Suchergebnisse

El calentamiento global ha alterado el cambio climático; por ello se investigó el comportamiento de la temperatura mínima, temperatura máxima, precipitación pluvial y su impacto en los cultivos de limón y maíz amarrillo duro. Para realizar la investigación, se utilizó como metodología la Función deproducción y como parte de los resultados se calculó la primera derivada parcial para encontrar el umbral óptimo y la segunda derivada para encontrar su comportamiento convexo o cóncavo. Para el caso del limón se encontró que la Precipitación Pluvial y la Temperatura Máxima tuvieron un impacto negativo en la producción y rendimiento del limón, todo esto sucedió en el corto plazo ya que a largo plazo fue lo contrario. Para el caso del maíz amarrillo duro cuando la temperatura mínima sobrepasa el umbral la producción y rendimiento disminuye en cambio cuando la precipitación pluvial sobrepasa el umbral ésta aumenta. Palabras Clave: cambio climático, función de producción agrícola, umbrales óptimos, variables climáticas. Referencias [1]Instituto Internacional de Investigacion sobre Politicas Alimentarias, «Cambio Climatico,» Washington, D.C., 2009. [2]J. Mora, D. Ramírez, J. Ordaz, A. Acosta y S. Braulio, «Panama Efectos del Cambio Climatico sobre la Agricultura,» Impreso en Naciones Unidas • México,D. F., Mexico, 2010. [3]S. Falco, Y. Mahmud, G. Kohlin y C. Ringler, «Estimating the Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture in Low-Income Countries: Household Level Evidencefrom the Nile Basin, Ethiopia,» springer link, vol. 52, nº 457–478, 2012. [4]F. Carrasco, «Efectos del cambio climático en la producción y rendimiento de la quinua en el distrito de Juli, periodo 1997 - 2014,» Comuni@cción, vol. 7, nº 2, p.10, 2016. [5]L. Torres, «Analisis Economico del Cambio Climatico en la Agricultura de Region Piura,» Consorcio de Investigación Económica y social, Piura, 2010. [6]A. Fleischer, I. Lichtman y R. Mendelsohn, «Climate Change, Irrigation, and Israeli Agriculture: will warming be harmful ?,» No. 4135, Banco Mundial., 2007. [7]Banco Central de Reserva del Perú Sucursal Piura, «Caracterización deL departamento de Piura,» Piura .2018 [8]A. Lázaro, «Sustentabilidad de fincas productoras de Opuntia ficus indica para la producción de Dactylopius coccus,en Arequipa,» Lima, 2019. [9]W. Yzarra, I. Trebejo y V. Noriega, «Evaluación del efecto del clima en la producción y productividad del maíz amarillo duro en la costa central del Perú,» Lima, 2010. UNIVERSIDAD, CIENCIA y TECNOLOGÍA Vol. 24, Nº 106 Noviembre 2020 (pp. 27-33). ; Global warming has altered climate change; For this reason, the behavior of the minimum temperature, maximum temperature, rainfall and their impact on lemon and hard yellow corn crops was investigated. To carry out the research, the Production Function was used as a methodology and as part of the results, the first partial derivative was calculated to find the optimal threshold and the second derivative to find its convex or concave behavior. In the case of lemon, it was found that Rainfall and Maximum Temperature had a negative impact on the production and yield of lemon, all this happened in the short term since in the long term it was the opposite. In the case of hard yellow corn, when the minimum temperature exceeds the threshold, production and yield decrease, on the other hand, when rainfall exceeds the threshold, it increases. Keywords: climate change, agricultural production function, optimal thresholds, climatic variables. References [1]Instituto Internacional de Investigacion sobre Politicas Alimentarias, «Cambio Climatico,» Washington, D.C., 2009. [2]J. Mora, D. Ramírez, J. Ordaz, A. Acosta and S. Braulio, «Panama Efectos del Cambio Climatico sobre la Agricultura,» Impreso en Naciones Unidas • México,D. F., Mexico, 2010. [3]S. Falco, Y. Mahmud, G. Kohlin and C. Ringler, «Estimating the Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture in Low-Income Countries: Household Level Evidencefrom the Nile Basin, Ethiopia,» springer link, vol. 52, nº 457–478, 2012. [4]F. Carrasco, «Efectos del cambio climático en la producción y rendimiento de la quinua en el distrito de Juli, periodo 1997 - 2014,» Comuni@cción, vol. 7, nº 2, p.10, 2016. [5]L. Torres, «Analisis Economico del Cambio Climatico en la Agricultura de Region Piura,» Consorcio de Investigación Económica y social, Piura, 2010. [6]A. Fleischer, I. Lichtman and R. Mendelsohn, «Climate Change, Irrigation, and Israeli Agriculture: will warming be harmful ?,» No. 4135, Banco Mundial., 2007. [7]Banco Central de Reserva del Perú Sucursal Piura, «Caracterización deL departamento de Piura,» Piura .2018 [8]A. Lázaro, «Sustentabilidad de fincas productoras de Opuntia ficus indica para la producción de Dactylopius coccus,en Arequipa,» Lima, 2019. [9]W. Yzarra, I. Trebejo and V. Noriega, «Evaluación del efecto del clima en la producción y productividad del maíz amarillo duro en la costa central del Perú,» Lima, 2010. UNIVERSIDAD, CIENCIA y TECNOLOGÍA Vol. 24, Nº 106 Noviembre 2020 (pp. 27-33).

AbstrakMahkamah Konstitusi (MK) sebagai salah satu lembaga penegak hukum di Indonesia yang berperan dalam mendorong dan melakukan pembaharuan hukum, peradilan dan demokrasi. Kewenangan MK dalam pengujian Undang-undang terhadap Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia 1945 sering kali menarik perhatian dan mempengaruhi berlakunya hukum di Indonesia. Pengujian Undang-Undang yang cukup menarik perhatian masyarakat yakni pada perkara Nomor : 20/PUU-XIV/2016 terkait alat bukti penyadapan. Pemohon dalam pengujian a quo adalah Setya Novanto yang merupakan Anggota DPR RI yang masih berstatus aktif. Dalam Permohonan tersebut pemohon mengajukan pengujian konstitusional Pasal 5 ayat (1) dan ayat (2) serta Pasal 44 huruf b Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik dan Pasal 26 A Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2001 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi terhadap Pasal 28 G ayat (1) Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. Putusan tersebut bersifat Tidak Konstitusional Bersyarat (Conditionally Unconstitusional), di mana dari sembilan majelis 2 (dua) hakim konstitusi memiliki pendapat berbeda (Dissenting Opinions). Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah menganalisis pertimbangan hakim dalam Putusan MK Nomor : 20/PUU-XIV/2016 dan akibat hukum penyadapan setelah adanya putusan tersebut terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan skripsi ini adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan kasus dan pendekatan konseptual. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa Mahkamah menilai warga Negara Indonesia yang juga menyandang status sebagai anggota DPR-RI akan dipertimbangkan tersendiri terhadap kedudukan hukumnya sesuai dengan kerugian konstitusional yang didalilkan. Dalam pertimbangan selanjutnya mahkamah menilai kerugian konstitusional pemohon tersebut memiliki hubungan sebab akibat dengan berlakunya frasa informasi elektronik dan/atau dokumen elektronik. Akibat hukum Putusan Mahkamah Konsitusi adalah setiap orang yang melakukan penyadapan sebagai alat bukti dalam rangka penegakan hukum harus mengacu pada persyaratan yang ditetapkan oleh Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi yaitu penyadapan harus dilakukan atas permintaan aparat penegak hukum yaitu Kepolisian, Kejaksaan dan/atau institusi penegak hukum lainnya. Saran yang dapat penulis sampaikan bahwa perlu adanya batasan kedudukan hukum anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat dalam mengajukan permohonan pengujian konstitusional ke Mahkamah Konstitusi. Kata Kunci: Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi, Penyadapan, Kedudukan Hukum.AbstractThe Constitutional Court as one of the law enforcement agencies in Indonesia that plays a role in encouraging and reforming law, justice and democracy. The authority of the Constitutional Court in examining laws against the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia often attracts attention and influences the entry into force of law in Indonesia. Testing of Law which is quite interesting to the public, namely in case Number: 20 / PUU-XIV / 2016 related to evidence of wiretapping. The applicant in the a quo test was Setya Novanto, who is a Member of the Indonesian Parliament who is still active. In the petition the petitioners submit constitutional review of Article 5 paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) as well as Article 44 letter b of Law Number 11 Year 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions and Article 26 A Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 20 of 2001 concerning Eradication Corruption Crime against Article 28 G paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The verdict is Conditionally Unconstitutional, in which of the nine assemblies 2 (two) constitutional judges have different opinions (Dissenting Opinions). The purpose of this study is to analyze the judgment of judges in the Constitutional Court Decision Number: 20 / PUU-XIV / 2016 and the legal consequences of wiretapping after the verdict on the laws and regulations. This type of research used in writing this thesis is a normative juridical approach to legislation, case approaches and conceptual approaches. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the Court considers that Indonesian citizens who also hold the status as members of the House of Representative of Indonesia Republic will be considered separately for their legal position in accordance with the postulated constitutional impairment. In further consideration the court considered the applicant's constitutional impairment to have a causal relationship with the enactment of the electronic information phrase and / or electronic document. The legal consequences of the Constitutional Court Decision is that every person who conducts wiretapping as evidence in the context of law enforcement must refer to the requirements stipulated by the Constitutional Court Decision, namely wiretapping must be done at the request of law enforcement officials namely the Police, Prosecutors' Office and / or other law enforcement institutions. Suggestions that the author can convey that it is necessary to limit the legal standing of members of the House of Representatives in submitting an application for constitutional testing to the Constitutional Court. Keywords: Constitutional Court Decision, Wiretapping, Legal Standing.

The main goal of the article is to analyze the main problems of information support for the UN peacekeeping. Over the past decades, leading political leaders and experts have always paid very serious attention to information problems. Among foreign researchers, substantiating the role of information in the world, it is necessary to single out the works of A. Gore, Z. Brzezinski, M. Makluhan, A. Toffler and others. The UN Secretaries-General continue to pay great attention to information development, among which they made a special contribution to the information support of peacekeeping B. Gali and K. Annan. Among Ukrainian scientists exploring the role of information, information relations and the role of international organizations in them, I would like to highlight Pocheptsov G. G., Zernetskaya O. V., Litvinenko A. V. and Makarenko E. A. Among the works of Ukrainian researchers regarding the UN peacekeeping work, it is worth noting the work of V. S. Brus, L. I. Skorokhod and Y. S. Skorokhod and others.In the study of the UN information system, systemic and analytical methods were used. The historical approach allowed us to trace the evolution of UN activities in the field of information support for peacekeeping. The article analyzes the problems of information support for UN peacekeeping. The main elements of the concept of peacekeeping operations are highlighted. The foundations of the theory and practice of UN activities in the field of peacekeeping and its information support are considered. The main UN units involved in peacekeeping operations and their cooperation in the information sphere are analyzed.Conclusions have been made regarding the future of UN peacekeeping, which will depend on the Organization's ability to ensure the unity of objectives of its various departments, funds and programs, allow it to act in concert and use its resources in strategically important areas. ; Главной целью статьи является анализ основных проблем информационного обеспечения миротворческой деятельности ООН. На протяжении последних десятилетий ведущие политические лидеры и эксперты всегда уделяли информационным проблемам серьезное внимание. Среди зарубежных исследователей, обосновывали роль информации в мире, необходимо выделить работы А. Гора, 3. Бжезинского, М. Маклухана, А. Тоффлера и др. Большое внимание информационному развитию продолжают уделять Генеральные секретари ООН, среди которых особый вклад в информационное обеспечение миротворчества сделали Б. Гали и К. Аннан. Среди украинских ученых, исследующих роль информации, информационные отношения и роль международных организаций в них, хотелось бы выделить Г. Г. Почепцова, О. В. Зернецкую, А. В. Литвиненко и Е. А. Макаренко. Среди работ украинских исследователей, касающиеся миротворческой работы ООН, стоит отметить работы В. С. Бруза, Л. И. Скороход, Ю. С. Скорохода и др.При исследовании информационной системы ООН применялись системный и аналитический методы. Исторический подход позволил проследить эволюцию деятельности ООН в области информационного обеспечения миротворчества. В статье анализируются проблемы информационного обеспечения миротворческой деятельности ООН. Освещены основные элементы концепции операций по поддержанию мира. Рассмотрены основы теории и практики деятельности ООН в области поддержания мира и ее информационного обеспечения. Проанализированы основные подразделения ООН, занимающиеся миротворческими операциями и их сотрудничество в информационной сфере. Сделаны выводы относительно будущего миротворческой деятельности ООН, которое будет зависеть от способности Организации обеспечивать единство целей ее различных департаментов, фондов и программ, позволит ей действовать согласованно и использовать свои ресурсы на стратегически важных направлениях. ; Головною метою статті є аналіз основних проблем інформаційного забезпечення миротворчої діяльності ООН. Протягом останніх десятиліть провідні політичні лідери та експерти завжди приділяли інформаційним проблемам серйозну увагу. Серед закордонних дослідників, що обґрунтовували роль інформації у світі, необхідно виділити роботи А. Гора, 3. Бжезинського, М. Маклухана, А. Тоффлера та ін. Велику увагу інформаційному розвитку продовжують приділяти Генеральні секретарі ООН, серед яких особливий внесок в інформаційне забезпечення миротворчості зробили Б. Галі та К. Аннан. Серед українських учених, що досліджують роль інформації, інформаційні відносини та роль міжнародних організацій в них, слід виділити Г. Г. Почепцова, О. В. Зернецьку, О. В. Литвиненка та Є. А. Макаренко. Серед праць українських дослідників, які стосуються миротворчої роботи ООН, варто відзначити В. С. Бруза, Л. І. Скороход, Ю. С. Скорохода та ін.У дослідженні інформаційної системи ООН застосовувалися системний і аналітичний методи. Історичний підхід дозволив простежити еволюцію діяльності ООН в області інформаційного забезпечення миротворчості. У статті аналізуються проблеми інформаційного забезпечення миротворчої діяльності ООН. Висвітлено основні елементи концепції операцій з підтримки миру. Розглянуто основи теорії і практики діяльності ООН в галузі підтримання миру та її інформаційного забезпечення. Проаналізовано основні підрозділи ООН, що займаються миротворчими операціями та їх співробітництво в інформаційній сфері. Зроблено висновки щодо майбутнього миротворчої діяльності ООН, яка буде залежати від здатності Організації забезпечувати єдність цілей її різних департаментів, фондів і програм, що дозволить їй діяти узгоджено і використовувати свої ресурси на стратегічно важливих напрямках.

Gerovasileiou, Vasilis/0000-0002-9143-7480; Vitale, Dyana/0000-0002-2172-3940; montesanto, federica/0000-0001-6328-7596 ; WOS:000589690900012 ; This article includes 23 new records of alien and cryptogenic species in the Mediterranean Sea, belonging to 4 Phyla (Chordata, Echinodermata, Arthropoda and Mollusca), distributed from the Alboran to the Levantine Sea. Records are reported from eight countries listed from West to East as follows: Algeria: new records of the Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus; Spain: further spread and establishment of the sea slug Lamprohaminoea ovalis in continental shores; Tunisia: first record of the Atlantic Blue Crab Callinectes sapidus in the Gulf of Gabes; Italy: a new occurrence of the pufferfish Lagocephalus sceleratus in Northern Ionian waters; first record of Cephalopholis taeniops in the Ionian Sea; first record of the redlip blenny, Ophioblennius atlanticus in the Ionian Sea; Slovenia: first record of the isopod Paranthura japonica in Slovenia; Greece: first record of the molluscs Eunaticina papilla, Plocamopherus ocellatus and the fish Cheilodipterus novemstriatus; first record of the ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinata in Kriti; the long-spined sea urchin Diadema setosum in the Ionian Sea; Turkey: first record of the sea spider Ammothea hilgendorfi; the stomatopod Cloridina cf. ichneumon; the fishes Pempheris rhomboidea from the Sea of Marmara and Paranthias furcifer from the Aegean Sea; Lebanon: new records of the fishes Arothron hispidus, Rachycentron canadum, Heniochus intermedius and Acanthurus monroviae; first record of Acanthostracion polygonius. The records of Cloridina cf. ichneumon from southern Turkey and the fish Acanthostracion polygonius from Lebanon, both being the first Mediterranean records, are noteworthy. ; European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme [730984]; Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation [HFRI-FM17-1597]; Ege University Scientific Research Projects CouncilEge University [2011 SUF/020]; Kamal Shair CRSL research fund at the American University of Beirut [24584/103599] ; N. Abdelali and S. Grimes wish to express their sincere gratitude to Mahjoubi Ramy, aquaculture technician at Aquadora farm, from Bonaine, who provided them with the photos of the specimen reported and handed it over to them, and to Haseine Youcef Yasser, fisherman who captured the specimen. M. Pontes and F. Crocetta are grateful to Daniel Munoz Rodriguez (Madrid, Spain) for sharing the observation data and photos of Lamprohaminoea ovalis. R. El Zrelli and L. Rabaoui would like to thank all local fishermen who provided information about the Atlantic Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus, in the Gulf of Gabes (south-eastern Tunisia). C. Licchelli and F. Denitto would like to thank Vincenzo Bruno, the local fisherman who shared data and information about their record. Andrea Spinelli and Dyana Vitale are grateful to Mr. Concetto Felice who filmed the C. taeniops specimen studied. F. Tiralongo and E. Azzurro are grateful to Giorgio Cavallaro (G.R.O. Sub Catania) for providing them with photos documenting the presence of Ophioblennius atlanticus in the Ionian Sea. A. Fortic and B. Mavric would like to thank Lovrenc Lipej and Domen Trkov for their help and support with the determination of specimens. F. Montesanto and F. Mastrototaro were supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under grant agreement No 730984, ASSEMBLE Plus project and thank G. Chatzigeorgiou and P. Kasapidis for the assistance provided. Michail Ragkousis, Alexandros Tsatiris, Markos Digenis, Vasilis Gerovasileiou and Stelios Katsanevakis were supported by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (H.F.R.I.) under the "First Call for H.F.R.I. Research Projects to support Faculty members and Researchers and the procurement of high-cost research equipment grant" (Project ALAS -`ALiens in the Aegean-a Sea under siege'; Project Number: HFRI-FM17-1597). C. Kocak's work was supported by the Ege University Scientific Research Projects Council, Project Number 2011 SUF/020. C. Kocak would also like to thank Prof. Dr. Atakan Sukatar (Ege University, Faculty of Science, Izmir) for his help in identifying the algal species and Naciye Alan for her helpful assistance in the fieldwork. S. Yapici and F.Yalgin would like to thank Orhan Yilmaz for providing video and information on their specimen. M. Bariche and S. Mavruk would like to express their gratitude to the citizen scientists Messrs Wahib Nini, Ramzi Allenby Gargour, Ali Haydar, Mostafa Saeed, Georges Taza, and Mohamad Ali Ibrahim for regularly reporting their observations and findings. Their study was partly supported by the Kamal Shair CRSL research fund (24584/103599) at the American University of Beirut. G. Bitar and A. Badreddine wish to thank Dr. Ricardo Aguilar for his help on the identification of their specimen, the professional fisher Amin Mezher for providing them with photos and a video recording of the species, and the director of the "Lebanese fishermen" Facebook page Mr. Georges Taza for his cooperation.

Transparency as well as complete and traceable documentation of specimens, samples and associated information are prerequisites to comply with laws and regulations in Provider and User Countries to ensure benefits of utilised genetic resources are shared. Besides legal compliance, these measures should also help to build trust among users, suppliers and collaborators. This concerns for example laws of providing countries that have established access laws under the Nagoya Protocol, such as Mexico's Ley General de la Vida Silvestre, or under the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD), such as the Brazil Law No. 13,123, regulating access to the country's genetic heritage. On the other hand there are laws and regulations in user countries that ensure compliance with access laws of providing countries under the Nagoya protocol (e. g. Regulation (EU) No 511/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16. April 2014, which has to be implemented at national level in the EU member states). As an institution holding genetic resources as living collections (including seeds), herbarium specimens and DNA and tissue samples as well as a wealth of associated data, the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin (BGBM) aims at creating transparency on the processes associated with the handling of these materials and data, such as metadata or associated analytical research results (Fig. 1). As a member of CETAF (Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities), IPEN (International Plant Exchange Network), and GGBN (Global Genome Biodiversity Network) the workflows and documentation of biological collections at BGBM are in compliance with CETAF's Code of Conduct on Access and Benefit Sharing (https://www.cetaf.org/services/natural-science-collections-and-access-and-benefit-sharing) for herbarium specimens including algae, IPEN´s Code of Conduct (http://www.bgci.org/policy/ipen) for living plants and seeds, and GGBN's (https://library.ggbn.org/share/s/UM5JietQR9aevtYDymHbjw) code of conduct (CoC) for DNA and tissue samples. A major challenge was to ensure the comprehensive, transparent, and traceable documentation of specimens and associated material and information along our internal workflows that have evolved with the development of a manifold of protocols. However, this challenge presented the opportunity to revise the existing protocols that cover the handling, collecting, and processing of the specimens, which had accumulated over the long history of our collections and our databases, into a consistent set of workflows (Stevens et al. 2019). A key component is the Collection Data Form (CDF) which guarantees that all necessary documentation will be imported into our collection management systems, including potential restriction of destructive sampling or loaning. The latest version of the CDF as wells as other information about BGBM's collection and data workflows can be found at https://wiki.bgbm.org/collectionworkflows. This site has been created in late 2018 to be used by everyone to explore BGBM's routines and examples. All legal and formal documents, such as collecting permits, Prior Informed Consent (PIC), CITES documentation, phytosanitary documents, Material Transfer Agreement (MTA), long term agreements with partner institutions, project agreements etc., are digitized and managed using a digital asset management software (Alfresco, an open source document management system, www.alfresco.com. The challenge is to link all this information unambiguously. To achieve this, all of BGBM's collections (tissue and DNA-samples as well as living plants, seeds and diatom cultures) must have, whenever possible, a herbarium specimen that can be permanently stored and that allows a correct taxonomic identification of the material. These voucher specimens shall be digitized. Therefore, all data and all documentation can be traced back to identifiers referring to a herbarium specimen or living accession. The other collections (e. g. DNA and tissue samples) also get unique identifiers that are cross-referenced with each other. By this process we ensure that genetic material is identified by collecting number (assigned by the collector), as well as accession number and barcodes (assigned by BGBM according to type of material such as plant tissue, DNA, sample, seed lot, plant accession number of living plants, environmental sample, culture strain or herbarium specimen), and, most importantly in this regard, the document number/identifier of the legal or formal documents issued by the national legal entity or signed by a partner institution (assigned by the documentation office at BGBM when digitized). All these identifiers or numbers must refer to the respective material and as such allow BGBM to trace back the material at all stages of processing. This is of vital importance when genetic material is exchanged with partners. If there are any restrictions or any requirements for the further processing, use or exchange of plant material this is documented and flagged in all database modules and accession numbers.

Проаналізовано сутнісні характеристики «негативної мобілізації». Визначено вплив інформаційних впливів на процес негативної мобілізації народу держави, про- ти якої ведеться «гібридна» війна, та на народ, країни, що веде цю війну. Показано негативні наслідки для суспільства такої мобілізації. Доведено, що застосування таких технологій впливає на стабільність розвитку, породжує загрози та ризики, дестабілізує політичну систему. ; Problem setting. Formulation of the problem. The destabilization of the situation in the «peaceful» territory of the country in any war is beneficial to the aggressor country, but in the hybrid war it is of particular importance, since it is very important to convincethe world community and its own people that the war is a civil war. The provocation of the conflict between the government and the people, between individual groups within the country takes place by means of information influence, that is, the use of special informa- tion technologies and tools that will not only affect the consciousness of people but change their behavior. The destabilization of the situation becomes possible through the «negative mobilization» of the population. Information war is now an important part of the hybrid war. It is worth paying attention to how the power of the aggressor state affects its own people, also a victim of disinformation, manipulation of consciousness. In general, the means of influence on both the people of other countries and in their own way are the same, but the purpose of the impact is different. This makes it possible to distinguish the «two fronts» of the information war.Recent research and publications analysis. The problems of political mobilization,«negative mobilization», peculiarities of manipulation of the people's consciousness for achieving certain goals, were reflected in the scientific works of such researchers asA. Boyko, D. Goncharov, L. Gudkov, O. Meleshkina, etc. Recently, The problem of informa- tion warfare, which is a compound hybrid war. The information component of the hybrid war is explored by D. V. Dubov, A. V. Manoilo, G. G. Pocheptsov, M. P. Trebin and others. Paper objective. Based on the above, the purpose of the study is to elucidate the pos- sibility of «negative mobilization» of the population through information impacts in ahybrid war.Paper main body. There are different approaches to the definition of political mobi- lization. Many researchers believe that such a mobilization is not a manifestation of an independent identification of the desire to engage in a political process for the realization of certain interests, but such activity is prompted by politicians or political parties that have their own interests, which often do not coincide with the interests of those whom they manipulate. Therefore, the actions of the groups thus included in the political process are not rational.The concept of «negative» mobilization is used to characterize mobilized political participation. The precondition for the process of negative mobilization is the statement of the «state of the crisis», the belief that a certain boundary has been reached (or is approaching it), which can lead to irreversible changes in the people's situation. Negative mobilization can be a consequence of state policy. and the consequence of the intervention of a third party, which is interested in destabilizing the situation and violat- ing stability. The information war, one of the tasks of which is to resolve stability, is part of a hybrid war against Ukraine. The country the aggressor uses, using the monopoliza- tion of the information field, forms certain stereotypes, myths, manipulates the conscious- ness of his citizens to gain support for foreign policy. Investigating the consequences of Russia's information war against Ukraine, it is important to find out the factors that are favorable for achieving the goal in this war. Such factors include: the lack of a single identification, the unfinished process of forming a political nation; the disintegration of society (a large gap between the poor and rich segments of the population, regions, ter- ritories, ideological delimitation, cultural differences, the lack of consensus among thepolitical elite even in the conditions of war.) The existing schisms in society will not be overcome until the political elite of the state itself is split.Conclusions of the research. The more unresolved problems in society, the more vul- nerable it is, the more opportunities for unfriendly states to destabilize the situation, trig- gering conflicts in a country that is subject to aggression in the hybrid war. Success in the economy, culture, science, in the formation of a mature civil society, which controls power, forms it through elections, as well as the unity of society, are the conditions for victory in the hybrid war. ; Проанализированы сущностные характеристики «негативной мобилизации». Определено влияние информационных воздействий на процесс негативной мобили- зации народа государства, против которого ведется «гибридная» война, и на народ страны, которая ведет эту войну. Показано негативные последствия для общества такой мобилизации. Доказано, что применение таких технологий влияет на ста- бильность развития, порождает угрозы и риски, дестабилизирует политическую систему.

Full list of authors: Pâris, Isabelle; Petitjean, Patrick; Ross, Nicholas P.; Myers, Adam D.; Aubourg, Éric; Streblyanska, Alina; Bailey, Stephen; Armengaud, Éric; Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie; Yèche, Christophe; Hamann, Fred; Strauss, Michael A.; Albareti, Franco D.; Bovy, Jo; Bizyaev, Dmitry; Niel Brandt, W.; Brusa, Marcella; Buchner, Johannes; Comparat, Johan; Croft, Rupert A. C. Dwelly, Tom; Fan, Xiaohui; Font-Ribera, Andreu; Ge, Jian; Georgakakis, Antonis; Hall, Patrick B.; Jiang, Linhua; Kinemuchi, Karen; Malanushenko, Elena; Malanushenko, Viktor; McMahon, Richard G.; Menzel, Marie-Luise; Merloni, Andrea; Nandra, Kirpal; Noterdaeme, Pasquier; Oravetz, Daniel; Pan, Kaike; Pieri, Matthew M.; Prada, Francisco; Salvato, Mara; Schlegel, David J.; Schneider, Donald P.; Simmons, Audrey; Viel, Matteo; Weinberg, David H.; Zhu, Liu. ; We present the Data Release 12 Quasar catalog (DR12Q) from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III. This catalog includes all SDSS-III/BOSS objects that were spectroscopically targeted as quasar candidates during the full survey and that are confirmed as quasars via visual inspection of the spectra, have luminosities M [z = 2] 2.15 (184 101, of which 167 742 are new discoveries) is about an order of magnitude greater than the number of z > 2.15 quasars known prior to BOSS. Redshifts and FWHMs are provided for the strongest emission lines (C iv, C iii], Mg ii). The catalog identifies 29 580 broad absorption line quasars and lists their characteristics. For each object, the catalog presents five-band (u, g, r, i, z) CCD-based photometry with typical accuracy of 0.03 mag together with some information on the optical morphology and the selection criteria. When available, the catalog also provides information on the optical variability of quasars using SDSS and Palomar Transient Factory multi-epoch photometry. The catalog also contains X-ray, ultraviolet, near-infrared, and radio emission properties of the quasars, when available, from other large-area surveys. The calibrated digital spectra, covering the wavelength region 3600-10 500 Å at a spectral resolution in the range 1300 < R < 2500, can be retrieved from the SDSS Catalog Archive Server. We also provide a supplemental list of an additional 4841 quasars that have been identified serendipitously outside of the superset defined to derive the main quasar catalog. © 2017 ESO. ; I.P. was supported by PRIN INAF 2012 "The X-Shooter sample of 100 quasar spectra at z-3.5:Digging into cosmology and galaxy evolution with quasar absorption lines". This work has been carried out thanks to the support of the A*MIDEX project (ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02) funded by the "Investissements d'Avenir" French Government program, managed by the French National Research Agency (ANR). The French Participation Group to SDSS-III was supported by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche under contracts ANR-08-BLAN-0222 and ANR-12-BS05-0015. A.D.M was partially supported by NASA ADAP award NNX12AE38G and by NSF awards 1211112 and 1515404. W.N.B. was supported by NSF grant AST-1516784. I.P. thanks S. Twain, D. Hoff, D. Dintei and Brian A. J. Richardson for their inspiring contribution to this work. Funding for SDSS-III has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Science Foundation, and the US Department of Energy Office of Science. The SDSS-III web site is http://www.sdss3.org/. SDSS-III is managed by the Astrophysical Research Consortium for the Participating Institutions of the SDSS-III Collaboration including the University of Arizona, the Brazilian Participation Group, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Carnegie Mellon University, University of Florida, the French Participation Group, the German Participation Group, Harvard University, the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, the Michigan State/Notre Dame/JINA Participation Group, Johns Hopkins University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, New Mexico State University, New York University, Ohio State University, Pennsylvania State University, University of Portsmouth, Princeton University, the Spanish Participation Group, University of Tokyo, University of Utah, Vanderbilt University, University of Virginia, University of Washington, and Yale University. AllWISE makes use of data from WISE, which is a joint project of the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, and NEOWISE, which is a project of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology. WISE and NEOWISE are funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported by the Office of Science of the US Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.

En el municipio de San Vicente de Chucurí, Santander, se produce aproximadamente el 11,8% del cacao de Colombia. Asociado con la producción de los granos de cacao se producen de 74-86% de residuos durante el proceso de beneficio, lo que representaría entre 4715–5480 toneladas al año. Esta situación genera problemas ambientales y fitosanitarios que se deben atender en el futuro inmediato. Es así que en este trabajo se estudia el aprovechamiento de los residuos de cacao (cáscara) del material clon CCN-51 para la extracción de polifenoles y fibra total. Desde el punto de vista metodológico, se desarrollaron dos etapas; en la primera se caracterizaron las cáscaras de cacao evaluando el contenido de polifenoles totales (método de Folin-Ciocalteu) y fibra dietaria total (método enzimático-gravimétrico); en lo que respecta a la segunda etapa, se realizó la simulación (software SuperPro Designer ®v.9.0 académica) de una planta extractora usando como información de entrada al simulador los resultados obtenidos en la primera etapa. La simulación se desarrolló tomando como base de cálculo el 32,6% de la producción del municipio y los resultados fueron: el contenido de polifenoles totales y fibra dietaria total para el clon CCN-51 fueron respectivamente 61 mgEAG/g (expresados en peso seco) y 56,80%. En lo que respecta a la simulación, se propuso un diagrama de proceso en que se incluyeron las etapas de preparación, extracción, concentración de polifenoles y fibra total. Con esta configuración fue posible obtener 8,6 kgEAG/h de polifenoles totales y 80,3 kg/h de fibra total presentes en la torta de cáscara de cacao.Palabras clave: cáscara de cacao, fibra dietaria total, polifenoles, simulación. AbstractThe municipality of San Vicente de Chucurí, department of Santander, produces approximately 11,8% of Colombia cocoa. In the production of cocoa beans, specifically during the beneficiation process, between 74-86% of waste are generated, which represents between 4715-5480 tons per year. This situation generates environmental and phytosanitary issues that should be addressed in the near future. Thus, in this paper it was evaluated the use of cocoa waste (husk) of CCN51 material for the extraction of polyphenols and total dietary fiber. Methodologically, two stages were developed. In the first stage, the cocoa husks were characterized by determining the total polyphenol content (Folin-Ciocalteu method) and total dietary fiber (enzyme-gravimetric method). With respect to second stage, it was performed the simulation (SuperPro Designer® software, academic version 9.0) of an extraction plant, using as input data of the simulator the values of obtained experimentally in the first stage. The simulation was developed on the basis of calculating the 32.6% of production in the municipality of San Vicente and the results obtained were as follows: the content of total polyphenols and total dietary for clone CCN-51 were respectively 61 mgEGA/gdm y 56,80%. With respect to the simulation, a process diagram was proposed in which the stages of preparation, extraction and concentration of polyphenols and total dietary fiber were included. With this configuration, it was possible to obtain 8,6 kgEGA/h total polyphenols and 80,3 kg/h total dietary fiber present in the cocoa husk mass.Keywords: Cocoa Husk, Total dietary fiber, Polyphenol, Simulation Resumo No município de San Vicente de Chucurí, Santander, que ocorre aproximadamente 11,8% de cacau na Colômbia. Associado com a produção de grãos de cacau são produzidos 74-86% dos resíduos durante o processo de beneficiamento, o que representaria entre 4715-5480 toneladas por ano. Isso cria problemas ambientais e fitossanitárias que devem ser abordadas no futuro imediato. Assim, neste estudo é estudada a utilização de cacau (escudo) de material de resíduos CCN-51 clone para a extracção de polifenóis e fibra total. Do ponto de vista metodológico, duas etapas foram desenvolvidas; no primeiro as conchas de cacau foram caracterizadas através da avaliação do teor de polifenóis total (de Folin-Ciocalteu) e de fibra dietética total (método de enzima-gravimétrica); com respeito ao segundo ponto, foi realizada a simulação (software Designer SuperPro ®v.9.0 académico) utilizando uma instalação de extracção como entrada para o simulador de os resultados obtidos no primeiro passo. A simulação foi desenvolvido cálculo baseado 32,6% da produção do município e os resultados foram: o conteúdo de polifenóis totais e fibra total para o clone CCN-51 foram, respectivamente, 61 mgEAG dietética / g (peso seco expresso ) e 56,80%. No que diz respeito à simulação, um diagrama de processo em que incluiu propôs as fases da preparação, extracção, concentração de polifenóis e fibra total. Com esta configuração foi possível obter 8,6 kgEAG / h e de polifenóis totais 80,3 kg / h de fibra total presente no bolo de casca de cacau.Palavras-chave: casca de cacau, fibra dietética total, polifenóis, simulação.

This paper examines the discursive construction of persuasiveness in media language. Analysing the corpus consisting of forty reviews of the French comedy "Intouchables" (2011), different invariant characteristics of the genre 'film review' are established in the light of two discursive strategies of persuasion based on metonymy and the rhetorical argument from community and authority. As the mentioned strategies assume that the discourse is to influence the addressees' will, decisions and emotions, they reflect some of the persuasive techniques used in advertising discourse, especially with regard to indirect means of interpretation, suggestion and evaluation. Therefore, different methods for (re)construction of the reality presented in the analysed texts stem from shared values and emotions becoming starting points for the deliberative dimension of the film review. Since our perception of the world is relative, the deployed strategies aim at eliminating the information verification process. Thus, they shape the interpretation of the message towards a set of parameters governing its attractiveness in order to meet the contemporary addresses' needs. ; Amossy, R. 2008. Argumentation et Analyse du discours: perspectives théoriques et découpage discipinaires. Argumentation et Analyse du Discours 1 [En ligne]. Consulté le 15.07.2015. http://aad.revues.org/200 Amossy, R. 2012. Faut-il intégrer l'argumentation dans l'analyse du discours? Problématiques et enjeux. Argumentation et Analyse du Discours 2 [En ligne]. Consulté le 21.09.15. http://aad.revues.org/1346 Balle, F. (ed.). 1998. Dictionnaire des médias. Paris: Larousse-Bordas. Baud, D. 2003. Analyse de genre : la critique de cinéma dans la presse quotidienne britannique. ASp. La Revue du Geras 39-40. [En ligne]. Consulté le 20.08.15. http://asp.revues.org/1282, DOI:10.4000/asp.1282. Bonhomme, M. 2009. De l'argumentativité des fi gures de rhétorique. Argumentation et Analyse du Discours 2 [En ligne]. Consulté le 25.09.15. http://aad.revues. org/495 Breton, P. 2008. Convaincre sans manipuler. Apprendre à argumenter. Paris: La Découverte. Charaudeau, P. 2004. Comment le langage se noue à l'action dans un modèle socio- -communicationnel du discours. De l'action au pouvoir. Cahiers de Linguistique Française 26, 151-175. [En ligne]. Consulté le 12.09.15. http://clf.unige.ch/fi les/ 4014/4102/7606/08-Charaudeau_nclf26.pdf Charaudeau, P. 2005. Les médias et l'information. L'impossible transparence du discours. Bruxelles: De Boeck. Charaudeau, P. 2007. De l'argumentation entre les visées d'infl uence de la situation de communication. In Ch. Boix (ed.), Argumentation, manipulation, persuasion, 13-36. Paris: L'Harmattan. Ducrot, O. 2004. Argumentation rhétorique et argumentation linguistique. In M. Doury et S. Moirand (eds.), L'Argumentation aujourd'hui. Positions théoriques en confrontation, 17-34. Paris: Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle. Fras, J. 2012. Podstawy identyfikacji i typologii wypowiedzi w mediach masowych. In E. Kulczycki et M. Wendland (eds.), Komunikologia. teoria i praktyka komunikacji , 13-29. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe IF UAM. Graff, R. et W. Winn 2006. Presencing «communion» in Chaim Perelman's new rhetoric. Philosophy and Rhetoric 39(1): 45-71. Grize, J.-B. 2004. Le point de vue de la logique naturelle. In M. Doury et S. Moirand (eds.), L'Argumentation aujourd'hui. Positions théoriques en confrontation, 35-44. Paris: Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle. Grzmil-Tylutki, H. 2011. L'évolution des genres politiques sous l'infl uence de la publicité: un pacte orienté vers un rêve et une offre. Romanica Cracoviensia 11: 167-175. Kövecses, Z., 2011. Język, umysł, kultura. Praktyczne wprowadzenie. Trad. A. Kowalcze- Pawlik, M. Buchta. Kraków: Universitas [Titre original: Language, mind and culture. A practical introduction. Oxford University Press]. Lugrin, G. 2006. Généricité et intertextualité dans le discours publicitaire de presse écrite. Bern: Peter Lang. Macagno, F. et D. Walton 2010. The argumentative uses of emotive language. Revista Iberoamericana de Argumentación 1: 1-33. Maingueneau, D. 2007. Genres de discours et modes de généricité. Le Français aujourd'hui 4 (27), 29-35. [En ligne]. Consulté le 10.10.15. http://www.cairn.info/ revue-le-francais-aujourd-hui-2007-4-page-29.htm, DOI:10.3917/lfa.159.0029 Micheli, R. 2014. Les émotions dans le discours. Louvain-la-Neuve: De Boeck. Molinié, G. 1992. Dictionnaire de rhétorique. Paris: Le Lire de Poche. Petty, R. et J. Cacioppo 1986. Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change. New York: Springer-Verlag. Perelman, Ch. 2000. L'empire rhétorique. Rhétorique et argumentation. Paris: J. Vrin. Plantin, Ch. 2011. Les bonnes raisons des émotions. Principes et méthode pour l'étude du discours émotionné. Berne: Peter Lang. Skowronek, K. 2001. Reklama. Studium pragmalingwistyczne. Kraków: Rabid. Wasilewski, J. et A. Skibiński 2008. Prowadzeni słowami. Retoryka motywacji w komunikacji publicznej. Warszawa: Difi n. Wilkoń, A. 2002. Spójność i struktura tekstu: wstęp do lingwistyki tekstu. Kraków: Universitas. Winston, M.E., R. Chaffi n et D. Herrman 1987. A taxonomy of part-whole relations. Cognitive Science 11: 417-444. Wolny-Zmorzyński, K., A. Kaliszewski, J. Snopek et W. Furman 2014. Prasowe gatunki dziennikarskie. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Poltex.

Стаття присвячена визначенню сутності нового міждисциплінарного та міжметодологічного підходу, визначеного як "культурологічна герменевтика", а також встановленню його потенціалу щодо дослідження феномена інтерпретації, зокрема художньої. Підґрунтям культурологічної герменевтики виступають дві основні герменевтичні галузі (методологічна і онтологічна), збагачені досягненнями таких сумісних із ними методологій, як аналітична психологія, структуралізм, морфологія культури та ін. ; Статья посвящена определению сущности нового междисциплинарного и межметодологического подхода, обозначенного как "культурологическая герменевтика", а также установлению его потенциала в изучении феномена интерпретации, в частности художественной. Основой культурологической герменевтики выступают два основных герменевтических направления (методологическое и онтологическое), обогащенных достижениями таких совместимых с ними методологий, как аналитическая психология, структурализм, морфология культуры и др. ; The interpretation, namely, the artistic interpretation can be viewed as one of the integral culture-forming phenomena. So it is worth of synthesizing inter-disciplinary and inter-methodological studying.Traditionally, one of the dominant methodologies of researching the interpretative thematic was Hermeneutics, a methodology originating from Ancient Greece where it was applied to Homer's poems. In the Middle Ages the hermeneutic operations were used to descry the ultimate meaning of the Holy Writ. Much later Schleiermacher invested Hermeneutics with a psychological meaning, using it as a means of understanding the inner world of other person, as it is expressed in the speech, and, especially in writing. This was the beginning of so-called "methodological" Hermeneutics, the aim of which was to understand authors better than they understand themselves.Quite different approach was later suggested by M. Heidegger and his followers. Their "ontological" Hermeneuticsin a way returns to the Medieval supposition of the manifestation of transcendental Being in a literary text. Therefore, the main task of a hermeneutist is to understand not the author as a person, but the implicit meanings of the text that can be quite different from the author's intention. Such a presupposition is very close to the main principles of Ukrainian philosophical (and para-philosophical, expressed in belles-lettres) thought.Undoubtedly, both methodological Hermeneutics of Schleiermacher and ontological Hermeneutics of Heidegger and his followers have great euristic potential. Still, the contemporary situation of active inter-cultural and inter-civilization dialogue leads us to the necessity of enriching the Hermeneutic with the achievements of compatible methodologies (Analytical psychology, Structuralism, Morphology of Culture etc). All of these methodologies are centered on the transpersonal levels of the text, where the "spirit of culture" leaves its traces more clearly. An author here appears to be a medium, conducting independent, "objective" messages to the recipients.In a way, the same can be said about the mostly French "post-philosophies" (postmodernism, poststructuralism etc). The main difference is in the negative attitude of their representatives to such transpersonal messages. As the transcendental reality (Haidegger's Being) is denied, the only transpersonal level left is the cultural subconsciousness that speaks through the author independently of his/her will. But, if K. G. Jung believed such a collective psyche to be full of spiritual treasures, French thinkers suspect that it contains only the suppressed complexes and traumas.This cardinal difference between the world outlooks does not forbid integrating the achievements of different methodological approaches into something new. The general goal of maximal understanding not only of the text, but its widest cultural context, allows us to define such a "synthesizing" approach as the Culturological Hermeneutics.Here different methodologies take their place on the different stages of studying the text. "Analytical" approach allows us to go into the details, "synthetic" – to return to the text as a whole. Thus we can turn a hermeneutic circle into a spiral and go ever deeper into the layers of meaning.Such a procedure demands studying the text in all possible cultural contexts: personal, social and universal. To do this we can make use of the term "paradigm". In our case it is a cultural paradigm, that characterizes the specific cultural features of a certain social entity. It leads us to investigating the cultural invariants, such as archetypes. It is wellknown, that they are remarkably constant, appearing worldwide through the ages. Still the specific set of archetypes and the way they are interpreted are unique for each cultural paradigm. This archetypal matrix can be seen in all the artistic works belonging to a paradigm. That is why Culturological Hermeneutics is to view an author both as a person and as a more or less typical representative of a certain cultural paradigm. It leads us from the traditional understanding of the artistic communication between author – text – recipient, to the intercultural communication in the global context.According to H.-G. Gadamer, the main purpose of hermeneutics is the achievement of understanding. This purpose is especially important in the times of great political, social and cultural changes, that demand, amid other things, the renovation of the lost traditions and liaisons. It makes hermeneutics, namely, culturological hermeneutics, that aims at the maximal understanding of a text and all its possible contexts, especially important.

Problem setting. In a market economy and increased competition between enterprises become increasingly important concepts such as business information, trade secrets, know-how, confidential information, the information with restricted access. Given the fact that only one patent protection is unable to meet the needs of researchers, in addition to formal public protection and secured legal means we would like to pay attention at private legal measures, particular, the mode of trade secrets.Recent research and publications analysis. Different aspects of the protection of trade secrets were investigated by specialists such as G. Androschuk, J. Berzhye, I. Davydov, O. Davydyuk, D. Zadyhaylo, P. Kraynov, G. Nikiforov, S. Nikiforov, V. Rubanov, E. Solovyov, L. Hoffman, V. Chaplygin, A. Cherniavsky and others. However, at present there is a lack of comprehensive research of this legal phenomenon, equally useful for innovators and businesses that actively protect corporate security.Paper objective. This article is planned to determine the legal characteristics, structural elements and mechanisms by which the use of trade secrets in business have a positive impact on innovation development and corporate security entities.Paper main body. On the basis of requirements of Art. 505 Civil Code of Ukraine and art. 39 of the TRIPS Agreement we formulated commercial information signs under which it receives legal protection as an object of intellectual property: (1) privacy (real or potential) in the sense that it is as a whole or in a precise combination of aggregate and its components are not generally known or available to persons in the circles that normally deal with such information; (2) commercial value (not purely industrial or industrial), due to its secrecy; this information is unknown to others, which is a commercial interest; (3) the lawful holder of the information provides active special measures (technical, organizational, legal) to preserve secrecy. The objects of trade secrets, depending on the fields may be the following types of information: (1) scientific and technical; (2) management; (3) commercial; (4) financial.At this stage, there is a growing role of know-how, compared with patents, because as their special advantages and drop interest in patenting innovations as an independent factor, as well as economic and legal efficiency mode of trade secrets. Under the know-how necessary to understand the technical, manufacturing, engineering knowledge, experience and skills related to the design, development, manufacture, sale, operation, maintenance, repair, improve technology and other innovative objects which have the status of trade secrets, and a factor of competitiveness entity.Given the fact that the administrative and jurisdictional mechanisms for the protection of trade secrets are more or less clear, we focused on internal corporate events. First, this is consolidation in the basic documents of the entity (statute, founding and collective agreements, work rules on trade secret law) such provision as law on ownership and protection of trade secrets. Second, the order of the head of the entity to approve the list of information to be protected as a trade secret. Third, develop and adopt regulations on trade secrets. Fourth, to approve the regulations on the organization of the documents containing trade secrets. Fifth, to include in a labor agreement (contract) the condition of non-disclosure of trade secrets or employee expected signing of enhancing privacy protection.Conclusions of the research. In order to stimulate innovation growth and protection of corporate security entities we should propose changes to the legislation: (1) secure the definition of the concept of «know-how (secret production)» indicating that the exclusive right to the secret of acting as long as the relation of production secrets operating mode of trade secrets; (2) add Tax Code of Ukraine following types of tax benefits: (a) exemption of small businesses from paying value added goods produced using in-house production know-how (secrets), sold small businesses within the term of exclusive rights to these intellectual activities, but not more than 5 years; (B) exemption of small businesses from paying income tax amounts in the form of sales of products derived from the use of know-how (secrets) in-house production from the beginning of their use, within the term of the exclusive rights to these intellectual activities, but not more than 5 years; (3) adopt by the Cabinet of Ministers exemplary (typical) provision of trade secrets in business organizations, which determine the general procedure for the use of legal, organizational and technical means to ensure the confidentiality of trade secrets. ; В статье дана хозяйственно-правовая характеристика коммерческой тайны и ноу-хау, определено их соотношение с патентной защитой и место в системе охраны интеллектуальной собственности. Предложены подходы к совершенствованию правового обеспечения этих отношений и защиты корпоративной безопасности субъектов хозяйствования. ; У статті дано господарсько-правову характеристику комерційної таємниці та ноу-хау, визначене їх співвідношення з патентним захистом і місце в системі охорони інтелектуальної власності. Запропоновано підходи до вдосконалення правового забезпечення цих відносин і захисту корпоративної безпеки суб'єктів господарювання.

В статье рассматриваются вопросы возникновения и исторические этапы развития общественной географии (официальное название «экономическая, социальная, политическая и рекреационная география»). Первый этап, политико-географо-статистический, был связан с возникновением в 1730-е г. в Императорской Академии наук и Академическом университете благодаря трудам немецких географов на российской службе политической географии как комплексного описания государств. Одновременно происходило становление камеральной (политической) статистики, систематизировавшей количественные и качественные характеристики государств. В 1819 г. создается первая в СПбУ преимущественно общественно-географическая кафедра географии и статистики. Наряду со страноведческим направлением формируется общественно-географическое районирование России и зарубежного мира, общественно-географическое регионоведение России, география населения и городов, первые геополитические построения. Во второй половине ХIХ в. происходит кризис и распад описательной политической географии. Главными особенностями второго, антропогеографического этапа (с 1880-х по 1920-е гг.) стали: создание в СПбУ кафедры географии и этнографии (1884), развивавшей антропогеографическое страноведение России, Евразии и мира; формирование «новой», научной политической географии. Третий, экономико-географический этап (с 1920-х гг. до последней четверти ХХ в.) связан со становлением новых общественно-географических направлений экономической географии (отраслево-статистической и районной направленности), критики «западной» политической географии и геополитики, развитием собственной «советской» политико-географической тематики, географии мирового хозяйства, теории экономической географии, экономико-географического страноведения (зарубежные страны, СССР) и географии населения. В 1918 г. при активном участии университетских ученых создаеется первый в стране Географический Институт как специализированный научно-образовательный центр, интегрированный в 1925 г. в состав университета в качестве Научно-исследовательского географо-экономического института и географического факультета, включившего первую в стране университетскую кафедру экономической географии. Четвертый, общественно-географический этап развития (с последней четверти ХХ в. по настоящее время) связан с ускоренной дифференциацией экономической географии, ее трансформацией в экономическую и социальную и далее в общественную географию. Наряду с продолжением ранее сложившейся тематики, новыми направлениями становятся этнология и этногеография, география Мирового океана, международное разделение труда и география мирового хозяйства, политическая география, возрожденная после периода забвения 1930-1960-х гг. геополитика и геополитическая мысль, социальная география, социальная экология, региональная политика, территориальное планирование, геоглобалистика, общественно-географическая проблематика постсоветского пространства, географическое страноведение для международного туризма, рекреационная география и туризм, управление землепользованием, геоурбанистика и др. Создаются новые лаборатории (пространственного планирования) и кафедры страноведения и международного туризма, региональной политики и политической географии. Происходит переход от подготовки «универсальных» экономико-географов к специализированной подготовке по бакалаврским и магистерским общественно-географическим профилям. В заключение обозначены актуальные направления и формы дальнейшего развития общественной географии и подготовки университетских географов-обществоведов. Библиогр. 42 назв. ; The article discusses historical stages of development of Societal (Human) Geography as а branch of geography at St. Petersburg University. The first stage, the political-geographical-statistical, was associated with the emergence of political geography as a comprehensive description of states in 1730s in the Imperial Academy of Sciences and the Academic University thanks to the works of the German geographers at the Russian service G. V. Kraft and H.-N. Wunzheim. Simultaneously there was the emergence of statistics, organized qualitative and quantitative characteristics of states. In 1819 the first predominantly socio-geographical Department of Geography and Statistics was created. Other key scientists included M. Lomonosov, E. Zyablovskiy, K. Arseniev. The second, antropogeographical phase lasted from the 1880s to the 1920s. Its main feature is the creation of a university Department of geography and ethnography (1884) with societal-geographical country studies on the base of antropogeography (regional studies of Russia, Eurasia, the World, «scientific» political geography). E. Petry, V. Lamanskiy, P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, A. Voeykov, D. Mendeleev, V. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. Third, economicogeographical stage (1920s the last quarter of 20 th) is associated with the emergence of such societal-geographical areas as economic geography ("branch-statistical" and "regional"); political geography and geopolitical representations, geography of population; theory of economic geography. Since 1925 Geographical-EconomicInstitute, Geographical faculty and Department of Economic Geography became new organizational forms of societal-geographical science and education at the University. Key scientists: V. Den, V. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, G. Mebus, V. Chetyrkin, B. Semevskiy, L. Gumilev. Fourth, the societal-geographical stage (the last quarter of 20 th to the present) is associated with accelerated differentiation of economic geography. New areas of research and education step to the fore, such as ethnogeography, geopolitics and geopolitical thought, social geography, socio-geographical problems of indigenous people of the Arctic, regional policy, spatial planning, geoglobalistics, socio-geographical problems of post-Soviet space, recreational geography and tourism, land use management, geo-urbanistics, geo-economics, the theory of societal geography. Two new Departments were created; of regional geography and international tourism and of regional policy and political geography. Key scientists: S. Lavrov, L. Gumilev, A. Anohin, V. Lachininskiy, A. Chistobaev, N. Kaledin, K. Aksenov, D. Sevastiynov, A. Alekseev, K. Klokov, S. Khruschev. In conclusion actual directions and forms of further development of societal geography discussed. Refs 42.

Costa Rica's life expectation is the higest from Latin America. The average age for the whole continent is 74 years. The age for Costa Rica is 80 and for Chili is 79 (Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2014). This situation is the result of an addition of variables, but it is obvious that this little country has a population that is worried about factors as life style and nutrition. Food manufactory and food producers should offer new products, with a superior concentration of nutrients, instead of fats and processed carbohydrates (as sugars and starches). The government institutions, as public universities and ministries had to become a motor and support to achieve this objective. A research group of the public university INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO DE COSTA RICA, stablished a study project called "Desarrollo de alimentos nutracéuticos a partir de cultivos biofortificados para combatir el efecto del cambio climático en la seguridad alimentaria de Costa Rica". The project is managed by a researcher of the Agrobusiness Department. Other Departments are collaborating too, as Chemistry, Business Management and Agricultural Engineering. The new products development is focused in different age populations. The age groups selected are children from six to twenty-four months old, teenagers and finally elderly people. For the first group, it had been developed "home- made baby foods" and for the second one baked snacks. Researchers used carotenoid bio fortified crops, as manioc and sweet potatoes. Both crops are produced at the North side of Costa Rica. To be sure that by using bio fortified crops is possible to obtain products with a higher concentration of nutrients, researchers made a comparison. They produced baby foods and nutraceutical snacks with biofortified crops and non-fortified crops. The total amount of carotenoid from the different samples was analyzed at the CITA (Centro Nacional de Investigación en Tecnología de Alimentos). As a result, it was found that the total amount of carotenoids is ten times higher in products prepared with bio fortified crops than in products prepared with non bio fortified crops. It is important to take into account that the samples were prepared using the same procedures, equipment and ingredients. For the food products elaborated with non bio-fortified crops, the total carotenoids content is in average 300 μg/100 wet material. The same valor, using bio-fortified crops is 4000 μg/100 wet material. ; La expectativa de vida en los países latinoamericanos es de 74 años y Costa Rica supera este valor. El Banco Mundial reconoció que Costa Rica y Chile son los países con mayor esperanza de vida en el continente. Costa Rica tiene un promedio de 80 años y Chile de 79 (Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2014). Esta nueva población se interesa más por la salud, la longevidad y el bienestar, tendencias que obligan a los productores de alimentos a buscar nuevas alternativas, para adicionar beneficios nutricionales a sus productos. Las universidades y las instituciones públicas, como los ministerios de Salud y de Agricultura, deben constituirse en un motor en el logro de este objetivo. El proyecto de investigación "Desarrollo de alimentos nutracéuticos a partir de cultivos biofortificados para combatir el efecto del cambio climático en la seguridad alimentaria de Costa Rica", ejecutado en el Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica (TEC), liderado por la Escuela de Ingeniería en Agronegocios y con la participación de las escuelas de Química, Agronomía y Administración de Empresas, se ha iniciado con una visión etaria, es decir, se desarrollan los productos considerando las necesidades y características de tres poblaciones: niños menores de dos años, adolescentes y adultos mayores. Para el desarrollo de estos productos se ha utilizado variedades de camote y de yuca biofortificadas con carotenos. Es necesario conocer la diferencia nutricional entre un producto elaborado con las variedades biofortificadas y uno elaborado con las variedades más comúnmente utilizadas por la población costarricense. En este artículo se compara el contenido total de carotenoides en productos terminados elaborados a partir de dos variedades de camote y dos de yuca, una biofortificada y la otra no. Para implementar la comparación, se trabajó en el desarrollo de un colado infantil y un snack para adolescentes. En la elaboración del colado infantil se utiliza camote, entre otros ingredientes, y para los snacks, tanto camote como yuca. Se realizaron tres corridas de cada uno de los productos, utilizando la misma materia prima, los mismos aditivos, la misma maquinaria y las mismas condiciones de proceso. En promedio se determinó que, usando variedades biofortificadas, la cantidad de carotenoides totales es diez veces mayor que cuando se utilizan variedades comunes. En los productos elaborados con variedades no fortificadas el promedio es de 300 μg-βcaroteno/100 g. Este valor, en productos elaborados con cultivos biofortificados y utilizando exactamente las mismas técnicas de procesamiento, es de 4000 μg-βcaroteno/100 g.

Problem setting. In a market economy and increased competition between enterprises become increasingly important concepts such as business information, trade secrets, know-how, confidential information, the information with restricted access. Given the fact that only one patent protection is unable to meet the needs of researchers, in addition to formal public protection and secured legal means we would like to pay attention at private legal measures, particular, the mode of trade secrets.Recent research and publications analysis. Different aspects of the protection of trade secrets were investigated by specialists such as G. Androschuk, J. Berzhye, I. Davydov, O. Davydyuk, D. Zadyhaylo, P. Kraynov, G. Nikiforov, S. Nikiforov, V. Rubanov, E. Solovyov, L. Hoffman, V. Chaplygin, A. Cherniavsky and others. However, at present there is a lack of comprehensive research of this legal phenomenon, equally useful for innovators and businesses that actively protect corporate security.Paper objective. This article is planned to determine the legal characteristics, structural elements and mechanisms by which the use of trade secrets in business have a positive impact on innovation development and corporate security entities.Paper main body. On the basis of requirements of Art. 505 Civil Code of Ukraine and art. 39 of the TRIPS Agreement we formulated commercial information signs under which it receives legal protection as an object of intellectual property: (1) privacy (real or potential) in the sense that it is as a whole or in a precise combination of aggregate and its components are not generally known or available to persons in the circles that normally deal with such information; (2) commercial value (not purely industrial or industrial), due to its secrecy; this information is unknown to others, which is a commercial interest; (3) the lawful holder of the information provides active special measures (technical, organizational, legal) to preserve secrecy. The objects of trade secrets, depending on the fields may be the following types of information: (1) scientific and technical; (2) management; (3) commercial; (4) financial.At this stage, there is a growing role of know-how, compared with patents, because as their special advantages and drop interest in patenting innovations as an independent factor, as well as economic and legal efficiency mode of trade secrets. Under the know-how necessary to understand the technical, manufacturing, engineering knowledge, experience and skills related to the design, development, manufacture, sale, operation, maintenance, repair, improve technology and other innovative objects which have the status of trade secrets, and a factor of competitiveness entity.Given the fact that the administrative and jurisdictional mechanisms for the protection of trade secrets are more or less clear, we focused on internal corporate events. First, this is consolidation in the basic documents of the entity (statute, founding and collective agreements, work rules on trade secret law) such provision as law on ownership and protection of trade secrets. Second, the order of the head of the entity to approve the list of information to be protected as a trade secret. Third, develop and adopt regulations on trade secrets. Fourth, to approve the regulations on the organization of the documents containing trade secrets. Fifth, to include in a labor agreement (contract) the condition of non-disclosure of trade secrets or employee expected signing of enhancing privacy protection.Conclusions of the research. In order to stimulate innovation growth and protection of corporate security entities we should propose changes to the legislation: (1) secure the definition of the concept of «know-how (secret production)» indicating that the exclusive right to the secret of acting as long as the relation of production secrets operating mode of trade secrets; (2) add Tax Code of Ukraine following types of tax benefits: (a) exemption of small businesses from paying value added goods produced using in-house production know-how (secrets), sold small businesses within the term of exclusive rights to these intellectual activities, but not more than 5 years; (B) exemption of small businesses from paying income tax amounts in the form of sales of products derived from the use of know-how (secrets) in-house production from the beginning of their use, within the term of the exclusive rights to these intellectual activities, but not more than 5 years; (3) adopt by the Cabinet of Ministers exemplary (typical) provision of trade secrets in business organizations, which determine the general procedure for the use of legal, organizational and technical means to ensure the confidentiality of trade secrets. ; В статье дана хозяйственно-правовая характеристика коммерческой тайны и ноу-хау, определено их соотношение с патентной защитой и место в системе охраны интеллектуальной собственности. Предложены подходы к совершенствованию правового обеспечения этих отношений и защиты корпоративной безопасности субъектов хозяйствования. ; У статті дано господарсько-правову характеристику комерційної таємниці та ноу-хау, визначене їх співвідношення з патентним захистом і місце в системі охорони інтелектуальної власності. Запропоновано підходи до вдосконалення правового забезпечення цих відносин і захисту корпоративної безпеки суб'єктів господарювання.

Im frühen 19. Jahrhundert übernahmen bayerische Werkstätten die weltweite Führung im optisch-feinmechanischen Instrumentenbau. Eine der wichtigsten Keimzellen dieser rund 60 Jahre währenden Hegemonie war das 1804 unter Joseph von Utzschneider (1763-1840), Georg Reichenbach (1771-1826) und Joseph Liebherr (1767-1840) in München gegründete Mathematisch-mechanische Institut. Auch das 1838 aus der Utzschneiderschen Werkstatt hervorgegangene Unternehmen G. & S. Merz stand in dieser Tradition. Zahlreiche technische Innovationen sowie eine Jahrzehnte anhaltende Spitzenposition im wissenschaftlichen Instrumentenbau charakterisieren die rund 100-jährige Geschichte dieser Firma. Bis zum heutigen Tag konzentriert sich die Optikgeschichte des 19. Jahrhundert auf das Wirken des berühmten Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787-1826). Sie proklamiert mit seinem Tod im Jahr 1826 auch das Ende von Utzschneiders Werkstatt.Die vorliegende Arbeit dokumentiert nun anhand einer umfangreichen Firmenbiografie und eines umfassenden Instrumentenverzeichnis die weitere Geschichte des berühmten Optischen Instituts bis zum Jahr 1932. Vor allem die Auswertung der bislang unbearbeiteten Geschäftsbücher und Korrespondenzen der Firma Merz zeigen die enge wirtschaftliche Verflechtung der Firma als Zulieferbetrieb für nicht weniger als 30 optischfeinmechanischen Werkstätten. Darunter bedeutende Unternehmen wie Breithaupt in Kassel, Mayerstein in Göttingen oder Troughton & Simms in London. Sie bezogen regelmäßig, andere Werkstätten wie Ertel & Sohn in München oder Repsold & Söhne in Hamburg sogar fast ausschließlich ihre optischen Bauteile bei dem Münchener Unternehmen. Etwa die Hälfte des Monatsumsatzes erzielte das Unternehmen mit dem Verkauf vergleichbar einfacher Produkte wie Brillen und Lupen. Astronomische Großinstrumente wurden selten mehr als 1-2 Stück pro Jahr verkauft. Sie waren aufgrund ihrer oft mehrjährigen Bauzeit betriebswirtschaftlich nur schwer kalkulierbar und banden über Jahre Arbeitskräfte des Instituts. Dennoch fertigte Merz rund 90 große Refraktoren und etwa 100 größere Astro-Objektive. Sie wurden nach England, Frankreich, Italien, Nord- und Südamerika, Russland, Südafrika, Indien, den Philippinen, Japan und Australien verkauft. Mit diesen beeindruckenden Absatzmärkten gehörte Merz zu den ersten Global Playern im optisch-feinmechanischen Instrumentenbau. Neben diesen prestigeträchtigen Großprojekten fertigte Merz aber auch sehr marktorientiert. So reagierte man auf die sich rasch entwickelnde medizinische Diagnostik mit der Konstruktion kleiner aber leistungsfähiger Mikroskope für Amtsärzte und Studenten. Nicht weniger lukrativ waren Aufträge für das bayerische und preußische Militär oder die in großer Stückzahl produzierten Universal-Stern-Spektroskope". Eine besondere Rolle kam Merz bei der Popularisierung der Astronomie zu. Mit dem etwa 1910 vorgestellten "Schulfernrohr" gelang es, ein günstiges aber leistungsstarkes Teleskop für Amateure auf den Markt zu bringen. Auch neue Entwicklungen wie das seit 1911 angebotene Medial-Fernrohr konnten letztlich das Unternehmen nicht vor seiner Liquidation im Jahr 1932 retten. Zusammenfassend kann das Optische Institut als eine der erfolgreichsten optisch-feinmechanischen Werkstätten des 19. Jahrhunderts angesehen werden. Es beeinflusste den wissenschaftlichen Instrumentenbau weit über Fraunhofers Wirken hinaus. ; In the early 19th century, Bavarian manufactories achieved the global leadership in precision opto-mechanical instrument making. The Institute of Mathematical Mechanics, founded in Munich in 1804 by Joseph von Utzschneider (1763-1840), Georg Reichenbach (1771-1826) and Joseph Liebherr (1767-1840), was one of the most important origins of this hegemony which lasted for approximately 60 years. The company G. & S. Merz, which originated from the manufactory of Utzschneider in 1838, also stood in this tradition. This company's hundred-odd years of history is characterized by numerous technical innovations and a leading position in scientific instrument making which continued for decades. Up to the present day, the 19th-century history of optics focuses on the work of the famous Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787-1826). It proclaims that his death in 1826 also means the end of Utzschneider's manufactory. Based on a comprehensive company biography and extensive lists of instruments, the present study documents the further history of the famous optical institute until the year 1932. Particularly, the analysis of account books and the correspondence of the company Merz, which has been unattended so far, reveals the company's close economic ties as a supplier for not less than 30 precision opto-mechanical manufactories. Among them are important companies such as Breithaupt in Kassel, Mayerstein in Göttingen or Troughton & Simms in London. However, even other manufacturers, such as Ertel & Sohn in Munich or Repsold & Söhne in Hamburg, bought regularly and almost exclusively their optical components from the Munich company. The company generated around 50% of its total sales from relatively simple products, such as glasses and magnifying lenses. They rarely sold more than 1-2 units of large astronomical instruments per annum. Economically, they were difficult to be calculated due to the time for completion, that often took several years and tied up personnel resources of the institute. Merz produced approximately 90 large refractors and about 100 larger astro lenses. They were sold to England, France, Italy, North- and South America, Russia, South Africa, India, the Philippines, Japan and Australia. These impressive market areas distinguish Merz as one of the global players in precision opto-mechanical instrument making. Beside these prestigious major projects, Merz was also very market-oriented. Thus, they met the demands of a rapidly developing medical diagnostics market by producing small but capable microscopes for public medical officers as well as students. Purchasing orders from the Bavarian and the Prussian military and the "Universal Star Spectroscope", which was produced in large quantities, were no less worthwhile. Merz played a central role in the popularization of astronomy. By presenting the "School Telescope" around 1910, they succeeded in launching a low-priced but capable amateur telescope. But in the end, new developments such as the "Medial Telescope", offered from 1911, could not prevent the company's liquidation in 1932. To sum up, the Optical Institute can be seen as one of the most successful precision opto-mechanical manufactory of the 19th century. Its influence on scientific instrument making, however, went far beyond Fraunhofers work.