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In what ways do amicus curiae or friend of the court briefs shape the decisions of constitutional courts outside of the United States? Using a unique data set of more than nine hundred briefs from the Bulgarian Constitutional Court, hearing cases of constitutional review and legal interpretation, we analyze the Court's propensities to both borrow language from briefs and cite the identity of interested parties. We find that the Court is more inclined to incorporate language from briefs by powerful government actors rather than non-governmental groups. Furthermore, the Court's alignment with the governing coalition and the type of constitutional review also influence the propensity to borrow language from briefs. However, the Bulgarian Constitutional Court does not appear to favor citing any particular interested party. These results question whether the briefing process in Bulgaria lives up to democratic expectations for including less powerful civil society viewpoints into decision-making. The study is one of the few of its kind to explore how the reasoning found within the brief influences an important national high court outside of the United States.

PurposeThis paper examines the financial challenges of single mothers in Brunei, illustrating how single parenting affects their lifestyle choices and the coping mechanisms these mothers employ to grapple with their financial hardships.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopts a qualitative approach, utilizing semi-structured interviews with five single mothers living in the Brunei-Muara district. The collected data were analyzed using thematic analysis.FindingsResults revealed participants described operating with a single income, covering bills alone, the high cost of living in Brunei and the absence of alimony contributed to their financial challenges. Financial stress caused them to change their spending habits, switch to cheaper alternatives, make sacrifices and struggle to meet the needs of their children. Coping mechanisms adopted by single mothers utilized social support, generating side income, and the unique roles of children played a significant role in cushioning the impact of their financial difficulties.Originality/valueSingle mothers are on the rise in Brunei. There is an acute lack of studies emphasizing the financial hardships experienced by single mothers in Brunei. This study attempts to narrow the missing gap and seek avenues of justice for single mothers in a progressive, equitable society.

This study aimed to measure the effect of a training program based on multiple intelligences in developing environmental awareness and achievement motivation among primary school students in Jordan. The study reached the most important result that the children have gained positive attitudes towards the environment by sensing environmental problems better, which increased their motivation to contribute to solving these problems and developing environmental conditions in a better way; trends can only be generated through the information that individuals obtain from various sources. Therefore, the program was best directed toward developing environmental awareness in Children. Thus, the program has created positive trends in children toward increasing positive interaction with their environment. Where the researcher recommended working to include school curricula, starting with the primary stage and ending with the secondary stage, with concepts of environmental awareness to improve positive trends towards the environment and conduct seminars, workshops, and lectures to deepen the concepts of environmental awareness in society to improve its positive trends in researching environmental problems and limiting or eliminating them.

Received: 22 January 2023 / Accepted: 12 April 2023 / Published: 5 May 2023

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has posed many challenges to the continuous development of logistics and has received increasing attention from all sectors of society. This paper systematically reviews 85 related papers; sets the framework of literature analysis on the basis of five fields of logistics: life, e‐commerce, healthcare, air transportation, and emergency; systematically composes and analyzes the scope and content of the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on logistics in different fields; and comprehensively shows the current status of research on the impact of COVID‐19 on the continuous development of logistics. On this basis, we combed out the diverse measures of government, enterprises, and related institutions for the logistics problems that have emerged, and put forward some prospects for future research in this field in terms of multi‐period strategies, multi‐factor evaluation, degree of impacts, and quantification of effects. The work in this paper has some reference value and significance for mitigating or eliminating the negative impact of COVID‐19 on the continuous development process of logistics in multiple fields, rationalizing the epidemic response measures and expanding and deepening the research on this topic.

Translation is a process that incorporates two languages and two cultures, it is considered as an act of conveying a message from one society to another. Languages contain different expressions, literary aspects for which translation enables them to be delivered to other cultures. The focus of this research is on the progressive or continuous tenses of Albanian and English language. The progressive tenses of both languages show an ongoing action at an unspecific time in the present, past or in the future. To conduct this research and to analyze and contrast the progressive tenses, we have used the novel "Kukulla" – "The Doll" by Ismail Kadare. The novel has an intriguing, specific topic which is not commonly used in literary texts. Besides its topic, the cultural aspects that Ismail Kadare has masterly incorporated in the novel make it a distinct and important novel to analyze.
The aim of this research is to clarify the aspect of progressive tenses of Albanian language and English language. It aims to identify and analyze whether the tense shift from Albanian language to English language changes the meaning and the form of the source text.

Corporate social responsibility is an issue to which businesses attach great importance today. They coordinate their activities in such a way that they are useful for the environment and society. The purpose of this study is to research how corporate social responsibility influences business image and customer trustworthiness. Furthermore, the study intends to investigate the relationship between corporate image and consumer credibility.
We used an online survey with the appropriate sample to obtain data for this topic. This study evaluated corporate social responsibility, business image, and consumer trust in Kosovar food firms across three instruments. According to the study's findings, social responsibility benefits both company image and consumer credibility, and there is a considerable positive association between corporate image and customer credibility. Due to time and cost restrictions, the sample was limited to survey participants.
Based on the findings of this study, we recommend that corporate executives pay more attention to the use of social responsibility, as this factor has a direct influence on corporate image and customer credibility, as well as managing the interplay between these two factors.

Language as a means of scientific thinking places itself reasonably centrally. Even according to Francis Bacon, human language can gain knowledge and power. In short, language helps both scientists and society to think scientifically. This research uses a communication law approach to analyze the urgency of language as a tool of scientific thinking in schools. The research method used is descriptive research. The research results present a concept of language that acts as a medium for thought processes and that schools are the best environments for cultivating language as a tool for scientific thinking. Because language and thinking are inextricably linked. As a result, in this scenario, language growth in the function of thinking is also meant to enhance science education. As a result, the presence of language as something unique to humans is more than just a sign; it is also a medium for growing the human intellect, particularly in communicating the truth of things. Teachers play a crucial role in the growth and refinement of language as a tool for scientific thinking in schools because they must comprehend the five principles of successful communication: respect, empathy, audibility, clarity, and humility.

Sociological explanations frequently serve as a counter point to popular conspiracy theories. Historically, sociology evolved as a subject that tried to prove that social reality cannot be reduced to the separate actions of the individuals who make up that society, such individual motivations or what was understood as the standard way persons think and behave in given situations being the dominant analytical frameworks in other social sciences like economics, psychology, and political science. A key founder of sociology, Frenchman Emile Durkheim tried to identify the social as external to and in some ways imposed from outside upon the individuals who are included in the social reality. In his unique way, he demonstrated the validity of the social by explaining how even a deeply personal and emotional matter such as suicide must be seen as a socially determined phenomenon. Of course,these views have been interrogated by many critics over the years for his single-minded preoccupation with the social by deemphasizing its natural linkages with the psychological and for his denial of the agency of human beings.

Abstract
Unearthing sociocultural histories of hiv/aids in Poland, this article focuses on heretofore silenced and dismissed narratives of the crisis and the ways in which hiv/aids in Poland posed a challenge to socialist rule, but also to Polish society and the state in the early days of neoliberal democracy. I focus on the first decade of the aids epidemic in Poland (1985–1996) to investigate how narratives of the crisis made palpable people's anxieties about the changing political, economic, and social conditions, gentrification, as well as the linear logic of progress encapsulated in the desire to catch up with the West. I analyze sociocultural responses to the crisis, specifically artistic interventions, underground gay, lesbian and aids activism, public demonstrations against the state's inept management of the epidemic, the lack of media coverage, and urban legends circulating in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In doing so, I examine how the intersection of public discourse of the aids crisis and the changing political landscape played out on the level of a body with aids through the biopolitical logic of "biological citizenship."

The position of vulnerable social groups is very specific for several reasons, primarily due to the treatment by society. The aim of this paper is to examine, from the perspective of those who report security events, the relationship that the police establish towards national minorities, displaced persons, socially vulnerable persons, women and persons with disabilities, as the most numerous categories of socially vulnerable groups. For this reason, special attention is paid in the work to their attitude towards police officers in situations of handling their incident reports. Their relationship is even more complex if viewed through the prism of the influence of the police subculture on the behavior and treatment of police officers towards members of vulnerable social groups. In those situations, the police is expected to react non-discriminatory and act in accordance with prescribed legal norms, bearing in mind the specific position that members of vulnerable groups have in the social community. In order to assess the attitude of vulnerable groups towards the police and to improve their efficiency in dealing with the police, a survey was conducted with the application of the survey technique using a stratified sample.

AbstractGlobal awareness of Liberia's recent past is largely limited to the long‐term bloodshed that erupted with a 1980 coup and the civil conflict that followed soon thereafter (1989–2003). What remains understudied is how recent episodes of violence are tethered to the decades following Liberia's founding as a settler colony of the American Colonization Society in 1822. Our collaborative Back‐to‐Africa Heritage and Archaeology (BAHA) project, the first to archaeologically investigate the Back‐to‐Africa movement, explores processes of nineteenth‐century settlement at sites established by West Indians and Black Americans. In this article, we focus on the Barbadian‐settled township of Crozierville to highlight the complex ways in which materials associated with the colonizing project are linked to vestiges of recent violence that persist on the postwar landscape. With a specific focus on settler‐community architecture, in addition to the material vestiges of civil conflict, this article highlights the need to understand recent episodes of violence through Liberia's unique history of Back‐to‐Africa settlement and the Black/African Diaspora.

The division of responsibilities and organizational structures in the field of long-term care is a subject of much discussion. This is made even more clear by the EU Work-Life Balance Directive of June 2019. In view of the rising pressure of combining work and care, it is important to enable and facilitate the working informal caregiver. In this paper an attempt is made to gain more insight into this issue. We identified the opportunities and risks of an informalization of care and studied how persons in the Netherlands and Germany are being supported to combine the different roles and tasks. The comparison shows that informal care is not only a responsibility of the individual and/or the employer but that the government should play a role in facilitating and enabling working informal caregivers. This can also be defended on efficiency arguments. It is not possible to take out an insurance against the provision of informal care on the private market. Furthermore, providing informal care has negative external effects related to a reduction of labour market participation and the ensuing costs for society.

The article shows that the share of fundamental research carried out by business varies over time, but remains significant. As a consequence, not all fundamental knowledge is a public good. The uneven accumulation of knowledge, changes in the structure of research and development are highlighted as additional factors affecting publication indicators of the scientific sphere. The closer the research approaches the pre-competitive stage, the less likely it is that the knowledge obtained will be published in scientific journals. The policy of constantly increasing the number of publications in academic journals does not correspond to the nature of the real process of accumulation of fundamental knowledge, does not take into account a very important role of business in this process. The functions performed by scientific journals, including expert analysis of incoming materials and recommendations to the authors, also significantly effect this process. The issue of state funding of scientific journals should be resolved taking into account the fact that their activities are not just servicing the authors of articles, but providing an important service to the whole society. Remuneration of reviewers will contribute to improving the quality of this service.

This article aims to pull together some of the recent trajectories that have affected the work of photojournalism professionals. It is argued that the hybrid media environment is yet another turning point of the revolutionary changes caused by the digitalization during the past three decades. Since the late 1980s the digitalization has enabled photojournalism much more than the transition of photo editing and cameras from analogue to digital technology. Digitalization has, for example, facilitated the work in numerous ways and enabled images to travel in multiple speed in comparison to analogue times. During the recent years, traditional media organizations have witnessed diminishing revenues of and cut downs of photography departments worldwide. Most of the news photographers of today are self-employed, and despite the growing importance of the visuals in society, they need to expand their reach from journalism to other fields such as commercial photography, public relations, corporate communications, artistic projects and NGO work to earn a living. This leads to blurring of boundaries between journalism and other fields and to diffusion of professional values and ethics.