Suchergebnisse

In the context of a country where most of the housing stock heritage dates back to the post world war two construction effort, this work aims to retrace a French path with a singular character, which has given shape to the built environment. Reviewing the modes of genesis along the century, we single three determinant dimensions: the specificity of French urbanization, the constraints due to nearly thirty years of military involvements of diverse nature and varied intensity, a tardy public action where the State occupies a dominant place. After examining how the previous model of housing development broke apart during the first half of the twentieth century, we focus our attention on the intense period of building from 1950 to 1980. We will present recently unearthed State archives to measure the form and the consistency of this architectural and urban heritage. ; S'agissant d'un pays où, en raison de l'effort de construction du second après-guerre, l'essentiel du parc de logements des années 2000 correspond à un héritage du 20ème siècle, ce travail vise à retracer un parcours français dont le caractère singulier a conformé le bâti. Revenant sur les modalités de la genèse au fil du siècle, on retient trois dimensions déterminantes : les spécificités de l'urbanisation française, les contraintes qui résultent d'un cumul de près de trente années d'engagements militaires de nature et d'intensité diverses, et une intervention publique tardive où l'État tient une place éminente. Après avoir examiné comment le modèle antérieur de développement du logement s'est brisé durant le premier vingtième siècle, on concentre l'attention sur la période d'intense construction nouvelle des années 1950-1980, et on s'appuie sur des archives inédites de l'État pour prendre la mesure de cet héritage architectural et urbain, dans sa forme comme dans sa consistance.

To develop the country and to answer the agricultural, urban, tourist and industrial requests, Spain set up a policy based on the construction and the management of hydraulic infrastructures (dams, transfers of water between hydrographical basins, etc). This policy, which allowed the economic development of certain agricultural or tourist areas, generated social and environmental problems: expropriation of villages submerged by reserves of water, devastation of ecosystems, overexploitation of subterranean water or qualitative degradation of the water resources. Supported by the lobbies of agriculture, of construction, the real estate and tourism, the development model, which aims at increasing profitability and profits is founded on an increase in the offer out of water, whatever are the social, economic, territorial, environmental consequences. Sustainable development, management of the request water, saving in water, water shortage, drought, etc are, in Spain, themes of the actuality. The speeches of the policies, the actors of the economic sector and the interventions of the medias make them a broad place. What is it in reality? Is the Spanish society turn away of it model consumerist and profitability at all costs? Up to which point the development can it justify the exploitation, sometimes overexploitation, water resources? In order to answer these interrogations, two spaces of study were selected: Aragon and the Area of Murcie. These two areas illustrate in an extreme way, sometimes even caricatural, the stakes which management and the relation with water cause. ; Pour développer le pays et répondre aux demandes agricoles, urbaines, touristiques et industrielles, l'Espagne a mis en place une politique basée sur la construction et la gestion d'ouvrages hydrauliques (barrages-réservoirs, transferts d'eau entre bassins hydrographiques, etc.). Cette politique, qui a permis le développement économique de certaines régions agricoles ou touristiques, a généré des problèmes sociaux et environnementaux : ...

The Netherlands was pioneer in incorporating ecological concern to its aims and politics. By 1972 the Dutch government spread the message of responsible and ecologic production and consumption, wheras Spain was still far from considering sustainability as a main concern. The way that both countries have followed is worth studying and comparing. In this research, the status of the construction sector in Spain and the Netherlands will be analysed, by using indices. Both countries enjoy a similar HDI (Human Development Index), and differences, among others, in their constructive development, as the results show. Considering sustainability as a compound result of environmental, social and economical matters, diverse indices related to these aspects have been searched for in order to locate construction in its real context. This way, proper comparisons can be established, which will help to learn and improve, both in the general aims and in the process of construction. The aims will be analysed by comparing existing and possible situations. The processes will be analysed by indicating the areas whose indices should be established and studied in more depth, and detecting as well the weaknesses of knowledge that should be improved. As for the temporal development, the indices selected were those related to sustainability in the different stages of the life cycle of a building; from the pre-design until the demolition of it. Where necessary, trends have been defined by presenting temporary cycles. The indices have been obtained from several official organisations considering the availability of data about both countries as for concept, time and reliability. This is the case of institutes, universities, congresses and research centres. In some cases, the sources of the information are common to both countries: EU statistics. All conclusions establish forcefully, how (in a comparable framework, where differences are not essential) there is a space of improvement and learning that can be shared. It also identifies which ...

The following work aims to consider transport networks as social geographical objects of thought so as to observe urban passenger ease in a new light. Through an analysis of passenger experience on four transport hubs, we intend to show that the passenger journey cannot be solely understood as the relationship between human and machine (ergonomic approach), or as the wandering of a citizen through public spaces (sociological approach). Indeed, in both these cases, the passengers seem to be identical with those around them and unaffected by their environment. In actual fact, confrontation during the journey with both space and otherness gives rise to a kind of identity. The use of a transport network induces the construction of a territorial identity. A network does not conflict territory, a network is territory. The main method chosen to test the existence of this identity construction and its role in passenger ease is qualitative survey by the means of semi-structured interviews. Promoting territorial interaction seems a positive way to improve passenger ease in mobility spaces. This leads us to rethink mobility space planning not purely from an ergonomic or sociological view (that is to say in spatial terms), even though these are essential, but also to first of all consider social interaction in the shape of dialogue in and around a space, wider political action and the construction of social ties. Cartographic or even topographic representation of thoroughfare of space must also be taken into account, why not through the use of participative cartography; and more generally through an approach which measures ease against performance and favours open over closed space, sharpness over smoothness, variation over uniform monotony. These are the many dimensions generated and developed by the geographical analysis of network (through the notions of boundary, scale, territorial control, polarization, landscape, symbolic value of place). ; L'objet de ce travail est d'aborder le réseau comme un objet de géographie ...

To develop the country and to answer the agricultural, urban, tourist and industrial requests, Spain set up a policy based on the construction and the management of hydraulic infrastructures (dams, transfers of water between hydrographical basins, etc). This policy, which allowed the economic development of certain agricultural or tourist areas, generated social and environmental problems: expropriation of villages submerged by reserves of water, devastation of ecosystems, overexploitation of subterranean water or qualitative degradation of the water resources. Supported by the lobbies of agriculture, of construction, the real estate and tourism, the development model, which aims at increasing profitability and profits is founded on an increase in the offer out of water, whatever are the social, economic, territorial, environmental consequences. Sustainable development, management of the request water, saving in water, water shortage, drought, etc are, in Spain, themes of the actuality. The speeches of the policies, the actors of the economic sector and the interventions of the medias make them a broad place. What is it in reality? Is the Spanish society turn away of it model consumerist and profitability at all costs? Up to which point the development can it justify the exploitation, sometimes overexploitation, water resources? In order to answer these interrogations, two spaces of study were selected: Aragon and the Area of Murcie. These two areas illustrate in an extreme way, sometimes even caricatural, the stakes which management and the relation with water cause. ; Pour développer le pays et répondre aux demandes agricoles, urbaines, touristiques et industrielles, l'Espagne a mis en place une politique basée sur la construction et la gestion d'ouvrages hydrauliques (barrages-réservoirs, transferts d'eau entre bassins hydrographiques, etc.). Cette politique, qui a permis le développement économique de certaines régions agricoles ou touristiques, a généré des problèmes sociaux et environnementaux : ...

In the context of a country where most of the housing stock heritage dates back to the post world war two construction effort, this work aims to retrace a French path with a singular character, which has given shape to the built environment. Reviewing the modes of genesis along the century, we single three determinant dimensions: the specificity of French urbanization, the constraints due to nearly thirty years of military involvements of diverse nature and varied intensity, a tardy public action where the State occupies a dominant place. After examining how the previous model of housing development broke apart during the first half of the twentieth century, we focus our attention on the intense period of building from 1950 to 1980. We will present recently unearthed State archives to measure the form and the consistency of this architectural and urban heritage. ; S'agissant d'un pays où, en raison de l'effort de construction du second après-guerre, l'essentiel du parc de logements des années 2000 correspond à un héritage du 20ème siècle, ce travail vise à retracer un parcours français dont le caractère singulier a conformé le bâti. Revenant sur les modalités de la genèse au fil du siècle, on retient trois dimensions déterminantes : les spécificités de l'urbanisation française, les contraintes qui résultent d'un cumul de près de trente années d'engagements militaires de nature et d'intensité diverses, et une intervention publique tardive où l'État tient une place éminente. Après avoir examiné comment le modèle antérieur de développement du logement s'est brisé durant le premier vingtième siècle, on concentre l'attention sur la période d'intense construction nouvelle des années 1950-1980, et on s'appuie sur des archives inédites de l'État pour prendre la mesure de cet héritage architectural et urbain, dans sa forme comme dans sa consistance.

In the context of a country where most of the housing stock heritage dates back to the post world war two construction effort, this work aims to retrace a French path with a singular character, which has given shape to the built environment. Reviewing the modes of genesis along the century, we single three determinant dimensions: the specificity of French urbanization, the constraints due to nearly thirty years of military involvements of diverse nature and varied intensity, a tardy public action where the State occupies a dominant place. After examining how the previous model of housing development broke apart during the first half of the twentieth century, we focus our attention on the intense period of building from 1950 to 1980. We will present recently unearthed State archives to measure the form and the consistency of this architectural and urban heritage. ; S'agissant d'un pays où, en raison de l'effort de construction du second après-guerre, l'essentiel du parc de logements des années 2000 correspond à un héritage du 20ème siècle, ce travail vise à retracer un parcours français dont le caractère singulier a conformé le bâti. Revenant sur les modalités de la genèse au fil du siècle, on retient trois dimensions déterminantes : les spécificités de l'urbanisation française, les contraintes qui résultent d'un cumul de près de trente années d'engagements militaires de nature et d'intensité diverses, et une intervention publique tardive où l'État tient une place éminente. Après avoir examiné comment le modèle antérieur de développement du logement s'est brisé durant le premier vingtième siècle, on concentre l'attention sur la période d'intense construction nouvelle des années 1950-1980, et on s'appuie sur des archives inédites de l'État pour prendre la mesure de cet héritage architectural et urbain, dans sa forme comme dans sa consistance.

Cette thèse analyse le processus d'émergence et de construction de politiques d'accès aux droits sociaux dans trois pays, la France, les Pays-Bas et le Royaume-Uni. Il s'agit de répondre à la question suivante : pourquoi la thématique de l'accès aux droits sociaux a-t-elle gagné en importance et a été l'objet de politiques publiques dans les trois dernières décennies ? Ce travail s'inscrit dans les débats sur les évolutions des Etats-providence et sur les transformations des administrations publiques. Il utilise des éléments théoriques liés au néo-institutionnalisme historique, aux approches cognitives des politiques publiques, et à l'instrumentation de l'action publique. La première conclusion de cette thèse est que la formation de consensus ambigus sur le sens des réformes explique en premier lieu la construction de politiques d'accès aux droits sociaux. Sous un référentiel monétariste global, cette thématique allait permettre de concilier entre accessibilité des prestations sociales et contrôle des dépenses. La seconde conclusion de cette analyse est que pour comprendre les évolutions des Etats-providence, il ne faut pas seulement s'intéresser aux caractéristiques des systèmes de protection sociale, aux intérêts des acteurs et aux idées qu'ils défendent, mais également aux spécificités des administrations publiques qui sont chargées de mettre en œuvre ces politiques, cette dimension étant trop souvent oubliée. L'étude comparative de l'émergence dans les trois pays nous conduit finalement à identifier différents modèles d'accès aux droits sociaux : le modèle responsable (cas britannique), le modèle efficace (Pays-Bas) et le modèle égalitaire (France). This thesis analyzes the process of emergence and construction of policies of access to social rights in three countries, France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The question is the following : why has access to social rights become an ever more important theme and become the object of public policies over the last three decades ? This work relates to ...

This thesis reconstructs the organizational actions and the fight that the Frente Democratico Campesino, Peasant's Democratic Front the FDC have done since 1995 in the Western Region of Chihuahua, Mexico to resist the new neo-liberal agro-export phase of subordinating agriculture to capitalism as part of the globalization process in the context of the transition towards democracy in Mexico and the disorganizing effects of modernization. Analyzes the different fights of the FDC because of the different components of the productive process against commercial openings, the price of its products, fight against corruption and because of the democracy. Also, the teaching of the action and construction of the community that has been done, as well as its internal and external relationships. It concludes that the Fights, the economic and social organizational actions of the Peasant's Democratic Front, be connected and unify with the ones of o! ther farming organizations have not achieved a connection of forces that allows them to change or stop the agri-food model imposed by the federal government in Mexico since 1983 even though they have influenced favorably in the democratization processes and the construction of counter powers at a local level, in the construction of community and social densification in its region of influence. ; La thèse reconstruit d'une manière critique les actions organisatrices et les luttes que le Front Démocratique Paysan [Frente Democrático Campesino, FDC] a effectuées depuis 1985 dans l'Ouest du Chihuahua, au Mexique, pour résister à la nouvelle phase agro-exportatrice néolibérale de subordination de l'agriculture au capitalisme, comme une partie du processus de globalisation économique, dans le contexte de la transition à la démocratie au Mexique et des effets désorganisateurs de la modernisation. Elle analyse les différentes luttes du FDC contre l'ouverture commerciale, pour le prix de ses produits, contre la corruption et pour la démocratie, ainsi que la pédagogie de l'action et de ...

To develop the country and to answer the agricultural, urban, tourist and industrial requests, Spain set up a policy based on the construction and the management of hydraulic infrastructures (dams, transfers of water between hydrographical basins, etc). This policy, which allowed the economic development of certain agricultural or tourist areas, generated social and environmental problems: expropriation of villages submerged by reserves of water, devastation of ecosystems, overexploitation of subterranean water or qualitative degradation of the water resources. Supported by the lobbies of agriculture, of construction, the real estate and tourism, the development model, which aims at increasing profitability and profits is founded on an increase in the offer out of water, whatever are the social, economic, territorial, environmental consequences. Sustainable development, management of the request water, saving in water, water shortage, drought, etc are, in Spain, themes of the actuality. The speeches of the policies, the actors of the economic sector and the interventions of the medias make them a broad place. What is it in reality? Is the Spanish society turn away of it model consumerist and profitability at all costs? Up to which point the development can it justify the exploitation, sometimes overexploitation, water resources? In order to answer these interrogations, two spaces of study were selected: Aragon and the Area of Murcie. These two areas illustrate in an extreme way, sometimes even caricatural, the stakes which management and the relation with water cause. ; Pour développer le pays et répondre aux demandes agricoles, urbaines, touristiques et industrielles, l'Espagne a mis en place une politique basée sur la construction et la gestion d'ouvrages hydrauliques (barrages-réservoirs, transferts d'eau entre bassins hydrographiques, etc.). Cette politique, qui a permis le développement économique de certaines régions agricoles ou touristiques, a généré des problèmes sociaux et environnementaux : ...

Im Mittelpunkt der Dissertation steht im ersten Teil die Frage nach dem politischen und gesellschaftlichen Kontext der Öffnung des Sanitätsdienstes im Jahr 1975 für Frauen. Basierend auf den Akten des Militärarchivs Freiburg /Brsg. wird aus historischer Perspektive nachvollzogen, welchen Einfluss rechtliche, öffentliche und politische Debatten auf die Öffnung der Bundeswehr hatten. Daneben fokussiert die Fragestellung auf die kulturellen Geschlechterkonstruktionen im 20. Jahrhundert, die beispielhaft anhand der Öffnung der Bundeswehr für Frauen aufgezeigt werden sollen. Dazu wird unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Geschlechterordnung und der Gleichberechtigung die Frage beleuchtet, in welchen Funktionen die ersten Ärztinnen und Apothekerinnen im Sanitätsdienst der Bundeswehr eingesetzt wurden und wie ihre rechtliche und soziale Integration verlief. Davon ausgehend werden in einem zweiten Teil die Auswirkungen der Öffnung des Sanitätsdienstes für Frauen auf die Geschlechterkonstruktion und die politische Debatte dargestellt. Es wird untersucht, welche Rolle die ersten Ärztinnen im Sanitätsdienst in der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung in Bezug auf die generelle Öffnung der Bundeswehr spielten und wie sie die spätere Entscheidung beeinflussten. Der Untersuchungszeitraum der Arbeit umfasst das Gründungsjahr der Bundeswehr und endet zeitlich mit dem Datum der Wiedervereinigung (1956-1990). ; In a first part, the thesis focuses on the political and social background of the decision to first admit female medical officers to the German federal armed forces in the year 1975. Based on a historical review of the files of the military archive in Freiburg/ Brsg., the work describes the influence of the historic political and legal debate on the decision to open the armed forces for women. In addition, exemplifying the opening of the armed forces, the thesis shows the cultural gender constructions in the 20th century. Thus, considering the existing gender construction against the historic women's rights movement, the author evaluates in which functions female medical officers were employed in the armed forces and how they were socially and legally integrated in an environment formerly dominated by men. Based on the findings of the first part, the thesis describes in a second part the impact of the accession of women to the armed forces on the gender construction and the political debate at that time. The author investigates the role of the first women in the sanitary service in the public debate about the later decision to generally open the armed forces for women. Investigation period of the thesis ranges from the year of the foundation of the federal armed forces until the date of the German reunion (1956-1990).

In 2000, the first Designation of Origin for beef production has emerged (AOC Camargue Bull). This AOC reveals a change in the attributes of the hierarchy of the "quality" of production in favor of "terroir". In a historical perspective, the thesis questions this evolution and attempts to capture what it carries more global changes in the livestock sector.In other words, the thesis deals with the construction, over time, the quality attributes and aims to (re) locate the contemporary development of "terroir" productions in the history of breeding. I question the manner of emergence, development and renewal of quality attributes and the effects of these constructions on the structure and regulation of the professional space, defined as a social space that emerging reports that actors engaged in the production and marketing of livestock products maintain them.These research highlights three phases in the history of the construction of qualifications; these phases also structure the thesis plan. The first phase (1850-1970) led me to analyze, in a context of development of regional meat markets and political upheaval, the role of notable owners in the emergence studbooks responsible for registering animals defined such as bovine elite and in the dissemination of this model, which results in the formation of a professional space dominated by racial logics. I also analyzed in this first part the disjunction between the commercial space and the professional space that the laws of 1965 the reorganization of the market and that of 1966 on the modernization of livestock have committed. The second phase (1970-2000) corresponds to the development of red labels which appear as a response by the professional organizations to transformations that crystallize these two laws. I point to the economic and professional issues raised by labels but also the role of local officials in the emergence of red labels. I then analyzes the effects that these labels have had on the structuring of a more differentiated commercial space. I ...

A key element of competitiveness in the knowledgebased economy is to create linkages among academic society, research institutions, private sector and government. R&D (research and development) infrastructure involves mentioned subjects and could be interpreted as the main instrument of National Innovation System (NIS). Scientific researches theoretically attempt to describe the conception of R&D and innovation system. However there is a gap in explanation of constitution of R&D infrastructure and how it reflects in NIS. The detailed theoretical conception of R&D infrastructure is missing as well. This complicates understanding of construction and importance of NIS. The research problem being solved in this article is: how to highlight the correlation of R&D infrastructure and NIS in order to present recommendations for Lithuanian National Innovation System. The aim of the article was to highlight the correlation and streamline of R&D infrastructure and NIS in order to present recommendations for construction of Lithuanian National Innovation System. Seeking to solve scientific problem and to reach the aim, the conception of R&D infrastructure is crystallized in the article. The article stresses that the main elements of R&D infrastructure are R&D funding system; human resources and patent system. There was systemized classification of approaches to R&D infrastructure in the article as well. As the conclusion of this analysis two approaches to the infrastructure of R&D - institutional and functional – were highlighted and explained. Analysis of hypothetical constitution of NIS enabled to highlight characteristics of state's economy which may guarantee effective functioning of NIS. Hypothetical correlation of R&D infrastructure and NIS was presented analyzing knowledge flows in the NIS. The model of knowledge flows in the NIS was developed as well. Emphasizing that government is the main player of construction and implementation of R&D infrastructure, central ...

Collateral Casualties. The urban, fast growing communities in extreme poverty are collateral casualties of the collapse of centralized authoritarian regime. The inconsistencies of economic transition and inadequate social policies are there to enhance the process. Talks about improving housing in communities in extreme poverty, about helping homeless people and street children to settle down somewhere, about alleviating the shortage and access to decent housing are recurrent themes in political rhetoric. But for seventeen years now, at least in Romanian case, the rate of growth of what I call Povera Archipelago is largely faster than that of construction initiatives. In a more than a decade, despite the outcry of international community, despite the available funds, no more than 500 dwelling units have been erected. And that - putting together state and local administrations' initiatives, the heroic efforts of foreign volunteers, NGOs or individual philanthropists. As we have learned on place, to build an (objectively limited) number of houses to be given to an (objectively limited) number of families did no more that deepen the existing crisis, the people's omnipresent apathy and helplessness. As for the sheds themselves, they bear standard characteristics. The dwells are strikingly similar in terms of dimensions and proportions. The majority have a single multipurpose room. But even if several rooms are added, every room is a room, with no functional assignment applied. People take advantage of materials at hand, there is no specialization, self-construction is the rule, and the living space is created out of almost nothing. And to the difference of shaggy, crumbling outdoors, the concise interiors are usually unexpectedly colorful and neat. The houses are under continuous construction -or reconstruction. As for the 'architecture', it is a matter-of-fact compilation that is swiftly, exactly and pragmatically adapted to the scarce resources available.

ISBN : 978-2-7526-0494-1 ; ISSN 1158-6869 ; 275 p. ; International audience ; Étudier le lien entre territoires et identité, c'est d'abord manier et mettre en relation des concepts délicats, sur la définition desquels il n'existe pas vraiment de consensus. L'auteur considère que l'identité - collective ou individuelle - est une construction de l'esprit qui crée une cohésion et une continuité humaines à partir d'éléments concrets qui sont sélectionnés, retravaillés, et mis en exergue mais ne prennent leur sens que par cette construction de l'esprit. L'identité s'inscrit dans un contexte sociohistorique, se construit dans la relation à l'Autre, est empreinte de rapports de domination et de stigmatisation et n'est jamais achevée ou définitive. Il ajoute que l'identité d'une personne est, selon lui, unique mais composite ; elle comprend son identité sociale, son identité personnelle, son identité sentie , et elle combine plusieurs facettes : genre, ethnicité, religion, origines sociales et familiales, handicap, expériences stigmatisantes, etc. Quant au territoire, c'est bien sûr l'espace sur lequel vit un groupe mais un espace que l'on peut concevoir de diverses manières : soit comme une entité qui s'impose à l'homme, soit comme une construction humaine, soit encore comme un cadre d'interaction. Le lien entre identité et territoire varie selon les lieux et les époques. Dans le présent article, l'auteur prend pour lieu d'étude la Bretagne et scinde le temps en deux époques : le XIXe et la première moitié du XXe siècle, qualifiée d'apogée de la première modernité, et l'époque actuelle, analysée en termes de " modernité tardive " ou " aiguë ". La première modernité, en partie issue de la philosophie des Lumières, glorifie la raison et le progrès ; l'État-nation en est l'expression politique. C'est l'époque de la carte d'identité et du territoire imposé. La modernité tardive, en revanche, se caractérise, selon Giddens notamment, par la séparation du temps et de l'espace , le développement de mécanismes de délocalisation ...