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During the 1990s international policy highlighted the psychological effect of war on populations and promoted psychosocial programmes to facilitate psychological healing. The rapid rise of concern for war trauma is influenced by the contemporary Anglo-American therapeutic ethos, which analyses political, economic and social issues in terms of cycles of emotional dysfunctions. The article critically examines the development of an international therapeutic paradigm. The article contends that international therapeutic governance pathologizes war-affected populations as psychologically dysfunctional and lacking the capacity for self-government without extensive external empowerment. Yet international therapeutic governance may actually inhibit post-war recovery even as its model of therapeutic justice and development seeks that populations lower their expectations of the peace and curb their aspirations.

Deterrence has been a crucial element in fighting terrorism, both in politics and in rational choice analyses of terrorism. However, there are two strategies that are superior to deterrence. The first one is to make terrorist attacks less devastating and less attractive to terrorists through decentralization. The second one is to raise the opportunity cost - rather than the material cost - for terrorists. These alternative strategies will effectively dissuade potential terrorists. It is here argued that they not only apply to society as a whole but can also usefully be applied by business enterprises. Al-Qaida is no longer the organization it once was. Most of the group's senior leadership is dead or in custody, its membership on the run, and its capabilities sharply degraded. More than 3,400 al-Qaida suspects have been arrested or detained worldwide. Virtually every country in the world has expressed support for the war on terrorist financing: 173 nations have issued orders to freeze terrorist assets, more than 100 countries have introduced new legislation to fight terrorist financing, and 84 countries have established financial intelligence units to share information. The term terrorism means premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. The term international terrorism means terrorism involving citizens or the territory of more than one country. The term terrorist group means any group practicing, or that has significant subgroups that practice, international terrorism.

This article uses Rousseau's little-known responses to the Abbé de Saint-Pierre's Project for Perpetual Peace and his fragments on 'The State of War' as a foil for Rawls's claim that the international society he envisions in The Law of Peoples constitutes a 'realistic utopia'. The main conclusion is that in a post-9/11 world Rousseau may have more to teach us about the possibilities for international security than Rawls does, since Rousseau's theory accounts for the moral corruptibility of both individuals and groups. Most of the article focuses on comparing Rousseau's and Rawls's assumptions about human nature, but the final section also includes a brief discussion of their contrasting views of reason and the common good. The two philosophers agree, however, that the possibilities for international justice can only evolve out of the careful practice of local justice

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT: A UNION AT A DIFFICULT JUNCTURE -- RECENT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS -- A. Curaçao -- B. Sint Maarten -- C. The Monetary Union -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- POLICY ISSUES -- A. Fiscal Policy: Strengthening Fiscal Frameworks, Ensuring Fiscal Sustainability, and Building Resilience -- B. Enhancing Potential Growth and Competitiveness -- C. Safeguarding External Stability -- D. Reinforcing Financial Sector Oversight -- E. Strengthening Governance -- F. Building Capacity and Addressing Important Data Gaps -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- FIGURES -- 1. Real Sector Developments -- 2. Fiscal Developments -- 3. Monetary Developments -- TABLES -- 1. Curaçao: Selected Economic and Financial Indicators, 2013-23 -- 2. Curaçao: Government Operations, 2013-23 -- 3. Sint Maarten: Selected Economic and Financial Indicators, 2013-23 -- 4. Sint Maarten: Government Operations, 2013-23 -- 5. Curaçao and Sint Maarten: Balance of Payments, 2013-23 -- 5a. Curaçao: Balance of Payments-Current Account, 2013-23 -- 5b. Sint Maarten: Balance of Payments-Current Account, 2013-23 -- 6. Curaçao and Sint Maarten: Monetary Survey, 2010-17 -- 7. Curaçao and Sint Maarten: Financial Soundness Indicators, 2010-17 -- ANNEXES -- I. Implementation of the Recommendations of the 2016 Article IV Consultation Discussions -- II. External Sector Assessment -- III. Curaçao: Potential Output Estimates -- IV. Risk Assessment Matrix -- V. Fiscal Framework: Current Setup and Main Challenges -- VI. Curaçao and Sint Maarten: Social Security Schemes -- VII. Public Debt Sustainability Analysis -- VIII. External Debt Sustainability Analysis -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- STATISTICAL ISSUES -- COLLABORATIONS WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Cover -- Table des matières -- Sigles et acronymes -- Remerciements -- Résumé analytique -- 1. Reprise et risques croissants -- Évolution et perspectives macroéconomiques -- Les bilans restent vulnérables -- Risques pesant sur les perspectives -- Mesures à prendre -- 2. Flux de capitaux vers l'Afrique subsaharienne : causes et conséquences -- Évolution des mouvements de capitaux -- Moteurs des flux de capitaux -- Conséquences macroéconomiques des entrées de capitaux -- Conclusion -- 3. L'avenir de l'emploi en Afrique subsaharienne -- Les conséquences du changement technologique : les machines remplaceront-elles les travailleurs ? -- Analyse de scénarios : l'avenir de l'emploi en Afrique subsaharienne -- Quelles sont les politiques requises pour créer des emplois à l'épreuve de l'avenir ? -- Conclusions -- Appendice Statistique -- Encadrés -- 1.1. La résurgence des subventions à l'énergie et aux carburants en Afrique subsaharienne -- 1.2. Évolution des marchés dans les pays préémergents d'Afrique subsaharienne en période de volatilité financière -- 1.3. Sur la voie des objectifs de développement durable -- 3.1. Scénario 1 : l'Afrique avancée -- 3.2. Scénario 2 : l'Afrique au service de l'Afrique -- 3.3. Scénario 3 : l'Afrique à la dérive -- Tableau -- 2.1. Volatilité des flux financiers -- Graphiques -- Chapitre 1 -- 1.1. Projections de croissance mondiale actuelles par rapport à avril 2018 -- 1.2. Cours des principaux produits de base : moyenne des variations anticipées, 2019-20 par rapport à 2017 -- 1.3. Pays préémergents d'Afrique subsaharienne : émissions d'obligations souveraines internationales, 2011-18 -- 1.4. Afrique subsaharienne : croissance du PIB réel, 2013-22 -- 1.5. Afrique subsaharienne : évolution de l'emploi -- 1.6. Afrique subsaharienne : volants de réserves -- 1.7. Afrique subsaharienne : solde budgétaire global, 2017-18

Since the term 'strategy' is now generally used to describe the use of available resources to gain any objective, from winning at bridge to selling soap, it is necessary to make clear that, in this paper, I shall use it in the traditional sense only: that is, as meaning the art of the strategon, or military commander. 'The strategic approach' is thus one which takes account of the part which is played by force, or the threat of force, in the international system. It is descriptive in so far as it analyses the extent to which political units have the capacity to use or to threaten the use of armed force to impose their will on other units; whether to compel them to dos ome things, to deter them from doing others, or if need be to destroy them as independent communities altogether. It is prescriptive in so far as it recommends policies which will enable such units to operate in an international system which is subject to such conditions and constraints.

SommaireLes auteurs soulignent et analysent les facteurs qui favorisent l'efficacité d'un organisme international. Selon les auteurs, les organisations les plus réussies sont celles dont le rôle est précis et utilitaire. Elles ont notamment pour tâche de mettre en oeuvre des programmes très spécifiques. Ce sont aussi des organisations gérées par une bureaucratie qui se veut impartiale.Au départ modeste, leur champ d'activité et leurs membres croissent lentement, en fonction de l'évolution des besoins et de la situation internationale. Elles adoptent également de nombreuses décisions en suivant un processus décisionnel rapide qui préfère la règle du consensus à celle de l'unanimité. De plus, elles se composent d'États démocratiques. Finalement, les auteurs notent que le pouvoir de sanctionner ne représente pas une condition importante et essentielle à l'efficacité d'un organisme international.

This book presents an innovative approach to research in International Relations by examining12 theoretical contributions to the field as competing narrative bids. It demonstrates the pervasive nature of storytelling and considers narratives as a means of causal explanation in the human sciences. By introducing four classic literary plot structures with their respective characters, events, moods and denouements, the book divides IR literature into tragedies, romances/epics, comedies and ironic/satirical stories. For each plot type, its characteristic features, logic and appeal are first reprised through some well-known prose examples before being employed in the analysis of major IR texts. King Lear, for example, helps bring out the tragic logic of Politics among Nations, and Sleeping Beauty demonstrates the romantic appeal inherent in The End of History. Twelfth Night is used to approach The Transformation of Political Community as a comedy, and A Modest Proposal paves the way for the examination of Bananas, Beaches and Bases as irony/satire. Rather than assess the absolute merits and shortcomings of the competing theories, the book discusses the relative strengths and weaknesses of stories that adhere to different plots in giving meaning to actors and events in the international arena. Discussing a broad range of theories, this text will be of interest to scholars and students of International Relations and World Politics, including various subcommunities such as specialists in peace research and Feminist IR.

This volume provides a comprehensive, innovative, and critical analysis of the development and impact of international law in Italy. Through its scholars and due to political and historical events, Italy has contributed significantly to the formation and definition of international law and its academic community.

1. Introduction: Studying the Impact of International Norms on Islamist Politics 1. - 2. The Western Critique of Liberalism: Communitarianism 15. - 3. Islamist Critiques of Liberalism: 'Abduh, Quṭb, al-Ṣadr and Khomeini 37. - 4. Islamism as Communitarianism: A comparative Analysis65. - 5. The Rise of Political Shi'ism in Lebanon 83. - 6. Non-Combatant Immunity and Israel-Hezbollah Wars: The Case of the April Understanding 99. - 7. Hezbollah and Human Rights Legislation in the Lebanese Parliament 115. - 8. Hezbollah and UNSC Resolutions 1559 and 1701 137. - 9. Community, Person and International Norms in Hezbollah's Political Language: Comparing the 1985 Open Letter and the 2009 Political Document 161. - 10. Conclusions: the Impact of International Norms on Islamist Politics 185