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International audience ; R educing the use of pesticides and more generally of chemical inputs is a topical issue for governments . Economists generally advocate taxation for reducing polluting input uses. While econometric models tend to show that the pesticides price elasticity is low , these models mostly consider short - term adjustment s . Mid - term adjustment s of variable input uses are expected to be larg er as reducing such uses require farmers to change their cropping management practices (CMPs) . CMP is a notion closely related to the economists ' production function s and use d by agricultural scientists for characterizing crop production technologies . Yet, data lacking on farmers ' CMPS prevents direct empirical analyses of CMPs ' performances and adoption p rocesses. The main objective of this paper is to propose original approaches for identifying farmers ' CMPs in farm accountancy pan e l datasets with cost accounting. We consider that each CMP is characterized by a specific production function and propose a pproaches for identifying farmers ' CMPs and the related production functions either sequentially or simultaneously. We demonstrate the relevance of our approaches through an empirical application based on a French arable crop farm accountancy unbalanced panel dataset covering the 1998 - 2014 period . Albeit preliminary, our empirical results demonstrate that our approaches perform relatively well. For instance, they enable us to identify thre e wheat CMPs used by farmers.

The article seeks to analyze the performance of crowdfunding as a fundraising strategy in the election campaign for the Brazilian Congress in the 2018 general elections. The article also analyzes the influence of the socioeconomic and demographic profiles of the candidates associated with the decision to adopt crowdfunding. The methodology used was logistic regression, considering the following independent variables: funds raised, education, age, race, and marital status of the candidate, in addition to the party's ideology, size, and age of the party. The binary dependent variables were: use of crowdfunding (or not) and the campaign's outcome. The data source was the Electoral Data Repository of the Brazilian Superior Electoral Court (TSE), with information from all candidates running for federal deputy in all Brazilian states in the 2018 general elections. The resulting analysis shows that crowdfunding was statistically more used by white, young, highly educated candidates from the Southern region of Brazil. There is also evidence that crowdfunding is an electoral strategy used especially by candidates from recently created parties, from the left, center-left or right (those in the center and center-right did not use crowdfunding as frequently) and larger parties. Finally, the econometric model points to an average increase of 5.55 percentage points in the probability of electoral success of candidates using crowdfunding. ; El artículo busca analizar el desempeño del crowdfunding como estrategia de captación de fondos para la campaña electoral de diputado federal en las elecciones generales de Brasil en 2018. También se analizó la influencia de las características socioeconómicas y demográficas de los candidatos asociada a la decisión de adoptar el financiamiento colectivo como alternativa de recaudación en la campaña electoral. Se utilizó la metodología de regresión logística considerando las siguientes variables independientes: valores recaudados, nivel de instrucción, edad, raza y estado civil del candidato, además de la ideología, tamaño y antigüedad de su partido político. Las variables dependientes binarias fueron: uso o no de crowdfunding y éxito o fracaso electoral. La fuente de datos fue el Tribunal Superior Electoral de Brasil (TSE), con información de todos los candidatos a diputado federal en la elección de 2018. Entre los resultados alcanzados está que el crowdfunding fue estadísticamente más utilizado por candidatos blancos, jóvenes y de alto nivel de escolaridad y de la región sur de Brasil. También hay evidencia de que el crowdfunding es una estrategia electoral utilizada especialmente por candidatos de partidos de reciente creación, de izquierda, centro-izquierda o derecha (los de centro y centro-derecha registraron menos uso) y tamaño de los partidos políticos. Finalmente, el modelo econométrico apunta a un aumento promedio del 5,55 puntos porcentuales en la probabilidad de éxito electoral de los candidatos que utilizaron el crowdfunding. ; O artigo busca analisar o desempenho do financiamento coletivo (crowdfunding) como estratégia de arrecadação de recursos para a campanha eleitoral a deputado federal nas eleições de 2018. Também foi analisada a influência de características socioeconômicas e demográficas dos candidatos associada à decisão de adoção do financiamento coletivo como alternativa arrecadatória na campanha eleitoral. A metodologia utilizada foi a de regressão logística, considerando as seguintes variáveis independentes: valores arrecadados, escolaridade, idade, raça e estado civil do candidato, além de ideologia, tamanho e antiguidade do partido. As variáveis dependentes binárias foram: utilização ou não do crowdfunding e sucesso ou insucesso eleitoral. A fonte de dados foi o repositório de dados eleitorais do Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE), com informações de todos os candidatos a deputado federal, de todos os estados brasileiros, no pleito de 2018. Entre os resultados obtidos, encontra-se que o crowdfunding foi estatisticamente mais usado por candidatos brancos, jovens, de alta escolaridade e da região Sul. Há evidências também de que o crowdfunding seja uma estratégia eleitoral utilizada sobretudo por candidatos de partidos de criação recente, de esquerda, centro-esquerda ou de direita – os de centro e centro-direita tiveram menor utilização –, e daqueles com maior bancada. Por fim, o modelo econométrico aponta um acréscimo médio de 5,55 pontos percentuais na probabilidade de sucesso eleitoral dos candidatos que se valeram do crowdfunding.

Ever since India's independence large-scale government interventions have been drastically shaping the landscape of the food grain sector. From a famine-prone country, India has become a large exporter and stockholder, with stable domestic prices and several nutrition programs. At the same time, 15 per cent of Indian population is still undernourished. The Indian government is currently implementing one of the world largest food aid programs - the National Food Security Act (NFSA) – in the course of which it experiences many challenges and needs rigorous analysis of the measures and tools of managing the system. Additionally, there is a strong international pressure on India to liberalize its policies in the food grain sector. The present dissertation studies various aspects of the food grain policies in India aiming to provide their comprehensive analysis. We use econometric time-series techniques to ex-post evaluate the impacts of the policy measures on the market outcomes. Among other conclusions, we find a strong response of the wheat and rice production to the support prices whereas the rice consumption is mostly driven by the distribution of the subsidized grains. Due to protectionist trade policies, the grain export is so distorted that its volumes hardly correlate with the prices. We detect a clear upward trend in inflation adjusted fiscal costs, started in 2006-07, as a consequence of growing procurement, storage and distribution of wheat and rice. We develop a dynamic partial equilibrium model with stochastic production shocks, based on the econometric results mentioned above. We produce mid-term simulations of different scenarios with possible policy measures to comply with the NFSA obligations based on the current, in-kind, system. We find that the high pressure on fiscal costs and public stocks, put by the NFSA, can be mitigated at the cost of higher and more volatile market prices. Our simulations indicate that a cash-based regime, alternative to the in-kind distribution, generates lower fiscal costs while the total stocks remain sufficient due to the increase of the private stocks. However, the higher market prices and volatility characterizing this scenario may negatively affect the producers, consumers, and the political stability. Basing on household consumption data, by means of cross-sectional econometric techniques we analyze the consumption patterns of wheat and rice delivered through the Public Distribution System (PDS), targeting errors and reasons for leakage, self-selection and under-supply of staples. We find some serious targeting errors of the PDS: many poor households are not included in the system and migrant workers and female-led households are often not well covered. There is a negative self-selection of the richer households that results in cost savings, which would be lost under a cash-transfer scheme. We find that the leakage rates are in general very low for poor households and regions. Furthermore, we find that subsidizing increases the total consumption of wheat and rice. This increase, however, produces additional pressure on the prices that can have negative consequences for the poor excluded from the system because of the high targeting errors.

The relevance of the research topic is determined by special attention to issues of regional development in the state policy of the Republic of Belarus, the quality of life of 78.6% of the country's population depends on the level of development of the regions under study. The problem of regional development is the growing imbalances in development between the regions of the country and, as a result, undesirable interregional migration flows of the population and a reduction in the demographic potential of a number of territories, as well as the emergence of signs of depression in a number of areas. The analysis of recent publications makes it possible to verify an ongoing interest in the issue, but the drawback of most studies is the disclosure of the issue within one particular region, or the study of the growth of grp due to conventional factors. According to the authors, until the end of the unexplored, the dependence of the gross regional product on indirect, implicit factors remains. Particular attention is drawn to the author's indicators and their place in the GRP growth model. The aim of the study is to establish the influence of unconditional and indirect factors on the magnitude and dynamics of gross regional product, which will provide an opportunity to formalize the dependence of grp on these factors and subsequently apply the built model in practice. The study methods used in the work are comparison, grouping, correlation-regression analysis, econometric modeling, and a systemic approach. Results of work. The present study considers a set of indicators for six regions of the republic of belarus for the period from 2013 to 2019. Using econometric methods of analysis, the authors built a regression model of the dependence of grp per capita on four exogenous variables, analyzed the degree of influence of these variables and the possibility of impact on them by the state. The area of application of the study results is state policy aimed at the sustainable growth of the economies of the regions. Conclusions. In the constructed model of four exogenous variables, the unemployment rate and the rate of life of the population are most significant. However, according to the authors, in order to achieve the desired level of gross regional product, it is necessary to have a comprehensive impact on all variable models, among which, in descending order of importance, the level of unemployment, the rate of life of the population, the amount of industrial production per person employed in the economy, investment in fixed assets.

Purpose of the article: The present article deals with associations between the development of money supply measured by the money aggregate M2 and the development of the American stock index Dow Jones Industrial Average. The objective of the article is to determine, describe and assess the impact of the changes of money supply (as measured by the money aggregate M2) on the development of the American stock market. Another objective is to find out whether the changes in money supply are reflected in the changes of stock prices immediately or with a time delay of several weeks. Scientific aim: The aim of this article is by using econometric methods find, describe and analyze impact of changing money supply to selected stock market. The second aim is disclose, if stock market react immediately or with time delay (in week). Methodology/methods: Regarding to the aim of the article was all useful historic data of money supply (measured with money aggregate M2) and close values of DJIA obtain in monthly frequence, since 1959 to 2011. From econometric methods, will be using Pearson correlation index, Dickey-Fuller stationary test and test of Granger causality, which will be focus on realtionship between money supply (M2) and stock prices (DJIA index). Findings: The correlation analysis shows, that between change of money supply and stock index is high dependence (correlation index 0,9224). By calculating with time delay, was correlation index high too, but slowly decrease. By market colaps in year 2007 and 2008, was correlation index negative with value -0,9477, no matter to money supply rasing, that is meaning, that investors have to calculate with psychologic factors, which are very strong in nervous time and market crashes. The result of Granger causality test for 1 month delay failed to show a relationship between money supply and DJIA index. With application of 2, 3 and 6 month delay the dependence was demonstrated, rejecting the null hypothesis stating that the M2 money aggregate does not affect the DJIA stock index. Conclusions: Reached results can be biased by using first diferention of raw data and in correlation analysis was using raw (non-sesonally adjusted) data of development DJIA index and sesonally adjusted data of money supply. The weak spot is using Dow Jones Index in place of S&P 500 index, which is more wider. By changes in analysis is possible to measure the impact of money supply (measured by Money with Zero Maturity aggregate) on stock index and compare both results and make decision, which aggregate is better for forecasting.

Buscamos entender si la dinámica espacial afecta a la población en términos sociales, económicos y de salud. Para llevar a cabo este estudio, proponemos dos etapas. En la primera, buscamos comprender, desde la literatura y los cambios realizados en el modelo de salud colombiano, las causas de la alta mortalidad infantil en las zonas rurales en comparación con las zonas urbanas. La segunda, es un análisis econométrico espacial de las variables de interés, donde se utiliza la base de datos CEDE de la Universidad de los Andes. Los resultados de este estudio confirman la importancia de la inclusión de efectos espaciales, lo cual es una señal de que la dinámica de salud de las poblaciones está interrelacionada. Esta interdependencia espacial corrobora la sugerencia de la literatura que propone que las políticas deben estar coordinadas y considerar poblaciones locales y vecinas. Además, las administraciones municipales deberían considerar mecanismos de interlocución, mientras trabajan con sus pares, y permitir que estos factores se incluyan en la planificación de las medidas políticas en temas de salud. Finalmente, confirmamos diferencias en áreas rurales y urbanas. ; Nous cherchons à comprendre si la dynamique spatiale affecte la population en termes sociaux, économiques et sanitaires. Pour réaliser cette étude, nous proposons deux étapes. Dans la première, nous cherchons à comprendre, à partir de la littérature et des changements apportés au modèle de santé colombien, les causes de la haute mortalité infantile dans le milieu rural par rapport aux milieux urbaines. La deuxième étape est une analyse économétrique spatiale des variables d'intérêt, à partir de la base de données CEDE de l'Université de los Andes. Les résultats confirment l'importance de la prise en compte des effets spatiaux, puisque les dynamiques de santé des populations sont interdépendantes. Cette interdépendance spatiale montre que les politiques doivent être coordonnées et doivent également prendre en compte l'avis des populations locales. En outre, les villes devraient envisager mécanismes de dialogue et permettre que les effets spatiaux soient inclus dans la planification des politiques de santé publique. Enfin, nous confirmons les différences dans les zones rurales et urbaines. ; We seek to understand if spatial dynamics affect the population in social, economic and health terms. To carry out this study, we propose the following two stages. In the first stage we try to understand the causes of high infant mortality in rural areas in comparison to the urban areas based on literature and the changes made to the Colombian health model. The second stage is a spatial econometric analysis of the variables of interest, where the CEDE database of the Universidad de los Andes is utilized. The findings of this study confirm the importance of the inclusion of spatial effects, which is a sign that the health dynamics of populations are interrelated. This spatial interdependence corroborates the suggestion from literature where proposing policies coordinate the system and consider local and neighboring populations. Also, municipal administrations require the need to consider mechanisms of interlocution whilst working with their peers and allow these factors to be included in the planning of political measures taken that affect health conditions. Finally, we confirm differences between the rural and urban performance.

In this dissertation, I study the implications of policies with heterogeneous sectoral impacts in three separate research fields of macroeconomics: (i) environmental policy, (ii) foreign aid and (iii) the political economy of the twin deficits. Through the three chapters of this thesis, it is argued that, in all these three contexts, the sectoral impacts of policies play important roles in the policy evaluation and in the determination of optimal policy. In the first chapter, the policy of concern is the pollution tax. The paper provides a theoretical model to explain why in top income percentiles, there can be a negative relationship between household's income and their support for pollution tax. In the second chapter, I study the macroeconomic impacts of foreign aid and I consider two sectors: tradable sector (T-sector) and non-tradable sector (N-sector). I consider two forms of foreign aid: (i) aid which is transferred to the households and (ii) aid which is used to finance public investment. I investigate the impact of the liberalization of capital market on the optimal form and on the performance of foreign aid. In the third chapter, I consider the same sectors as in the second chapter : T-sector and N-sector. The focus of this chapter is rather on the political economy of the twin deficits: a deficit in current account induced by a deficit in fiscal balance. Econometric analysis of the paper finds evidence that wage centralization, in a cross-section of industrialized economies, is significantly associated with lower deficits in current account and budget balance. The paper provides a political economy framework to explain this empirical finding. ; L'objectif sous-jacent aux trois chapitres qui composent cette thèse, est une meilleure compréhension de l'incidence des politiques publiques dont les impacts diffèrent entre secteurs hétérogènes. Nous déclinons cette analyse à trois types de politiques publiques au cœur de la macro-économie contemporaine : (i) une politique environnementale (ii) une politique d'aide au développement et (iii) une politique de déficits jumeaux. A travers ces trois chapitres, nous soutenons que les impacts sectoriels des politiques jouent un rôle crucial dans l'évaluation des politiques et dans la détermination de la politique optimale. Le premier chapitre se concentre sur la taxe sur la pollution. Il fournit un modèle théorique qui explique pourquoi il existe une relation négative entre le revenu des ménages et leur soutien pour la taxe sur la pollution. Dans le deuxième chapitre, j'étudie les impacts macroéconomiques d'une politique d'aide au développement et je considère deux secteurs: secteur des biens échangeables (T-secteur) et le secteur des biens non-échangeables (N-secteur). Je considère deux types d'aide étrangère: (i) une aide distribuée par des transferts forfaitaires aux ménages et (ii) une aide destinée à financer les investissements publics. J'étudie l'impact de la libéralisation du marché des capitaux sur la forme optimale et la performance de l'aide au développement. Le troisième chapitre est centré sur les déficits jumeaux : un déficit de la balance courante induit par un déficit de l'équilibre budgétaire. L'analyse économétrique du papier montre que les pays ayant adopté une négociation salariée centralisée présentent des déficits jumeaux plus faibles que les autres. Ce chapitre fournit aussi un modèle théorique pour expliquer ces résultats empiriques.

La ricerca è mirata a valutare come l'attuazione delle politiche ambientali di Sviluppo Rurale possa contribuire al miglioramento del paesaggio, analizzando i suoi effetti territoriali. Nell'ambito del caso di studio della Regione Emilia-Romagna vengono analizzate le misure agro-ambientali e di forestazione agricola dal 1994 al 2011, comprendendo gli interventi realizzati con i Regolamenti (CEE) 2078/1992, 2080/1992 e dai Programmi di Sviluppo Rurale (PSR) 2000-2006 e 2007-2013. In particolare, sono approfonditi i fattori che determinano la partecipazione territoriale delle misure agro-ambientali, individuate a livello aziendale le motivazioni alla partecipazione per le azioni con effetto diretto sul paesaggio, valutati i conseguenti effetti tecnico-economici e analizzati gli impatti degli interventi sul paesaggio a livello territoriale, in funzione del contesto ambientale. I risultati hanno consentito di approfondire quanto già riportato nelle valutazioni istituzionali dei PSR e in letteratura scientifica, individuando i fattori determinanti della partecipazione a livello regionale. A questo scopo sono state utilizzate analisi di econometria spaziale che hanno permesso di evidenziare effetti di concentrazione territoriale delle superfici sotto impegno, in funzione delle priorità della misura e degli ordinamenti produttivi dei beneficiari. Sono stati inoltre analizzati gli impatti paesaggistici in un'area di studio ristretta a livello territoriale e aziendale: gli interventi specifici, in alcuni contesti territoriali dove è stata raggiunta una certa concentrazione delle superfici sotto impegno, hanno modificato il paesaggio rurale, differenziandolo rispetto alla matrice agricola intensiva in cui sono stati inseriti. A livello aziendale sono stati rilevati effetti significativi sull'economia dei beneficiari che scelgono di aderire a tali misure, con un diffuso effetto di riduzione della redditività. I contributi compensano in maniera differenziata i costi legati all'implementazione degli interventi in funzione della tipologia di intervento e delle scelte tecniche aziendali adottate per la loro gestione. ; The aim of the research was to evaluate how implementing the environmental part of Rural Development can improve the rural landscape, analyzing its territorial effects. The Emilia-Romagna Region was used as a case study, analyzing the agri-environmental and forestry measures from 1994 to 2011, comprising Regulation (EEC) 2078/1992, 2080/1992 and Rural Development Programmes (RDP) 2000-2006 and 2007-2013. In further details, the research studied the factors that determine agri-environmental measures uptake at territorial level, the farmers motivation in participate to actions with direct effects on landscape, the consequent economic and management effects at farm level and finally the impacts on landscape at territorial level, related to the environmental context. The results permitted to deepen the findings of institutional evaluation and scientific literature, especially characterizing the determinants of uptake at regional level. Spatial econometric analysis were used to find the spatial targeting effects of the measure, related to priorities set in the RDP and type of farming of beneficiaries. Using a restricted area as case study for impact assessment on landscape, territorial and farm level were studied: the specific realizations were effective in changing the rural landscape with a differentiation from the intensive agricultural matrix, especially in territorial context where an effective spatial targeting was achieved. Significant economic effects were founded at farm level, with an income reduction in all the farms interviewed. The aids compensate in a different way the implementation related costs, depending from the kind of realization and farmers technical management choices.

This study was conducted with the main objective of determining the linkages between poverty and land management practices in Uganda. The study used the 2002/03 Uganda National Household Survey (UNHS) and more focused data collected from a sub-sample of 851 households of the 2002/03 UNHS sample households. We found that farmers in Uganda deplete about 1.2 percent of the nutrient stock stored in the topsoil per year, which leads to a predicted 0.31 percent reduction in crop productivity. The value of replacing the depleted nutrients using the cheapest inorganic fertilizers is equivalent to about 20 percent of household income obtained from agricultural production. Econometric analysis of the survey results provides evidence of linkages between poverty and land management practices. Land investments increase agricultural productivity and income and conserve natural resources. Many inputs and land management practices increase crop production per acre. We observed an inverse farm size – crop productivity relationship but a negative association of farm size and per capita income. Education of female household members has generally a limited impact on land management, while male education is associated with greater use of inorganic fertilizer. Both female post-secondary and male primary and secondary education are associated with higher crop productivity. Larger families use more erosive practices but realize higher value of crop production per acre but have lower per capita income. Access to financial capital, markets and roads has limited effect on land management. However, access to financial capital and non-farm opportunities increase crop productivity and per capita household income and access to roads contributes to higher per capita household income and less soil nutrient depletion. These results support the Uganda government poverty reduction strategy through building rural roads, and increasing access to financial capital and non-farm opportunities. Both the traditional and the new agricultural extension program increase use of fertilizer and crop productivity, suggesting that investment in extension services could significantly contribute to agricultural modernization and poverty reduction. The results suggest the need to give incentives for technical assistance programs to operate in remote areas, where access to extension services is limited. Perennial crop producers deplete soil nutrients more rapidly, implying the need to promote measures to restore soil nutrients in perennial (especially banana) production areas. We find no significant differences in crop productivity or income per capita associated with differences in land tenure systems. Our findings suggest that customary land tenure, which is the most common form of tenure, is not a constraint to improvements in land productivity or use of sustainable land management. Overall, our results provide general support for the hypothesis that promotion of poverty reduction and agricultural modernization through technical assistance programs and investments in infrastructure and education can improve agricultural productivity and help reduce poverty. However, they also show that some of these investments do not necessarily reduce land degradation, and may contribute to worsening land degradation in the near term. Thus, investing in poverty reduction and agricultural modernization is not sufficient to address the problem of land degradation in Uganda, and must be complemented by greater efforts to address this problem."""" -- Authors' Abstract ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; GRP5; Land Resource Management for Poverty Reduction ; EPTD

The theory of 'macrojustice', introduced by S.-C. Kolm, is a stimulating contribution to the debate on the macroeconomic income distribution. The solution called 'Equal Labour Income Equalization' (ELIE) is the result of a three-stage construction: agreement on the scheme of labour income redistribution, agreement on the degree of equalization to be chosen in that framework, control by everyone of the intensity with which his/her own productive capacities (the source of his/her labour income) are exploited. The book is organized as a discussion around four themes: philosophical aspects of macrojustice, economic analysis of macrojustice, a combination of ELIE with other targeted transfers and an econometric evaluation of ELIE. The introduction includes two chapters (a presentation of the whole project by the two editors, a summary of the macrojustice and the ELIE transfers by Kolm) and the conclusion consists of Kolm s selective comments on the points made by the contributors.

Migration flows are shaped by a complex combination of self-selection and out-selection mechanisms. In this paper, we analyze how existing diasporas (the stock of people born in a country and living in an another one) affect the size and human-capital structure of current migration flows. Our analysis exploits a bilateral data set on international migration by educational attainment from 195 countries to 30 OECD countries in 1990 and 2000. Based on simple micro-foundations and controlling for various determinants of migration, we find diasporas increase migration flows, lower their average educational level and lead to higher concentration of low-skill migrants. Interestingly, diasporas explain majority of the variability of migration flows and selection. This suggests that, without changing the generosity of family reunion programs, education-based selection rules are likely to have moderate impact. Our results are highly robust to the econometric techniques, accounting for the large proportion of zeros and endogeneity problems.

This volume offers a number of forensic indicators of election fraud applied to official election returns, and tests and illustrates their application in Russia and Ukraine. Included are the methodology's econometric details and theoretical assumptions. The applications to Russia include the analysis of all federal elections between 1996 and 2007 and, for Ukraine, between 2004 and 2007. Generally, we find that fraud has metastasized within the Russian polity during Putin's administration with upwards of 10 million or more suspect votes in both the 2004 and 2007 balloting, whereas in Ukraine, fraud has diminished considerably since the second round of its 2004 presidential election where between 1.5 and 3 million votes were falsified. The volume concludes with a consideration of data from the United States to illustrate the dangers of the application of our methods without due consideration of an election's substantive context and the characteristics of the data at hand

Motor vehicles are prominent among the flows of exports and imports for Canada, Germany, Japan and the United States, and these trade flows are heavily influenced by the basic relative competitiveness of the production processes for automotive manufacturing. In this book the authors analyse in depth the factors that contributed to the comparative cost competitiveness of the four countries' auto industries over the period 1961–84, and disentangle the factors contributing to the Japanese cost and efficiency advantages. Their main contribution is to provide estimates of comparative costs of automobile production (both short-run and long-run) and the sources of these cost differences, based on the econometric cost-function methodology. An innovation is the careful treatment of capacity utilization, one of the most important sources of short-run cost and efficiency differences. This methodology is also used effectively in an analysis of the Canada-US Auto Pact, a unique experiment in trade liberalization

The paper employs a multimethod approach to investigate shifts from globalization to deglobalization, presenting a novel economic theory grounded in recent data. It identifies two mechanisms driving structural deglobalization: escalating costs and diminishing benefits at the national level, hindering redistribution efforts and the challenge to sustain global public goods due to waning economic hegemony. The analysis integrates perspectives from international economics, history, hegemonic stability theory and world system theory through narrative review, descriptive statistics and econometric analyses. The multimethod examination emphasizes the complexities of deglobalization, involving international relations, history and economics. Democracy and trade composition emerge as significant factors influencing deglobalization, with varying impacts across historical contexts. Despite this, the resilience of world trade to deglobalization appears to have increased over time. The study underscores the necessity of blending methodologies from different disciplines for a comprehensive understanding of deglobalization and proposes avenues for further research in this complex, multidimensional phenomenon.

Abstract
Despite a long settlement history, empirical investigations of the role of path dependency in the long-term evolution of human populations are scarce in Europe, and especially in the Mediterranean countries. Using spatially explicit econometric techniques, our study discusses the empirical evidence stemming from a quantitative analysis of the spatial distribution of population growth rates in 115 districts of metropolitan Athens (Greece) over one century, distinguishing path dependency from the impact of other socio-economic forces on long-term urban expansion. The empirical findings of this study clarify how path-dependent regulation of population growth was heterogeneous over time and space, and depends on the specific stage of the city life cycle. After an initial period when path-independent population expansion reflected the inherent impact of exogenous shocks, path-dependent growth was associated with compact urbanization governed by agglomeration and scale advantages. Path-dependent growth was less intense during suburbanization, when the population spread over larger areas.