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Das Zeitalter der Marktwirtschaft erfordert die Etablierung geeigneter Kartellgesetze und der Schaffung von Wettbewerb. Im Rahmen der Globalisierung hat man sich die Frage zu stellen, welche völkerrechtlichen Herausforderungen in Bezug auf kartellrechtliche Sachverhalte mit Auslandsbezug bestehen und wie diese bestmöglich gehandhabt werden können. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden zunächst unilaterale Maßnahmen der Kartellrechtserstreckung bei Sachverhalten mit Auslandsbezug einer völkerrechtlichen Analyse unterworfen und insbesondere die Perspektive der Entwicklungsländer und der Zivilgesellschaft einer näheren Betrachtung unterzogen. Bilaterale Maßnahmen in Form von rechtlich verbindlichen Kooperationsvereinbarungen wie auch nicht verbindliche soft law Instrumente versuchen den Problemen einseitiger Maßnahmen bei der Handhabe kartellrechtlicher Sachverhalte mit Auslandsbezug Einhalt zu gebieten. Durch die Förderung von technical assistance und capacity building wird versucht, die Etablierung effizienter Kartellrechtssysteme in Entwicklungsländern zu unterstützen. Im Gegensatz dazu bieten multilaterale Ansätze die Möglichkeit, einen umfassenden Regelungskatalog eines globalen Wettbewerbsrechts zu errichten. Bislang gibt es jedoch ausschließlich soft law Instrumente und kein verbindliches Vertragswerk. Zahlreiche Autoren haben trotzdem die Ideen eines multilateralen Vertragswerkes wieder aufgegriffen. Fox, Drexl und Basedow unterbreiten ein nach konstitutionalistischen Gesichtspunkten orientiertes Konzept, während Petersmann bei seinen Vorschlägen die Einbettung der WTO in das Völkerrechtsregime im Allgemeinen berücksichtigt und sowohl die Beachtung der Entwicklungsländer als auch der Zivilgesellschaft vorwiegend aus einer menschenrechtlichen und demokratiepolitischen Betrachtungsweise propagiert. Der eigene Vorschlag lehnt sich an das Konzept von Petersmann an, versucht aber auch andere Gesichtspunkte in die rechtliche Analyse miteinzubeziehen. ; In the age of market economy, the establishment of adequate competition laws and the creation of competition itself have never been more important. In the course of globalization especially competition cases with foreign elements evoke tremendous legal challenges. Within the scope of this paper, those legal challenges are being carefully analyzed, primarily in the context of international law. At the unilateral level the extraterritorial application of competition laws, the role of developing countries, civil society and individuals in general, are in the focus of research. Bilateral mechanisms, such as non binding soft law instruments but also binding cooperation agreements try to counteract existing problems at the purely unilateral level. By the promotion of competition advocacy, technical assistance and capacity building developing countries should be fostered to eract efficient competition laws and market economy. On the contrary, mulitlateral approaches try to overcome problems arising at the bilateral level, within a much broader context. So far, only non binding soft law instruments exist. Nonetheless, many legal scholars made fruitful proposals for a possible future multilateral competition agreement, like a world competition law and the establishment of the ICPO. Fox, Drexl and Basedow recommend the establishment of a multilateral agreement with WTO specific constiutionalist principles. Petersmann takes in consideration the role of the WTO within the global international law regime and calls for an enhanced regard of developing countries? needs and the integration of civil society within a possible future competition law agreement. The author?s own proposal refers to Petersmann?s proposal of a possible competition law agreement at the mulitlateral level but tries to take in consideration additional aspects which have not been mentioned so far. ; von Elisabeth Hoffberger ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2012 ; (VLID)224543

This book is about international humanitarian law or - as it is also called - the "law of armed conflict"or "law of war". It emerged from a series of lectures delivered at the Hague Academy of International Law. The author deals with war and the means by which international law attempts to contain and, as it were, "humanize" organized violence. But the ambitions of the author go beyond the battlefield. The book explores the many complex ways in which law functions to regulate warfare, in theory and practice. The author looks into treaties and other sources of international law, but he also tri

This book presents an innovative approach to research in International Relations by examining12 theoretical contributions to the field as competing narrative bids. It demonstrates the pervasive nature of storytelling and considers narratives as a means of causal explanation in the human sciences. By introducing four classic literary plot structures with their respective characters, events, moods and denouements, the book divides IR literature into tragedies, romances/epics, comedies and ironic/satirical stories. For each plot type, its characteristic features, logic and appeal are first reprised through some well-known prose examples before being employed in the analysis of major IR texts. King Lear, for example, helps bring out the tragic logic of Politics among Nations, and Sleeping Beauty demonstrates the romantic appeal inherent in The End of History. Twelfth Night is used to approach The Transformation of Political Community as a comedy, and A Modest Proposal paves the way for the examination of Bananas, Beaches and Bases as irony/satire. Rather than assess the absolute merits and shortcomings of the competing theories, the book discusses the relative strengths and weaknesses of stories that adhere to different plots in giving meaning to actors and events in the international arena. Discussing a broad range of theories, this text will be of interest to scholars and students of International Relations and World Politics, including various subcommunities such as specialists in peace research and Feminist IR.

This article uses Rousseau's little-known responses to the Abbé de Saint-Pierre's Project for Perpetual Peace and his fragments on 'The State of War' as a foil for Rawls's claim that the international society he envisions in The Law of Peoples constitutes a 'realistic utopia'. The main conclusion is that in a post-9/11 world Rousseau may have more to teach us about the possibilities for international security than Rawls does, since Rousseau's theory accounts for the moral corruptibility of both individuals and groups. Most of the article focuses on comparing Rousseau's and Rawls's assumptions about human nature, but the final section also includes a brief discussion of their contrasting views of reason and the common good. The two philosophers agree, however, that the possibilities for international justice can only evolve out of the careful practice of local justice

In my contribution today, I will focus on the role of the philanthropic community in promoting international law. For at least a century, philanthropists, mainly from the Global North, have been engaged in the discussions of the development of international law and its principles and sometimes, they even shaped these discussions. Yet, the contributions by the philanthropic community very often stay in the shadows, especially among international lawyers. Private foundations have been increasingly influential and very often if not for their support, we might not have seen the flourishing of some international institutions or international legal concepts. Here are a few examples.

WITHIN THE COMMUNITY OF ACADEMIC STUDENTS OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS TODAY THERE IS A DEEP EPISTEMOLOGICAL RIFT OVER THE EXTENT TO AND WAYS IN WHICH THEY CAN KNOW THEIR SUBJECT. THE AUTHOR DISCUSSES MARTIN HOLLIS AND STEVE SMITH'S BOOK, "EXPLAINING AND UNDERSTANDING INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS." AGAINST HOLLIS AND SMITH, HE ARGUES THAT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EXPLANATION AND UNDERSTANDING SHOULD BE SEEN AS A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO KINDS OF QUESTIONS, CAUSAL AND CONSTITUTIVE, WHICH ARE ROUTINELY ASKED IN BOTH NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE.

1. Introduction: Studying the Impact of International Norms on Islamist Politics 1. - 2. The Western Critique of Liberalism: Communitarianism 15. - 3. Islamist Critiques of Liberalism: 'Abduh, Quṭb, al-Ṣadr and Khomeini 37. - 4. Islamism as Communitarianism: A comparative Analysis65. - 5. The Rise of Political Shi'ism in Lebanon 83. - 6. Non-Combatant Immunity and Israel-Hezbollah Wars: The Case of the April Understanding 99. - 7. Hezbollah and Human Rights Legislation in the Lebanese Parliament 115. - 8. Hezbollah and UNSC Resolutions 1559 and 1701 137. - 9. Community, Person and International Norms in Hezbollah's Political Language: Comparing the 1985 Open Letter and the 2009 Political Document 161. - 10. Conclusions: the Impact of International Norms on Islamist Politics 185

Public international law, through its rules regulating the dealings between independent nations, purports to impose limits on the actions of all governments, including those of the United States. In this context American lawyers interested in foreign relations may reasonably wonder whether American courts would enforce rules of public international law purporting to bind the United States against the United States government, particularly the executive branch. A fair number of Supreme Court cases have dealt with the enforce ability of treaties in American courts.' Treaties, however, are only one source of international law. The other important source, customary international law, is neither expressly mentioned in the Constitution nor much discussed in Supreme Court cases. Customary international law also differs in important respects from treaties. Treaties are by necessity purely consensual arrangements between the parties. Rules of customary law, as the definition implies, are matters of general practice that can come into existence if a practice can fairly be labelled "general." Thus, a state that did not actively participate in the practice that culminated in the creation of a rule could find itself bound by the rule anyway, at least if that state did not actively dissent during the period of the rule's gestation. Recently, the question whether the federal courts have the authority to compel the President to adhere to rules of customary international law has drawn comment from writers interested in the subject. Some have taken the position that the courts in fact possess such authority, at least when Congress has not by statute established for the United States a rule different from that which international law would apply to the issue in question.' According to these writers, one withstanding to complain of a contemplated presidential action that would violate customary international law should be able to obtain from a federal court an injunction forbidding the action. For example, some have suggested that ...

This article explores the role of reflexivity in negotiating the researcher's positions while undertaking qualitative research in an international setting. Negotiating my positions between a researcher and a student and/or practitioner, and an insider and an outsider was complicated. This article suggests that endogenous and referential reflexivity can contribute towards reflecting a researcher's positionality and its potential influence on the research process and findings.

"Internationale Organisationen greifen insbesondere seit dem Ende des Ost-West-Konflikts verstärkt in innergesellschaftliche Prozesse ein und treten immer öfter in direkte Herrschaftsbeziehungen mit Individuen. Die Einsätze zum Aufbau politischer Strukturen in Nachkriegsgesellschaften sind hierfür das augenfälligste Beispiel. Im Zuge dieser Entwicklung kam es zur Verletzung von Menschenrechten direkt durch internationale Organisationen. Als besonders gravierende Beispiele gelten die Fälle sexuellen Missbrauchs im Kontext von Friedensmissionen der UNO. Es wird zudem behauptet, dass es auch im Rahmen der Strukturanpassungsprogramme des IWF und der Weltbank zu Menschenrechtsverletzungen gekommen sei. Direkte Herrschaftsbeziehungen führen freilich auch umgekehrt dazu, dass normative Ansprüche hinsichtlich des Schutzes grundlegender Rechte direkt an internationale Organisationen herangetragen werden. In dem geplanten Projekt wollen wir deshalb der Frage nachgehen, wann internationale Organisationen diese Ansprüche anerkennen und Verfahren einrichten, mit denen der Schutz von Menschenrechten gewährleistet werden kann. Konkret soll untersucht werden, unter welchen Bedingungen internationale Organisationen auf den Vorwurf, eine ihrer Politiken verletze Menschenrechte, mit der Einrichtung entsprechender Verfahren reagieren. Dabei soll es vor allem darum gehen, Kausalmechanismen und deren Rahmenbedingungen zu identifizieren und zu gewichten. Außerdem wollen wir Erkenntnisse darüber gewinnen, ob entsprechende Reformen internationaler Organisationen als Ausdruck der Etablierung einer neuen generellen Norm angesehen werden können. Das Projekt soll einen Beitrag zur Forschung über die neuen Funktionsweisen internationaler Institutionen im Zeitalter der Globalisierung leisten. Zudem soll es zur Weiterentwicklung der Forschung zur Diffusion von Normen im Allgemeinen und von Menschenrechts- und rule of law-Normen im Speziellen beitragen, indem die Möglichkeit sowohl einer vertikalen Diffusion von Normen auf die internationale Ebene als auch der horizontalen Diffusion von Normen auf der internationalen Ebene diskutiert wird." (Autorenreferat)