opera en las historias con valor histórico y augusteo, Ovidio se ha preocupado por mantener, aunque sólo sea en forma referencial, el sentido de las apoteosis con el fin de desplegar toda su significación en la apoteosis final. Inversamente, el valor completo del motivo en el cierre de la obra exige aceptar su significación a lo largo de la obra. En el final, el poeta, un poeta Romanus en la medida en que su obra será leída donde se extienda la Romana potentia, se revela como el auténtico sanctius animal referido en la creación. ; The aim of this work es to study the apotheosis theme in order to find out how it is inserted in the representation of the Metamorphoses. Denigratory or ironic interpretations of the theme are discarded. The study consists of two parts. In the first chapter of the first part, "The Apotheosis in the Structure of the Metamorphoses", we intend to prove, with an intratextual analysis, the importance that the story of the cration of man as sanctius animal, considered as paradigmatic, acquires in the study of the apotheosis theme. The second chapter insists on the intertextual dimension and focuses on the structural influence that two poetic models of Ovid's Metamorphoses, Hesiod and Virgil's Sixth Eclogue, have on a representation which begins in the creation of man and ends out in the apotheosis of the poet. The introduction to the second part, "Semantic Value of the Apotheosis", stresses three essential aspects in the study of the apotheosis. First, the idea of "reading", i.e., the latent importance of apotheosis and the idea of lineage throughout the work. We propose, in the second place, the concept of "mythologization" as an approach to the poet's appropriation of historicizied myth and to the Augustan allusion in myths. This appropriation aims to emphasize the literary aspect of stories and exerts a fundamental role in the construction of a figure of the poet which, by means of the apotheosis through his work, rises over the politician and philosopher figures. Its treatment in the poem, then, is related to the apotheosis theme. Since the study begins with the relationship between sanctius animal, paradigm of the creation of man, and apotheosis, we choose to examine in detail those apotheoses which contain an explicit reference to the mortal or the inmortal side, i.e., those of Ino and Melicertes, Hercules, Aeneas, Glaucus, Romulus, Hersilie, Caesar, Augustus, and Ovid. Nonetheless, other relevant allusions and apotheoses are included. The allusion to the image of pars, following one of the most important denominations of the poem, refers to the creation of man divide semine and from semina caeli. This aspect is studied in the firs chapter of the first part and is recalled in the analysis of each apotheosis. The conclusion of our thesis is that the apotheosis theme can only be understood in the light of the closing, where the apotheosis of the poet is represented. Besides the mythologization which works in tales with historical and Augustan value, Ovid cared to maintain, although only in a referential way, the sense of the apotheoses with the purpose of deploying all its meaning in the final apotheosis. Conversely, the complete value of the theme in the closure of the poem invites us to accept its meaning throughout the work. In the end, the poet, poeta Romanus so far as his work will be read where the Romana potentia is extended, is viewed as the sanctius animal referred in the creation. ; Fil: Martínez Astorino, Pablo Leandro. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Problem setting.National identity is a multidimensional, complex phenomenon in which political and cultural (ethnic) factors combine and interact in some way.The question of their relationship, interaction and share in the formation of national communities has been the subject of long-standing debate.In Ukraine in a wide publicspacethe ethnic paradigm of the nation dominates, according to which the phenomenon of the nation is maximally identified with the ethnos politically organized in its state.In academic circles, there is a much more complex vision of the essence of the nation.However, in the context of the problem of further development of Ukrainian national identity and national consolidation of Ukrainians, many authors focus primarily on the importance of the cultural factor.But, the importance of political factors of national consolidation is markedly underestimated.In particular, the question of the role of institutions of representative democracy and democratic political culture in the process of strengthening the current Ukrainian national identity, the difficulties and opportunities associated with them, is on the margins.Recent research and publications analysis. In Ukraine, awide range of different aspects of the formation of modern Ukrainian national identity has been the subject of coverage in the monographs of M. Stepyko, M. Rozumny, articles by N. Pidberezhnyk, D. Kravchenko, O.Shaparenko, and other researchers.In the context of the analysis of the problem of national consolidation of Ukraine, A. Kolodiy presented her vision of the essence of the phenomenon of nation and national identity.In the collective monograph of scientists of the Institute of State and Law named afterV. Koretsky presents an analysis of the specifics of the identity of the population of certain regions of Ukraine, proposals for effective mechanisms for its integration into the Ukrainian common national identity.Distinctive narratives of national identity that exist in Ukraine have been the subject of research by American political scientist K. Korostelina.British / Ukrainian researcher T. Kuzio addressed the problem of the interaction of different identity options and democratization processes in Ukraine in the post-Soviet period.In their reflections, these authors offered, in particular, the different visions of the share of political, ethnic and cultural components of national identity, the dynamics of their interaction in the process of national formation of modern Ukraine.Ofparticular note are the publications of Yu. Ruban, who pointed out, also in the Ukrainian context, the close interdependence between democratic institutions and national identity.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The relationship between the processes of formation of modern Ukrainian national identity and democratic values as its important and necessary component, democratic institutions, in particular, electoral and potential ways of national consolidation of Ukrainian citizens, needs to be studied in more detail.Thepurpose of thearticle is to determine the place and role of institutions of representative democracy in the processes of formation of Ukrainian national identity, in particular, taking into account current political changes, identifying related challenges and opportunities.Paper main body. For almost three decades of Ukraine's independent state existence, its political development has taken place within the framework of democratic political institutions and has been carried out through the mechanisms of representative democracy.In the process of state/national development of Ukraine, the formation of its current national identity, the basic institutional components of democratic political procedures have proved to be a mandatory and permanent factor.In the process of interaction between the government and society, its starting point is the legitimation of power in the eyes of citizens.Citizens' perception of state power as legitimate appears to be in some way connected with the process of asserting national identity in its political dimension.It is democratic procedures in a pluralistic society that become the basis of the legitimacy of power.The central element of the democratic legitimization of power and one of the most important components of communication between government and society is elections, which in this aspect are essentially a factor in the formation of national identity.In the course of the electoral process, numerous group and individual identities that exist in society, in a certain way, manifest themselves in public space, in open and defined by certain rules rivalry with others.The common national idea / ideology and democratic principles of political coexistence are interrelated factors, because the formation of a common identity through dialogue, through the integration of human rights, political and civil liberties into the whole multidimensional construction of national identity can be a factor in consolidating society.Encouraging the integration of linguistic, ethnic and other minorities into the social and political space of a single state on the basis of interculturalism will thus contribute to the formation of a common civic identity in people with different (but at the same time in no way isolated from each other) cultural identities.Citizens' perceptions of the state as an institution that takes into account their interests and values, a greater level of civic participation in decision-making and implementation will ultimately mean greater efficiency of democratic governance, thus contributing to socio-economic progress and stability of the entire socio-political system.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The task of forming an image of national identity capable of integrating around itself, around the Ukrainian core, the achievements and values of various ethnic, linguistic and cultural minorities, politically united by the borders of the Ukrainian state, remains relevant.In this context, democratic institutionsand values,forming the basis for constructive public articulation of different points of view and interests, have the potential to promote more effective government and intergroup communication, reduce conflict in society, feelings of alienation between government and certain groups.Further prospects for research in this area are a more detailed analysis of the relationship between the democratic mechanisms of public communication and the peculiarities of the formation of the current Ukrainian national identity and national consolidation. In particular, in this context, the appropriate influence of the specifics of electoral procedures and processes, different forms of government needs to be considered separately. ; Показано, що у процесі взаємодії між владою та суспільством його вихідним моментом є легітимація влади в очах громадян. Зазначено, що демократичні процедури у плюралістичному суспільстві стають базисом легітимності влади. Зауважено, що центральним елементом демократичної легітимації влади та однією з найважливіших складових комунікації влади і суспільства є вибори. Вказано, що у ході електорального процесу численні групові та індивідуальні ідентичності, що існують у суспільстві, у певний спосіб артикулюють себе в публічному просторі, у відкритому та визначеному певними правилами суперництві з іншими. Зазначено, що така артикуляція стає однією з передумов для формування загальнонаціональної ідентичності громадян держави. Доведено, що спільна національна ідея/ідеологія та демократичні засади політичного співжиття є взаємопов'язаними чинниками, оскільки саме формування спільної ідентичності через діалог, через інтеграцію цінностей прав людини, політичних та громадянських свобод до цілої багатовимірної конструкції національної ідентичності може бути фактором консолідації суспільства.

Problem setting.National identity is a multidimensional, complex phenomenon in which political and cultural (ethnic) factors combine and interact in some way.The question of their relationship, interaction and share in the formation of national communities has been the subject of long-standing debate.In Ukraine in a wide publicspacethe ethnic paradigm of the nation dominates, according to which the phenomenon of the nation is maximally identified with the ethnos politically organized in its state.In academic circles, there is a much more complex vision of the essence of the nation.However, in the context of the problem of further development of Ukrainian national identity and national consolidation of Ukrainians, many authors focus primarily on the importance of the cultural factor.But, the importance of political factors of national consolidation is markedly underestimated.In particular, the question of the role of institutions of representative democracy and democratic political culture in the process of strengthening the current Ukrainian national identity, the difficulties and opportunities associated with them, is on the margins.Recent research and publications analysis. In Ukraine, awide range of different aspects of the formation of modern Ukrainian national identity has been the subject of coverage in the monographs of M. Stepyko, M. Rozumny, articles by N. Pidberezhnyk, D. Kravchenko, O.Shaparenko, and other researchers.In the context of the analysis of the problem of national consolidation of Ukraine, A. Kolodiy presented her vision of the essence of the phenomenon of nation and national identity.In the collective monograph of scientists of the Institute of State and Law named afterV. Koretsky presents an analysis of the specifics of the identity of the population of certain regions of Ukraine, proposals for effective mechanisms for its integration into the Ukrainian common national identity.Distinctive narratives of national identity that exist in Ukraine have been the subject of research by American political scientist K. Korostelina.British / Ukrainian researcher T. Kuzio addressed the problem of the interaction of different identity options and democratization processes in Ukraine in the post-Soviet period.In their reflections, these authors offered, in particular, the different visions of the share of political, ethnic and cultural components of national identity, the dynamics of their interaction in the process of national formation of modern Ukraine.Ofparticular note are the publications of Yu. Ruban, who pointed out, also in the Ukrainian context, the close interdependence between democratic institutions and national identity.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The relationship between the processes of formation of modern Ukrainian national identity and democratic values as its important and necessary component, democratic institutions, in particular, electoral and potential ways of national consolidation of Ukrainian citizens, needs to be studied in more detail.Thepurpose of thearticle is to determine the place and role of institutions of representative democracy in the processes of formation of Ukrainian national identity, in particular, taking into account current political changes, identifying related challenges and opportunities.Paper main body. For almost three decades of Ukraine's independent state existence, its political development has taken place within the framework of democratic political institutions and has been carried out through the mechanisms of representative democracy.In the process of state/national development of Ukraine, the formation of its current national identity, the basic institutional components of democratic political procedures have proved to be a mandatory and permanent factor.In the process of interaction between the government and society, its starting point is the legitimation of power in the eyes of citizens.Citizens' perception of state power as legitimate appears to be in some way connected with the process of asserting national identity in its political dimension.It is democratic procedures in a pluralistic society that become the basis of the legitimacy of power.The central element of the democratic legitimization of power and one of the most important components of communication between government and society is elections, which in this aspect are essentially a factor in the formation of national identity.In the course of the electoral process, numerous group and individual identities that exist in society, in a certain way, manifest themselves in public space, in open and defined by certain rules rivalry with others.The common national idea / ideology and democratic principles of political coexistence are interrelated factors, because the formation of a common identity through dialogue, through the integration of human rights, political and civil liberties into the whole multidimensional construction of national identity can be a factor in consolidating society.Encouraging the integration of linguistic, ethnic and other minorities into the social and political space of a single state on the basis of interculturalism will thus contribute to the formation of a common civic identity in people with different (but at the same time in no way isolated from each other) cultural identities.Citizens' perceptions of the state as an institution that takes into account their interests and values, a greater level of civic participation in decision-making and implementation will ultimately mean greater efficiency of democratic governance, thus contributing to socio-economic progress and stability of the entire socio-political system.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The task of forming an image of national identity capable of integrating around itself, around the Ukrainian core, the achievements and values of various ethnic, linguistic and cultural minorities, politically united by the borders of the Ukrainian state, remains relevant.In this context, democratic institutionsand values,forming the basis for constructive public articulation of different points of view and interests, have the potential to promote more effective government and intergroup communication, reduce conflict in society, feelings of alienation between government and certain groups.Further prospects for research in this area are a more detailed analysis of the relationship between the democratic mechanisms of public communication and the peculiarities of the formation of the current Ukrainian national identity and national consolidation. In particular, in this context, the appropriate influence of the specifics of electoral procedures and processes, different forms of government needs to be considered separately. ; Показано, що у процесі взаємодії між владою та суспільством його вихідним моментом є легітимація влади в очах громадян. Зазначено, що демократичні процедури у плюралістичному суспільстві стають базисом легітимності влади. Зауважено, що центральним елементом демократичної легітимації влади та однією з найважливіших складових комунікації влади і суспільства є вибори. Вказано, що у ході електорального процесу численні групові та індивідуальні ідентичності, що існують у суспільстві, у певний спосіб артикулюють себе в публічному просторі, у відкритому та визначеному певними правилами суперництві з іншими. Зазначено, що така артикуляція стає однією з передумов для формування загальнонаціональної ідентичності громадян держави. Доведено, що спільна національна ідея/ідеологія та демократичні засади політичного співжиття є взаємопов'язаними чинниками, оскільки саме формування спільної ідентичності через діалог, через інтеграцію цінностей прав людини, політичних та громадянських свобод до цілої багатовимірної конструкції національної ідентичності може бути фактором консолідації суспільства.

This is a continuation of dialogue on pushing boundaries in dissertation work as we continue to research on and write about the counternarratives of curriculum of schools, neighborhoods, and communities in the U. S. South. We explore creative ways to push methodological and representational boundaries to liberate dissertation writing by diving into life and writing into contradiction in schools, families, and communities in the U. S. South. Through visual/graphic/multimedia presentations, reader's theater, spoken word, drama, and performance, the presenters will illustrate diverse forms of dissertation research and representations such as critical race narrative inquiry, critical geography/critical dis/ability studies, critical multiracial/mixed racial fictional auto/biographical inquiry, multiperspectival poetic inquiry, multiperspectival cultural studies, womanist currere, critical portraiture, memoir, fiction, oral history, documentary film, and painting. Innovative writings engendered from the inquiries will be demonstrated. Potentials, challenges, and future directions of creative inquiries and representations will be discussed. There are three purposes to this session. One purpose of this presentation is to share our experience of moving beyond methodological and representational boundaries to liberate dissertation writing by diving into life and writing into contradiction in schools, families, and communities in the U. S. South. The second purpose is to explore creative ways to engage in and write about research and embed inquiry in school, neighborhood, and community life to transform research into positive social and educational change. Another purpose is to engage the audience from diverse research paradigms in discussions on how diverse forms of curriculum inquiry and modes of representation and expression help capture cultural, linguistic, and socio-political poetics of personal, community, and historical narrative; address pressing issues and contemporary concerns; make impact on practice, policy, and historical, social, political, economic, geographical, cultural, linguistic, and ecological contexts; and advance curriculum theorizing and praxis toward social justice. The potentials, challenges, and future directions of various inquiries and representations are also discussed. We begin with an overview of diverse forms of curriculum inquiry and modes of representation and expression with the intent to imagine and recognize possibilities to push methodological and representational boundaries to liberate dissertation writing. We then invigorate exploratory conversations on forms of inquiry modes of representation and expression that challenge traditional ways of engaging in, interpreting, and writing about research. We invite curriculum inquirers to engage in activist oriented research and writing, transcend inquiry boundaries, raise challenging questions, transgress orthodoxy and dogma, and research silenced narratives of underrepresented or disenfranchised individuals and groups with hearts and minds (Ayers, 2004, 2006; He & Ayers, 2008; hooks, 1994, 2003) to build a long term and heart felt participatory movement to promote cultural, linguistic, and ecological diversity and flourishing plurality of humanity (Schubert, 2009). The power of such inquiries and representations lies in its potential to locate experience within complex social, cultural, and linguistic contexts and enable researchers to dive into life and write into contradiction. Such inquiries and representations enable the researchers to develop a deeper understanding of cultural research phenomena, inquiry contexts, modes of inquiry, forms of representation, and possible educational and social changes engendered by research and writing. Such inquiries and representations thrive on the passionate involvement, commitment and advocacy of the researchers, and help cultivate hope and possibilities for better lives as experienced in diverse schools, families, and communities. Please list individual presentations within the session (see attached for details) Individual Presentations Within the Session: Presentation #1: Research on Counternarratives of Curriculum in Schools, Neighborhoods, and Communities in the South Ming Fang He, Georgia Southern University Presentation #2: Research on the Lived Experience of Chinese International Students at a Non-Research I University in the U. S. South Yiming Jin, Georgia Southern University (TA & Doctoral Fellow in Curriculum Studies; Email: Yiming Jin, or ) Presentation #3: Counternarratives of Students with Significant Disabilities in One Rural Elementary School in Georgia Christy Howard, Georgia Southern University (Teacher & Doctoral Candidate in Curriculum Studies; Email: Christy Howard ) Presentation #4: Counterstories of African American Students in a Racialized School System in Georgia Chanda R. Hardiman, Georgia Southern University (Teacher & Doctoral Candidate in Curriculum Studies; Emails: Chanda R. Hardiman or ) Presentation #5: Culturally Contested Curriculum? Developing Culturally Sustaining Curriculum for the Classical Education of African American Students in an Urban Georgia Middle School Ellen M. Hotchkiss, Georgia Southern University (Teacher & Doctoral Candidate in Curriculum Studies; Emails: Ellen M. Hotchkiss ) Presentation #6: Como se dice Learning: A Critical Ethnographic Linguistic Inquiry into Successful Foreign Language Learners in A Suburban Southeastern US High School Kathleen E. Barbara, Georgia Southern University (Teacher & Doctoral Candidate in Curriculum Studies; Emails: Kathleen E. Barbara ) Presentation #7: Teaching with Passion: Indigenous Thought and Storywork Ashley E. West, Georgia Southern University (Teacher & Doctoral Candidate in Curriculum Studies; Emails: Ashley E. West ) Presentation #8: Culturally Contested Curriculum? Developing Culturally Sustaining Curriculum for the Classical Education of African American Students in an Urban Georgia Middle School Mary E. Negley, Georgia Southern University (Teacher & Doctoral Candidate in Curriculum Studies; Emails: Mary Negley or ) Presentation #9: Cross-Cultural Narrative Inquiry into the Experience of Chinese Ethnic Minority Teachers Studying in US Universities Ru Li, Georgia Southern University (TA, Instructor, & Doctoral Candidate in Curriculum Studies; Emails: Ru Li ) Presentation #10: Using Fiction in High School English Language Classrooms Eden A. Evans, Georgia Southern University (Teacher & Doctoral Candidate in Curriculum Studies; Emails: Eden A. Evans or ) Presentation #11: Languages, Cultures, and Identities: Experiences of HBCU Students in a Study Abroad Program in Costa Rica Irina Tedrick, Georgia Southern University (University Instructor & Doctoral Candidate in Curriculum Studies; Emails: Irina Tedrick or ) Presentation #12: Place, Space, and the Education of Auditory-Oral Deaf Students in the Inclusion Classrooms: A Teacher's Performative Memoir Tracy L. Edenfield, Georgia Southern University (Teacher & Doctoral Candidate in Curriculum Studies; Emails: Tracy L. Edenfield or ) Presentation #13: Teaching with Passion and Compassion: Stories of Successes, Obstacles, and Dreams of Dedicated Educators in Public Schools in Georgia Erin P. Scroggs, Georgia Southern University (Teacher & Doctoral Candidate in Curriculum Studies; Emails: Erin P. Scroggs or ) Presentation #14: Between "Suicide and Murder": Post-Structural Reflections on Language Learning, Power, and Alterity Jennifer J. Bowers, Georgia Southern University (Teacher & Doctoral Candidate in Curriculum Studies; Emails: Jennifer J. Bowers or ) Presentation #15: Exploring Unwanted Roads Traveled on the Curriculum Roadmap of Life Katherine F. Wyatt, Georgia Southern University (Teacher & Doctoral Candidate in Curriculum Studies; Emails: Katherine F. Wyatt or ) Presentation #16: Joys and Fears of A Black Mother Raising Her Son in the US South: A Memoir Alethea Coleman, Georgia Southern University (Teacher & Doctoral Candidate in Curriculum Studies; Emails: Alethea Coleman )

El govern electrònic es descriu com l'ús de tecnologies de la informació i la comunicació en els processos de govern. El potencial de les TIC per transformar les organitzacions governamentals en altres més eficients, accessibles i que responguin és àmpliament reconegut. Segons Eurostat, la despesa total del sector públic EU28 el 2014 va representar el 48,1% del seu PIB (49,0% per l'EA-19). Així doncs, l'impacte econòmic d'aquesta transformació és de capital importància pel creixement econòmic. Mesurar el progrés del govern electrònic és cabdal per gestionar els recursos públics, fer més curta la transició i aconseguir els objectius proposats. Tanmateix, no hi ha treballs acadèmics sobre l'avaluació de l'e-administració a les ciutats. No existeixen metodologies per dur a terme avaluacions comparatives internacional, ni referents per comparar la qualitat dels serveis públics. Això fa difícil d'aprendre de les experiències d'altri. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és el de contribuir al millor coneixement del govern electrònic a les ciutats a través del disseny i implementació d'una metodologia d'avaluació comparativa. Una metodologia per dur a terme benchmarking del e-govern local en l'àmbit internacional basant-se en la comparació de serveis proporcionats per les administracions locals. Una metodologia que promou l'aprenentatge i no la competició entre les ciutats participants. Després d'una revisió detallada de l'estat de la qüestió de l'avaluació comparativa del govern electrònic local, s'exposa el procés seguit per definir la metodologia d'avaluació comparativa que agrupa de manera significativa els serveis tenint en compte la seva prevalença. S'ha prestat especial atenció al mesurament de l'adopció, ja que és fonamental per avaluar l'impacte dels serveis públics electrònics. La metodologia s'aplica en una mesura Europea, els resultats de la qual es presenten i discuteixen. Quatre anys després es mesura l'impacte d'aquest benchmarking. Les respostes obtingudes confirmen la validesa de la metodologia. A la vegada, es proposen millores a la metodologia i posa de manifest la necessitat d'actualitzar el catàleg de serveis. Finalment, la investigació explora l'extensió de la nova metodologia per tal d'avaluar també els serveis que es poden trobar en una Smart City a aplanant així el camí per a l'aplicació de la metodologia en aquest nou escenari. ; E-government is generally described as the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in government processes. The potential of ICT to transform governmental organizations into more efficient, accessible and accountable ones is widely recognized. Taking into account that according to EUROSTAT, the total EU28 public sector expenditure in 2014 represented 48.1% of its GDP, and that this percentage was 49.0% for the EA-19, the economic impact of such a transformation is of capital importance for economic growth. All national governments, nearly all subnational governments, and most local governments of any size are adopting and expanding innovative means of delivering government information and service by means of a quick technology adoption process. This is a transformation characterized by intensive ICT use and adoption of new organizational paradigms. But in addition to changes in internal processes, e-government impacts the relationship with citizens, which is shifting towards "one-stop-shops" supported by a more intelligent organization able to know who the citizen is and what the citizen's needs are in each case. In other words, public organizations are reforming themselves to be more proactive and provide services to citizens more efficiently. Putting the focus at local level public government agencies, it can be seen that cities and municipalities develop an important number of functions related to urban management such as traffic, public transport, the environment, cleaning, garbage collection, street lighting, culture, education, welfare, crime control and civil protection among others. In some countries, cities are also responsible for providing basic services such as water, gas and electricity. All these specific functions are not found at other levels of government and therefore introduce special features to local e-government. At present, the way cities are managed and developed is starting to transform dramatically thanks to the intensive application of ICT, leading to what is known as the smart city phenomenon. New developments and technologies, derived from the introduction of sensor elements and the collection and processing of large amounts of data, are improving or even "reinventing" functions directly related to the provision and management of urban services. At the same time, this transformation aims to reduce the environmental impact of city activities. Measuring e-government progress is of capital importance to manage public resources, shorter the transition to achieve a successful end. However, a review of the most recent papers published reveals a lack of academic literature and scientific reports devoted to the evaluation of e-administration at city level. There are no methodologies to perform international benchmarking of e-administration tailored to local government specificities. There are no common references established to compare the quality of public services in different cities. Therefore, it remains hard to learn from others' experiences around the world. The aim of this PhD thesis is to contribute to a better knowledge of the local e-government phenomena by designing and implementing a benchmarking methodology. The methodology proposed is oriented to perform local e-government benchmarking at international level, based on the e-services provided by local administrations. It promotes the learning aspects of a comparative evaluation instead of the competition among participant cities. After a detailed review of the state of the art in local e-Government benchmarking, the research deals with a bottom-up process to define the benchmarking methodology which groups meaningfully services taking into account prevalence. Special attention has been paid to the adoption measurement, as it is crucial to evaluate the actual impact of electronic public services. This methodology is applied in a European measurement, and the results are discussed. The impact of such benchmarking is assessed four years afterwards by means of a survey. The feedback received confirms the utility of such benchmarking, at the same time, it provides information for improvements of the methodology and shows the need to update the catalogue of services. Finally, the research explores the extensions required to allow benchmarking the new generation of smart city services, thus paving the way for its applicability in a Smart City context.