Suchergebnisse

Abstract
In this article we analyse local community-based concepts and practices related to establishing a new middle-class identity when under social and "environmental" pressure. We based our ethnographic inquiry in "RA" – a Warsaw suburb – well-known as a former village but now a location for industry and waste-processing plants. Its vicinity, despite being populated, is polluted by heavy traffic, noise and an unpleasant odour, all of which recently have become the stimulus for social mobilisation and intense criticism toward the local authorities and an inconsiderate urbanisation policy. A key role here is played by two organisations, both exerting a strong influence on the new middle/creative class living in gated communities – a novel phenomenon for the local sociocultural landscape. We argue that this activism and struggle for a clean environment is rooted in the post-1989 Polish politico-economic transformation and the emergence of new middle-class identity projects. Thus, we reveal that sustainable urbanisation and "green policies" in Poland are embedded in middle-class identities, and gain momentum especially when class identity and image are under threat.

The resettlement of herders in pastoral zones is often criticized for hindering pastoral mobility, which is essential to survival. We integrate narratives of conflict and environmental change with maps to demonstrate the complementarity between pastoral mobility – porous borders – and border demarcation – rigid borders. We use evidence from the Sondré-Est Pastoral Zone in southern Burkina Faso, where herders were voluntarily resettled near agricultural villages following the droughts of the 1970s. Over time, however, farmers encroached on the borders of the pastoral zone and surrounding grazing areas declined. This increased land-use disputes. Tensions were exacerbated by the fact that these communities kept maps as community secrets. We re-created the administrative boundaries of the pastoral zone to map land-use/land-cover changes and conflict hot spots. The maps show that conflicts happened along porous borders where agricultural fields encroached. Herders called for a clear demarcation of the border of the pastoral zone to preserve exclusive access to resources within it. Simultaneously, they also wanted to maintain shared access to other resources outside the pastoral zone. The herders' desire for both border clarity and some form of flexibility underlines the complementary between both processes, especially in times of resource scarcity and land-use conflict. The mystery around the maps helps sustain ambiguity that is key for pursuing both goals. Keywords: GIS, land-use and land-cover change, farmer-herder border conflicts, pastoral mobility, Sahel, Burkina Faso

AIM: This paper provides an institutional ethnographic analysis of how advance care planning discussions, which included advance decisions about serious illness, hospital admission and Do Not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (DNACPR) forms, were systematically placed into the hands of senior social care workers (SSCWs) in a residential care home (RCH). RCHs are care settings where there are no on-site nurses, and access to hospital and/or community doctors and nurses is limited. METHODS: The paper traces the organising features of day-to-day work gathered from interviews with SSCWs (n = 4) and others (n = 6) whose (well-intentioned) work shaped what happened in the RCH. RESULTS: It shows how the experience of SSCWs was socially organised to happen as it did as they (and others) complied with powerful organising texts such as national and local policy documents, care plans and audit forms. The paper concludes that although SSCWs decision-making conversations were out of alignment with the national DNACPR policy, they cannot simply be described as poor practice. This is because they were socially organised by a complex web of institutional practices related to the occupancy rate in the RCH, the inspection process of the care home scrutiny body, the quality assurance process of the RCH company, the funding of palliative care education, and powerful political and fiscal drives to reduce spending on over-75s. These practices had little to do with the actual care needs of RCH residents or the actual support needs of RCH staff. CONCLUSIONS: The paper points towards necessary policy changes. It also highlights how 'competent' work driven by ideological institutional practices can result in ethically troubling situations in day-to-day working life. This emphasises the importance of carefully examining the social organisation of situations typically described as poor practice if we are to understand how they are (re)produced. It also offers a different account of care home deaths than is typically presented in the ...

This article outlines a novel application of meta-ethnographic synthesis in the analysis of multiple ethnographic case studies of youth activism emanating from a large transnational European research project. Although meta-ethnography is used increasingly as an alternative to systematic review for the synthesis of published qualitative studies, it is not widely applied to the synthesis of primary data. This article suggests such a use is not precluded epistemologically and potentially addresses a growing need as ethnography itself becomes increasingly 'multi-sited'. The article outlines the practical process of adapting meta-ethnography to primary data analysis drawing on the synthesis of 44 ethnographic cases of youth activism and provides a worked example of the translation of cases and resulting 'line of argument'. It discusses the challenges and limitations of the approach in particular the danger that, in extracting the general from the specific, the key quality of qualitative data – individual differentiation – is diminished.

The movement away from task-oriented care toward the consistent provision of person-centered care (i.e., care based on care recipients' needs and preferences) is widely recognized as the goal of the residential care culture change movement. In 2009, I embarked on a PhD study to explore why the attainment of this goal has remained elusive for many residential care facilities, despite significant effort to alter practice. Based on the complexity of my research question, and because my ultimate aim for this study was to enable practice change in residential care facilities, I selected institutional ethnography as my method of enquiry. In an institutional ethnography, the textually mediated work processes that influence the day-to-day work practices of study participants are examined. Thus, I explored the social organization of residential care facilities by observing resident care attendants' work practices and examining the interaction of those practices with institutional texts. This case study provides an account of some of the practical aspects of using institutional ethnography as a method of enquiry in residential healthcare settings. The case sheds light on the particular challenges of conducting research in institutional healthcare settings and including individuals with dementia as study participants. Finally, the case will demonstrate the advantages of applying institutional ethnography as a method of enquiry when the ultimate goal of one's study is to produce changes in the "way things work."

Ethnography: Step-by-Step (3rd ed.) is a book that introduces novice researchers to the practice of ethnographic research. It provides an overview of ethnography, a discussion of methods and techniques utilized in the field, a guide to the use of ethnographic equipment, and basic tenets of the process of analyzing data. In addition, it provides important strategies for writing up the results and a valuable discussion of ethics.

Der Beitrag basiert auf einer Meta-Analyse ethnographischer Studien zu den Auswirkungen von auf Individualisierung ausgerichteten Programmatiken und Politiken auf schwedische Schulen und Hochschulen und fokussiert die Themen Inklusion und Milieu/Klasse im schwedischen Bildungssystem. Nach einer Einführung in die Veränderungen im schwedischen Bildungssystem werden der methodische Zugang und die Ergebnisse der Studie vorgestellt. Insbesondere werden Spannungen zwischen dem Inklusionsanspruch einerseits sowie Individualisierungs- und Privatisierungstendenzen andererseits identifiziert. Vor dem Hintergrund einer fortgesetzten Reproduktion von Ungleichheitsverhältnissen im Zuge von Individualisierungsprozessen wird besondere Aufmerksamkeit auf diesen Aspekt gelegt. (DIPF/Orig.) ; Based on a meta-analysis of ethnographic research about the impacts of individualisation policies in Swedish schools and higher education, this paper examines issues of inclusion and social class in the Swedish education system. After an introduction into changes in the Swedish education system and the method of meta-ethnography, we will characterise the meta-ethnographical analysis undertaken and present a discussion of its results. Tensions between claims of educational inclusion and tendencies of individualisation and privatisation are identified. Specific attention is drawn to issues of social class due to a further un-evening in the education system as a result of individualisation. (DIPF/Orig.)

The use of 'shamanism' and/or neuropsychology in the interpretation of rock art imagery has been much contested, with opinions often polarized between so–called 'shamaniacs' and 'shamanophobes' who support or oppose these lines of enquiry, respectively. Ethnographic analyses have, arguably, suffered most in this controversy. In this article I explore Layard's ethnography of the bwili or 'flying tricksters' of Malakula, Melanesia, to interpret rock art in the northwest of the island – in the same region and, apparently, of the same era as Layard's bwili. In contrast to uncritical shamaniac interpretations and their misleading equation of 'entoptics = shamanism', and as a challenge to the criticisms of shamanophobes, I theorize the term 'shamanisms', scrutinize Layard's ethnography, and critically apply Lewis–Williams and Dowson's (1988) neuropsychological model to interpret the rock art of northwest Malakula. The article therefore seeks to reinstate these approaches – ethnography and neuropsychology – as complementary elements in the interpretation of rock art.