Suchergebnisse

BACKGROUND: Preventing intimate partner violence or dating violence (DV) among adolescents is a public health priority due to its magnitude and damaging short and long-term consequences for adolescent and adult health. In our study protocol, we complement prior experiences in DV prevention by promoting protective factors (or assets) against gender violence such as communication skills, empathy and problem-solving capability through "Cinema Voice", a participatory educational intervention based on adolescents' strengths to tackle DV. METHODS/DESIGN: A longitudinal quasi-experimental educational intervention addressed to boys and girls ages 13-17 years, enrolled in secondary education schools in Alicante (Spain), Rome (Italy), Cardiff (UK), Iasi (Romania), Poznan (Poland) and Matosinhos (Portugal). Both process and results evaluations will be carried out with 100-120 intervention and 120-150 control group students per city at three time periods: before, after and 6 months after the implementation of the following interventions: 1) Training seminar with teachers to promote knowledge and skills on the core issues of intervention; 2) Workshops with intervention groups, where participants produce their own digital content presenting their perspective on DV; and 3) Short film exhibitions with participants, their families, authorities and other stakeholders with the objective of share the results and engage the community. Outcome measures are self-perceived social support, machismo, sexism, tolerance towards gender violence, social problem-solving and assertiveness as well as involvement in bullying/cyberbullying. Other socio-demographic, attitudes and violence-related co-variables were also included. DISCUSSION: This study may provide relevant information about the effectiveness of educational interventions that combine a positive youth development framework with educational awareness about the importance of achieving gender equality and preventing and combating gender violence. To our knowledge, this is the first study that involves six European countries in an educational intervention to promote violence protective assets among enrolled adolescents in secondary schools. This study may provide the needed tools to replicate the experience in other contexts and other countries. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03411564 . Unique Protocol ID: 776905. Date registered: 18-01-2018. ; This paper was funded by the European Union's Rights, Equality and Citizenship Programme (2014–2020), under grant agreement No. 776905. ; Sí

Las pensiones tienen como objetivo asegurar, mediante una retribución de carácter pecuniario, el mantenimiento de un nivel de vida digno en la etapa de retiro. Sin embargo, las de tipo contributivo se ven afectadas por las desigualdades entre hombres y mujeres que se van acumulando a lo largo de la vida laboral, dando como resultado otra inequidad: la brecha de género en las pensiones. Este trabajo pretende identificar los factores que inciden en esta diferencia, motivada por la menor implicación de la mujer en el mercado laboral, que se manifiesta tanto en una menor participación femenina en la fuerza de trabajo como en una elevada presencia de este colectivo en el empleo a tiempo parcial y la consiguiente mayor propensión a la intermitencia en la vida laboral de la mujer. ; The purpose of pensions is to ensure, through pecuniary remuneration, the maintenance of a decent standard of living in the retirement phase. However, those of a contributory nature are affected by the inequalities between men and women that accumulate throughout the working life, resulting in another inequity: the gender gap in pensions. This paper aims to identify the factors that influence this difference, motivated by the lower involvement of women in the labor market, which is manifested in both a lower female participation in the labor force and a high presence of this group in the employment on time partial and consequent greater propensity to intermittence in the working life of women.

ÖZETTezin temel amacı, Avrupa Birliği politika ve programlarının etkinliği ve uygunluğunun sağlanabilmesi için, özellikle Avrupa Birliği Yapısal Fonları çerçevesinde yapılan değerlendirme çalışmalarının önemine değinmektir. Tezin sonucunda bu kapsamda değerlendirme sürecinin geliştirilebilmesi için öneriler yer almaktadır. Tez boyunca Yapısal Fonların genel yapısı ve bu yapıda mevcut değerlendirme sistemine değinilmiştir. Yapısal Fonlar kapsamında uygulanması beklenebilecek varsayımsal bir proje geliştirilmiş ve bu projenin değerlendirme uygulaması yapılmıştır. Özellikle bu bölüm içerisinde AB mevcut değerlendirme sistemleri, bu varsayımsal proje ve değerlendirmesiyle irdelenmiş, bu sürecin geliştirilmesi için sonuç bölümünde öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Yapısal fonlar, bölgeler ve vatandaşlar arasındaki dengeli gelir dağılımının ve AB genelinde uyumlu gelişmenin sağlanabilmesi için kullanılan en önemli finansal araçtır. Kaynakların en etkin ve doğru şekilde kullanımı, ve bunun vatandaşlara bildirilmesi için değerlendirme uygulamalarının da en etkin şekilde gerçekleştirilmesi gereklidir. Değerlendirme açık, şeffaf bir süreç olmalı, değerlendirme süreci her konu ve bölge için özel olarak tasarlanmalıdır. Mevcut değerlendirme sistemi geliştirilmeli ve değerlendirme döngüsü içerişindeki farklı kademelerdeki uygulamaların birbiriyle ilişkisi sağlanmalıdır. AB Yapısal Fonlarında değerlendirme sürecinin geliştirilmesi için önerilerde bulunmayı hedefleyen bu tez, aynı zamanda da Türkiye'nin bu sisteme adaptasyonunda bir rehber olması amacını taşımaktadır. ABSTRACTThe main aim of my thesis is to point to the significance of evaluation practice, particularly within the framework of the EU Structural Funds, in order to achieve efficiency and appropriateness of the policies and programmes of the EU, and to introduce some proposals and recommendations to improve the evaluation exercise.Through the thesis the general framework of the Structural Funds and within this structure the evaluation systems are addressed. A hypothetical project, which may expectedly to be implemented under this framework, is developed and evaluated. Particularly through such an exercise, the existing evaluation and project development systems are concerned and some recommendations to improve this process are developed.The Structural Funds are the major instruments in maintaining a balanced distribution and a harmonized development between the regions and the citizens in the European Union. The allocation and usage of resources, and its publicity has to be achieved in the most efficient way. Evaluation must be an open process and has to be designed uniquely for each region and issue concerned. The existing evaluation system has to be further improved and the phases within the project cycle has to be linked with a mechanism As well as aiming to develop proposals and recommendations for improving the evaluation practice in the European Union Structural Funds framework, this thesis has the aim to be a guideline for Turkey in adapting the evaluation systems of the European Union.

AbstractThis article deals with the evolution of the status and role of the delegations of the European Commission in Africa from the 1960s onwards. Starting from an institutionalist approach, it tries to show to what extent this evolution reflects the bureaucratization of the external service (in the Weberian sense of a rational and professional civil service) in parallel with that of the administration of the Commission as a whole. It envisages the current reform of the external service as a new step in the construction of a mature European bureaucracy.

Раздел "Международные экономические отношения" ; В рамках статьи рассматривается мобильность трудовых ресурсов в Европейском союзе. Особое внимание уделено анализу потоков трудовых мигрантов после расширения ЕС в 2004 и 2007 гг. На основании проведенного исследования автор показывает, что свободу передвижения работников в расширенном ЕС можно рассматривать как способ улучшения распределения человеческого капитала. Анализ переходных мер по доступу на рынки труда стран ЕС-15 показал их значительное влияние на состав и направление миграционных потоков потов из ЕС-8 занимают низкоквалифицированные рабочие места, требующие элементарной профессиональной подготовки, и очень мало представлены в категории высококвалифированных рабочих мест. Среди рабочих ЕС-2 доля представленных в низкоквалифицированной группе возрастает до 40 %. Стоит отметить тот факт, что в государствах, где существуют жесткие ограничения на рынке труда для граждан присоединившихся стран (Германия), структура занятых иммигрантов более соответствует их уровню квалификации [7, р. 54]. Свободу передвижения работников в расширенном ЕС можно рассматривать как способ улучшения распределения человеческого капитала. Мобильность трудовых ресурсов позволяет новым странам — членам ЕС справиться с избыточным предложением труда в своих странах и освобождает от налогового бремени, связанного с решением данных проблем. Однако потеря молодой и квалифицированной рабочей силы вызывает беспокойство в связи с неблагоприятной демографической тенденцией в большинстве новых стран ЕС и обеспечением финансовой устойчивости государственных финансов. Денежные переводы мигрантов способны частично компенсировать потерю человеческого капитала на ранних стадиях после расширения. В то же время сами мигранты и члены их семей по-видимому получают выгоды материального и морального характера. Переходные меры по доступу на национальные рынки стран ЕС-15 оказали влияние на состав и направление миграционных потоков после расширения ЕС. Пока еще нет всесторонней оценки их последствий, но уже можно говорить о том, что страны, которые позже либерализовали доступ на рынок труда, потеряли квалифицированных и молодых мигрантов, которые выбрали странами назначения Великобританию или Ирландию. Хотя последствия свободного перемещения рабочей силы в ЕС еще не полностью изучены и оценены, на основе имеющейся литературы можно констатировать, что мобильность трудовых ресурсов способна улучшить эффективность их распределения на европейских рынках труда, создать инновационный потенциал развития и повысить их производительность. Последствия мобильности трудовых ресурсов в рамках ЕС еще недостаточно изучены, но уже можно утверждать, что свобода перемещения рабочей силы улучшает эффективность распределения ресурсов на европейских рынках труда, создает инновационный потенциал развития и повышает их производительность. = The article considers the labour force mobility in the European Union, focusing on the analysis of the labour migrants' fl ows after the European Union enlargement in 2004 and 2007. On the basis of his research the author reveals that the freedom of movement of labour force in the enlarged European Union may be considered as a means of improvement of human capital distribution. The analysis of transition measures to access labour markets for the EU-15 refl ected their signifi cant impact on constitution and direction of migration fl ows after the EU enlargement. The consequences of labour force mobility in the framework of the European Union have not been suffi ciently researched, but it is possible to affi rm that the freedom of the labour force movement improves the effi ciency of resources distribution on the European labour markets, creates innovative potential for development and increases its productivity.

Increasing the level of labour participation is one of the key objectives of the European Employment Strategy and the Lisbon agenda. Increasing the employment rate is generally considered crucially important to safeguarding the sustainability of the welfare state and achieving a number of other socio-economic objectives. This article examines the extent to which higher employment does result in lower unemployment, lower poverty rates, decreased dependence on social security and reductions in public expenditures on social protection. To this end, a decomposition analysis is performed concerning the evolution of the unemployment rate, poverty rate, benefit recipiency rate and social expenditure rate in the 15 original EU member states and the United States since the 1980s. Results of this analysis show that, in many cases, the favourable effects of increases in employment are partially (and sometimes even fully) offset by simultaneous changes in other variables, including labour supply, eligibility criteria, benefit generosity and the concentration of non-working people in work-poor households. The article concludes that increasing the employment rate is not a panacea for all socio-economic ills. European social policy should therefore focus less one-sidedly on employment and should address additional objectives, including benefit generosity and poverty. In addition, the process of benchmarking in the EU should be transformed from its current top-down character to one which proceeds from the bottom up.

La selección del tema obedeció a un deseo de enfatizar una materia de la predilección del profesor Alberto Rioseco, refiriéndose especialmente al principio de solidaridad en el proceso de integración de la Unión Europea. Para comenzar, se citan algunos antecedentes históricos de este principio en el proceso de integración europea, desde el Tratado de París de 1951 hasta el Tratado de Lisboa de 2009, que rige actualmente. El desarrollo del trabajo se centró en el principio de solidaridad en los sucesivos Tratados, con un énfasis en la política de formación profesional en el Tratado de Roma, el Acta Única Europea y la creación de los Fondos Europeos de Desarrollo Regional, de Cohesión y de Solidaridad de la Unión Europea. Especial atención mereció el Principio de Solidaridad en el Tratado de Lisboa, que se define en su Preámbulo, la cláusula de solidaridad y las políticas que se regirán por este principio. Finalmente, éste se analizó en la Carta de los Derechos Fundamentales que tanto en su Preámbulo como en su articulado vino a ratificar las disposiciones de los tratados precedentes. Concluye el trabajo con unas reflexiones que incluyen el mensaje del Presidente Frei Montalva a la juventud en 1967.

Performance is one of the key terms of modern public administration. Most of reform proposals speak in one or another form of strengthening performance or of introducing new performance measures/instruments into public sector organizations. Traditional public administration is usually poor in offering stimulating job contents, particularly because of over-bureaucratized regulations and narrow decision-making competencies which limit the job autonomy of civil servants. In contrary, implementing performance appraisal into public personnel management makes job more attractive regarding to career perspectives (clear and secure promotion) and extra payments for outstanding performance.

The dynamic development of information and communication technology (ICT) reported in recent years has caused significant changes in almost all areas of social and economic life. The digitalization process resulting from this development is now becoming a determinant of both progress and modernity. This issue has been addressed in this paper, and thereby we present a methodology developed to study the level of digitalization and the use of innovative technologies among the enterprises of the EU-27 countries. The research was conducted using selected indicators—determinants (10) characterizing the main digital technologies and infrastructure associated with their implementation in the enterprises under study. Based on these indicators, the Entropy-Multi-Objective Optimization on the basis of Ratio Analysis (MOORA) method was used to determine the index (level) of digitalization among the companies of the EU-27. The level of use of digital technologies and infrastructure for Industry 4.0 was also determined. Another important goal of the study was to determine a relationship between the values of the digitalization index for the EU-27 countries and the economic parameters characterizing their economies. For this analysis, non-parametric tests such as the Kendall's Tau and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were applied. The results significantly enrich the knowledge of methodology for studying the level of digitalization and its status among the enterprises of the EU-27. These findings provide great opportunities for interpretation and practical application, especially in terms of building an innovative knowledge-based economy. They show great diversity of the EU-27 countries in the field of digitalization and poor results reported in this area by the so-called "new EU" countries. Among the many interesting findings, it is worth pointing out the positive impact of spending on research and development on the process of digitalization of enterprises. The results should be used when creating a digitalization strategy for individual countries and their groups.