Suchergebnisse

In a behavioral model of civil conflict, foreign military intervention alters the resources available to warring groups and their probability of winning. The model highlights the importance of distributional measures along with the modifying effect of the intervention for conflict incidence. The paper confirms empirically the finding in the literature that ethnic polarization is a robust predictor of civil war, but it also finds evidence that religious polarization is positively and significantly associated with civil conflict in the presence of foreign military intervention of non-humanitarian and non-neutral nature. Such external interventions exacerbate religious polarization, leading to high-intensity conflicts in the Middle East and North Africa region, but not in the rest of the world. These results suggest that, unlike in the rest of the world, where civil conflicts are mostly about a public prize linked to ethnic polarization, in the Middle East and North Africa they are mostly about a sectarian-related public prize. The results are robust to allowing different definitions of conflict, model specifications, and data time spans, and to controlling for other types of foreign military interventions.

Abstract Background Norovirus is often transmitted from person-to-person. Transmission may also be food-borne, but only few norovirus outbreak investigations have identified food items as likely vehicles of norovirus transmission through an analytical epidemiological study. During 7-9 January, 2009, 36 persons at a military base in Germany fell ill with acute gastroenteritis. Food from the military base's canteen was suspected as vehicle of infection, norovirus as the pathogen causing the illnesses. An investigation was initiated to describe the outbreak's extent, to verify the pathogen, and to identify modes of transmission and source of infection to prevent further cases. Methods For descriptive analysis, ill persons were defined as members of the military base with acute onset of diarrhoea or vomiting between 24 December 2008, and 3 February 2009, without detection of a pathogen other than norovirus in stools. We conducted a retrospective cohort study within the headquarters company. Cases were military base members with onset of diarrhoea or vomiting during 5-9 January. We collected information on demographics, food items eaten at the canteen and contact to ill persons or vomit, using a self-administered questionnaire. We compared attack rates (AR) in exposed and unexposed persons, using bivariable and multivariable logistic regression modelling. Stool specimens of ill persons and canteen employees, canteen food served during 5-7 January and environmental swabs were investigated by laboratory analysis. Results Overall, 101/815 (AR 12.4%) persons fell ill between 24 December 2008 and 3 February 2009. None were canteen employees. Most persons (n = 49) had disease onset during 7-9 January. Ill persons were a median of 22 years old, 92.9% were male. The response for the cohort study was 178/274 (72.1%). Of 27 cases (AR 15.2%), 25 had eaten at the canteen and 21 had consumed salad. Salad consumption on 6 January (aOR: 8.1; 95%CI: 1.5-45.4) and 7 January (aOR: 15.7; 95%CI: 2.2-74.1) were independently associated with increased risk of disease. Norovirus was detected in 8/28 ill persons' and 4/25 canteen employees' stools, 6/55 environmental swabs and 0/33 food items. Sequences were identical in environmental and stool samples (subtype II.4 2006b), except for those of canteen employees. Control measures comprised cohort isolation of symptomatic persons, exclusion of .

This article examines the effect of foreign armed intervention on human rights conditions in target countries. It is argued that military intervention contributes to the rise of state repression by enhancing the state's coercive power and encouraging more repressive behavior, especially when it is supportive or neutral toward the target government. Results from bivariate probit models estimated on time-series cross-section data show that supportive and neutral interventions increase the likelihood of extrajudicial killing, disappearance, political imprisonment, and torture. Hostile interventions increase only the probability of political imprisonment. The involvement of an intergovernmental organization or a liberal democracy as an intervener is unlikely to make any major difference in the suggested negative impact of intervention. Adapted from the source document.

International audience ; On the basis of recent research on the upper Rhine ( Vindonissa , Oedenburg), this study focuses on dating and characterization of the first Roman establishment at Strasbourg, dated until recently from 12 BC. From the few well defined layers uncovered during the recent excavations, this paper provides an update of the structures previously discovered and reviews the early findings (coinage, Italic Samian, amphorae). From the varied analyses the formation of the site, which seems to be confined in the third northwestern part of the present old town, can be dated to the first years of Tiberius's reign, probably around 14-16 AD. In the present state of data, the idea of an Augustan occupation has to be abandoned. There is some evidence of a military occupation so we could consider an identification with the quartering of the second legion, maybe altogether with an auxiliary unit.With addenda and bibliographic updates (07/01/2019). ; À la lumière des recherches récentes sur le Rhin supérieur ( Vindonissa , Oedenburg), ce travail aborde le problème de la datation et de la caractérisation de la première implantation romaine de Strasbourg, datée jusqu'à peu de 12 av. J.-C. En s'appuyant sur les rares niveaux bien caractérisés issus des fouilles récentes, l'étude fait le point sur les structures mises au jour anciennement et propose une recension du mobilier précoce (monnaies, sigillée italique, amphores). Il ressort des différentes analyses que l'installation du site, qui semble circonscrite dans le tiers nord-ouest de la vieille ville actuelle, peut être datée des premières années du règne de Tibère, très probablement aux alentours de 14-16 apr. J.-C. En l'état actuel des données, l'idée d'une occupation augustéenne doit être abandonnée. Quelques indices laissent supposer la nature militaire de cette occupation ; une identification avec le cantonnement de la II e légion Auguste, peut-être accompagnée d'une unité auxiliaire, pourrait être envisagée.Avec addenda et mise à jour bibliographique (07/01/2019).

International audience ; On the basis of recent research on the upper Rhine ( Vindonissa , Oedenburg), this study focuses on dating and characterization of the first Roman establishment at Strasbourg, dated until recently from 12 BC. From the few well defined layers uncovered during the recent excavations, this paper provides an update of the structures previously discovered and reviews the early findings (coinage, Italic Samian, amphorae). From the varied analyses the formation of the site, which seems to be confined in the third northwestern part of the present old town, can be dated to the first years of Tiberius's reign, probably around 14-16 AD. In the present state of data, the idea of an Augustan occupation has to be abandoned. There is some evidence of a military occupation so we could consider an identification with the quartering of the second legion, maybe altogether with an auxiliary unit.With addenda and bibliographic updates (07/01/2019). ; À la lumière des recherches récentes sur le Rhin supérieur ( Vindonissa , Oedenburg), ce travail aborde le problème de la datation et de la caractérisation de la première implantation romaine de Strasbourg, datée jusqu'à peu de 12 av. J.-C. En s'appuyant sur les rares niveaux bien caractérisés issus des fouilles récentes, l'étude fait le point sur les structures mises au jour anciennement et propose une recension du mobilier précoce (monnaies, sigillée italique, amphores). Il ressort des différentes analyses que l'installation du site, qui semble circonscrite dans le tiers nord-ouest de la vieille ville actuelle, peut être datée des premières années du règne de Tibère, très probablement aux alentours de 14-16 apr. J.-C. En l'état actuel des données, l'idée d'une occupation augustéenne doit être abandonnée. Quelques indices laissent supposer la nature militaire de cette occupation ; une identification avec le cantonnement de la II e légion Auguste, peut-être accompagnée d'une unité auxiliaire, pourrait être envisagée.Avec addenda et mise à jour bibliographique (07/01/2019).

International audience ; On the basis of recent research on the upper Rhine ( Vindonissa , Oedenburg), this study focuses on dating and characterization of the first Roman establishment at Strasbourg, dated until recently from 12 BC. From the few well defined layers uncovered during the recent excavations, this paper provides an update of the structures previously discovered and reviews the early findings (coinage, Italic Samian, amphorae). From the varied analyses the formation of the site, which seems to be confined in the third northwestern part of the present old town, can be dated to the first years of Tiberius's reign, probably around 14-16 AD. In the present state of data, the idea of an Augustan occupation has to be abandoned. There is some evidence of a military occupation so we could consider an identification with the quartering of the second legion, maybe altogether with an auxiliary unit.With addenda and bibliographic updates (07/01/2019). ; À la lumière des recherches récentes sur le Rhin supérieur ( Vindonissa , Oedenburg), ce travail aborde le problème de la datation et de la caractérisation de la première implantation romaine de Strasbourg, datée jusqu'à peu de 12 av. J.-C. En s'appuyant sur les rares niveaux bien caractérisés issus des fouilles récentes, l'étude fait le point sur les structures mises au jour anciennement et propose une recension du mobilier précoce (monnaies, sigillée italique, amphores). Il ressort des différentes analyses que l'installation du site, qui semble circonscrite dans le tiers nord-ouest de la vieille ville actuelle, peut être datée des premières années du règne de Tibère, très probablement aux alentours de 14-16 apr. J.-C. En l'état actuel des données, l'idée d'une occupation augustéenne doit être abandonnée. Quelques indices laissent supposer la nature militaire de cette occupation ; une identification avec le cantonnement de la II e légion Auguste, peut-être accompagnée d'une unité auxiliaire, pourrait être envisagée.Avec addenda et mise à jour bibliographique ...

International audience ; On the basis of recent research on the upper Rhine ( Vindonissa , Oedenburg), this study focuses on dating and characterization of the first Roman establishment at Strasbourg, dated until recently from 12 BC. From the few well defined layers uncovered during the recent excavations, this paper provides an update of the structures previously discovered and reviews the early findings (coinage, Italic Samian, amphorae). From the varied analyses the formation of the site, which seems to be confined in the third northwestern part of the present old town, can be dated to the first years of Tiberius's reign, probably around 14-16 AD. In the present state of data, the idea of an Augustan occupation has to be abandoned. There is some evidence of a military occupation so we could consider an identification with the quartering of the second legion, maybe altogether with an auxiliary unit.With addenda and bibliographic updates (07/01/2019). ; À la lumière des recherches récentes sur le Rhin supérieur ( Vindonissa , Oedenburg), ce travail aborde le problème de la datation et de la caractérisation de la première implantation romaine de Strasbourg, datée jusqu'à peu de 12 av. J.-C. En s'appuyant sur les rares niveaux bien caractérisés issus des fouilles récentes, l'étude fait le point sur les structures mises au jour anciennement et propose une recension du mobilier précoce (monnaies, sigillée italique, amphores). Il ressort des différentes analyses que l'installation du site, qui semble circonscrite dans le tiers nord-ouest de la vieille ville actuelle, peut être datée des premières années du règne de Tibère, très probablement aux alentours de 14-16 apr. J.-C. En l'état actuel des données, l'idée d'une occupation augustéenne doit être abandonnée. Quelques indices laissent supposer la nature militaire de cette occupation ; une identification avec le cantonnement de la II e légion Auguste, peut-être accompagnée d'une unité auxiliaire, pourrait être envisagée.Avec addenda et mise à jour bibliographique (07/01/2019).