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Анализируются отношения чехословаков, поднявших мятеж в 1918 г. в России, и военнопленных Первой мировой войны, находящихся на территории Сибири и ставших участниками Гражданской войны. Делаются выводы о значении участия чехословацкого корпуса и военнопленных-интернационалистов в Гражданской войне на территории Сибири. ; Russia's withdrawal from the World War I after the signing of the Brest peace was a catalyzing factor for the onset of the Civil War in the country. The war involved prisoners of war, delayed their repatriation until the end of hostilities between the warring parties and the establishment of legitimate authority in Russia that would be capable of carrying out its international obligations with respect to matters concerning the rights of prisoners of war. Revolutions in Germany and Austria-Hungary, fighting in the western regions of Russia also interrupted the negotiating process and the evacuation of prisoners of war. A lot was done by the Bolsheviks in forming groups of internationalists from prisoners of war, mostly from the Hungarians, Austrians, Germans, as well as by the White Army generals in bringing Legionnaires of the Czech Corps to military operations against the Bolsheviks. The stake in the use of international force was placed on the national dislike between the Hungarians, Austrians, Germans, on the one hand, and the Czechoslovaks, on the other. The war against the Bolsheviks did not become the war against the Russians for the Czechs. Legionnaires fought with particular ferocity with international teams which consisted of former German, Austrian and Hungarian prisoners. At the rear, the Czechs and the Whites fought against the guerrillas of Siberia, Transbaikalia and Far East, protected the Trans-Siberian railroad and performed the functions of administrative and military power. The ideological opposition in Russia ended with the victory of the Bolsheviks. "The proletarian government", fighting for economic and political rights of Russian workers, treated the prisoners of war equivalently. Prisoners of war longing for a prompt return to their homeland saw the only possible way out of this situation to participate in the events occurring in the territory of their captivity. Siberia became a bright example of the struggling front where not only the interests of various political forces on the polity of the country collided, but also the national interests of prisoners of war were involved. The confrontation between the Germans, Hungarians and the Czechs was based on the legally unsettled state-territorial claims. The Czechoslovaks were granted a real opportunity to defend their right and they quickly used the chance. However, it is obvious that they were a convenient professional military force the French government used in the fight against the Soviets.

IntroductionMorphological and metabolic complications in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy remain a challenge. While new cases of lipoatrophy (LA) disappear, irreducible central lipohypertrophy (LH) and metabolic complications require highly specialized management. We described a day hospital dedicated to lipodystrophy (LD) and metabolic disorders in HIV patients on treatment in Geneva, Switzerland, with a focus on LH.Materials and MethodsThe "Groupe Lipo & Metabolism" is a multidisciplinary consultation where patients undergo a standard evaluation including questionnaire, physical examination, dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and L5‐level CT scans, blood tests and consultations with various specialists. Based on prospectively maintained data, we describe clinical, biological and radiological characteristics of patients ≥18 years who attended the consultation between 2008 and 2013. We defined LH by CT scan, the gold standard method, as abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT) ≥130 cm2, value associated with increased risk of cardiovascular event.ResultsA total of 195 patients attended the consultation during study period. Reasons for referral included LH in 28.3%, LA in 25% and mixed syndrome in 15.5% of cases. Metabolic disorders accounted for 19% of referrals with or without LD features. Among patients with a CT scan performed (n=183), 46 (25%) had LH with a VAT ≥130 cm2. In this population, mean age was 49.1 years and 53.6% were male. HIV viral load was <50 cp/ml in 87% of patients. Mean body mass index was 24.6 kg/m2. Mean waist to hip ratio (WHR) was 0.98 for males and 0.89 for females. A total of 9.8%, 29.5% and 35% of patients had abnormal levels of total cholesterol (≥6.5 mmol/L), triglycerides (≥2.0 mmol/L) and HDL cholesterol (≤1.0 mmol/L), respectively. Mean fasting glycaemia was 5.7 mmol/L and HbA1c was >6% in 10.5% of patients. Vitamin‐D level was <75 nmol/L in 70.7% of patients. Respectively 31.2% and 12.1% of patients had osteopenia and osteoporosis on the spine and 44.8% and 6.6% on the hip neck. Factors associated with a VAT≥130 cm2 included male gender (OR 3.7 [95% CI 1.7–8.2] p<0.001), triglycerides ≥2 mmol/L (OR 2.6 [95% CI 1.3–5.4] P<0.01) and increase in BMI category (OR 1.8 [95% CI 1.2–2.8] p<0.01).ConclusionsLipohypertrophy is a prevalent feature of fat redistribution among HIV patients on treatment. Risk factors for LH include male gender, dyslipidemia and overweight. Glucose impairment and bone disorders are also common. A multidisciplinary approach is important to identify and promptly address these disorders.AcknowledgmentsThe "Groupe Lipo & Metabolism" team.

AbstractManuscript TypeEmpirical.Research Question/IssueCorporate boards often change their working language when they acquire foreign members. Consequently, boards "talk" in one language but "think" in another. The present study explores and explains how language diversity influences work processes of corporate boards.Research Findings/InsightsOn the basis of a multiple case study of nine multinational corporations (MNCs) from fourNordic countries, we discovered evidence of impoverished and silenced discussions in board meetings in those case companies that were unprepared to switch toEnglish as the new working language of the board. Some board members found it difficult to contribute to board meetings and articulate disagreement. In contrast, such effects were not revealed in the well‐prepared companies. Overall, the presence of employee representatives on the boards made it more difficult to conduct work processes inEnglish because these members often lacked sufficient language proficiency. Thus, our findings suggest that the board co‐determination act of theNordic corporate governance model may be associated with the hidden costs of using a non‐native language.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsOur study makes four contributions to research on board diversity. Firstly, it highlights the "silencing effect" of language diversity on board processes. Secondly, it emphasizes the linkage between language diversity and board processes. Thirdly, it provides additional evidence that language is a distinct dimension of diversity. Fourthly, it discovers language in board work as a new research topic that is worthy of scholarly attention.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsFirms need to anticipate the potential effects of language diversity on the work processes of their boards in order to ensure that "the voice of diversity" is heard. The board itself as well as the rest of the organization can take preparatory measures such as producing all board material in the new working language and selecting board members with the required language proficiency. Although these measures can be implemented gradually or at a faster pace, they need to be in place before foreign members join the board. Consistent use of one and the same language in the corporate board and the executive management team supports transparency and good corporate governance practices. In our opinion, reaping the benefits of board diversity is the particular responsibility of the chairperson. Even thoughEnglish is generally well understood in the Nordic countries, chairpersons should also consider the possible negative effects associated with the use of a board language that is non‐native to most of its members.

When the Bamford Review of Mental Health and Learning Disability completed its work in the autumn of 2007, it drew to a close an extensive consultation and analysis of mental health and learning disability services and the law in Northern Ireland. Its last report on A Comprehensive Legislative Framework madea compelling case for a major overhaul of the law that the Review team itself described as 'quite radical'. The Review identified the case for reform in the need to ensure that mental health law conforms to the requirements of human rights law, reflects changes to professional practice, reflects the needs of serviceusers and their carers, and keeps pace with reform elsewhere in the UK. Alone of all the jurisdictions in the UK, Northern Ireland has been operating largely in a legislative vacuum in relation to mental capacity law. The Review's proposals for reform therefore extended to reform of mental health law and the introduction of mental capacity law.In the autumn of 2008 the NI Executive published its response to the Bamford Review indicating that it intended to develop the law sequentially: reform of the Mental Health (NI) Order 1986 by 2011 followed by the introduction of mental capacity law in 2014. Responses to the Executive's consultation resulted inthe Department of Health Social Services and Public Safety (DHSSPS) revising its approach and it signalled its intention to bring forward mental capacity and mental health legislation together. This reated a unique opportunity in Northern Ireland for fusion of incapacity and mental health legislation. A further consultation paper was issued in January 2009, setting out the key approaches to the contentof two bills. However as a result of the consultation, the Health Minister Michael McGimpsey announced in September 2009 that there would be a single bill with an overall principle of autonomy. His press statement noted: " A strong body of opinion, particularly from professional groups and lead voluntary organisations, which considered that separate mental health legislation continues to be stigmatising and recommended that mental capacity and mental health provisions should instead be encompassed into a single piece of legislation"This short paper provides an overview of the current direction of travel on law reform in Northern Ireland. It comments on the policy climate and arguments for a fusion of mental capacity and mental health legislation. It also highlights some of the key policy issues that will need to be further explored as the Department develops its law reform proposals and concludes with some hopes and fears for the new legislation.

On Thursday September 26 at 4 pm the inauguration of Science in the House opened at the Grand Master's Palace, Valletta. A poster exhibition entitled "Science in the House" was inaugurated under the auspices of the Office of the Speaker at the House of Representatives in the Grand Master's Palace, Valletta. The exhibit was organised by Dr. David Magri (University of Malta) on behalf of the consortium "Researchers' Night – Science in the City" The researchers were greeted by the Deputy Speaker the Hon. Censu Galea in the presence of Project Coordinator for Science in the City and Chair of the Malta Chamber of Scientists Prof. Alex Felice, University of Malta Pro-Rector for Research & Innovation Prof. Richard Muscat, Chief Executive of the Research Trust (RIDT) Wilfred Kenely, and Members of Parliament. Following the opening speeches, the Deputy Speaker was taken for a tour of the posters. A set of 12 posters were consistent with the theme "Today's Science, Tomorrow's Jobs" and the slogan of the Research Trust "Brighter thinking, broader future". Each poster showcase a particular research study, the team involved in the research, and the societal contribution the research may make our lives. The exhibition aims to provide a unique opportunity for Members of Parliament and the public to meet scientists and learn how the research is contributing to a better quality of life. The "Science in the House" exhibition will be open for public viewing tomorrow (today) during Science in the City from 6.00pm to 9.00pm and on the 5th October during Notte Bianca. During the week of the 30th September, the exhibition will be open for viewing by the parliamentarians. Science in the House is a forum for networking and cause for celebration involving Maltese research scientists, Representatives of the House and Members of Parliament. It is also a poster exhibition highlighting some of the exciting scientific research currently conducted in Malta, particularly at the University of Malta. The event encourages and supports the achievements of Malta's early-stage research scientists, engineers and technologists - arguably the "creative engines" of future innovation and development in Malta. During the following week the exhibition is open for viewing by the parliamentarians and afterwards left on display in the Grand Master's Palace over the Notte Bianca festival, thus allowing the general public including students, parents and tourists to be more aware of local research endeavors. The event was sponsored by the Malta Chamber of Scientists, the Research, Innovation & Development Trust (RIDT) and the University of Malta. ; peer-reviewed

The purpose of this investigation is to assess -from the perspective of knowledge management- the local development strategy of the Municipality of Florencia, and to suggest actions to train their policy makers on this issue. To achieve this objective, in addition to an analysis of the updated literature, document analysis and discussion groups were used as empirical methods for collecting the information. The population to be studied is composed of all the members of the Council of the Municipal Administration (19 people) and the government scientific advisory team (15). We conclude that, in the local development strategy of the municipality of Florencia, knowledge management and training are identified, hence there is no planning on networks, information and knowledge flows which is required to solve the problems that hinder the quality of life of the population. Likewise, a set of actions that contribute to the training of policy makers in the use of knowledge management for development is suggested. To conclude, the present study suggests that knowledge management and local development form a dialectical realtionship required for achieving territorial selfmanagement, within theframework of national and international contexts. ; El propósito de la presente investigación es valorar la estrategia de desarrollo local del municipio de Florencia, desde la gestión del conocimiento, y sugerir acciones para el entrenamiento de sus gobernantes en este tema. Para alcanzar el objetivo propuesto, además de realizar un análisis de la bibliografía actualizada, se utilizaron como métodos empíricos para la obtención de información, el análisis de documentos y los grupos de discusión. La población que se estudiará la integran la totalidad de los miembros del Consejo de la Administración Municipal (19) y los del grupo científico asesor del gobierno (15). Se concluye que en la estrategia de desarrollo local del municipio de Florencia sí se identifica la gestión del conocimiento con capacitación, por ende no existe una planificación sobre las redes, flujos de información y de conocimientos requeridos, para solucionar aquellos problemas que lastran la calidad de vida de la población. Asimismo, se sugiere un sistema de acciones que contribuye al entrenamiento de los gobernantes en la utilización de la gestión del conocimiento para el desarrollo. La conclusión a la cual se arriba con el presente estudio es que la gestión del conocimiento y el desarrollo local forman un par dialéctico necesario para el logro de la autogestión territorial, situada en el entramado de los contextos nacionales e internacionales.

The CASEE Network, funded in 2010, is aimed to support the development and implementation of the EU Strategy for the Danube region by strengthening research, education and University development within the region. In this context, the annual CASEE conferences bring together Central and South Eastern European Higher Education institutions relating to the Life Science disciplines. Rural areas in Europe and specifically the Danube region are more and more under pressure. The rural areas urgently need economic chances for development. One of the opportunities could be the implementation of the bio-based economy. Driven by scientific and educational challenges, we aimed at discussing the potentials and options of biomass and food production in the Danube region, seeking for new concepts and technologies, knowing that agricultural intensification alone cannot be the solution. Preserving soil and water resources and their sustainable use is one of the great challenges when increasing biomass production. The 4th Conference "Food and Biomass Production – Basis for a Sustainable Rural Development" was held in Zagreb at the University of Zagreb, organized by Faculty of Agriculture and Faculty of Forestry, Croatia, 1-3 July 2013. It was a great pleasure to host our dear colleagues and friends in the occasion of Croatia's entry into the European Union and hereby we give thanks for their support again. The conference program consisted of four main workshops focused on the issues of soil protection and the Danube perspectives, food and biomass production as a challenge and chance for rural development, agriculture, water use and protection in the Danube region, and last but not least, education. As much as 130 participants from 11 countries attended the conference and 64 lectures were presented. The main idea of the network is to develop contacts among young scientists, and thereby spread knowledge, experience and friendliness within the region. Organizing and Scientific committees wish to express cordial gratitude to everyone that participated in the program with oral or poster presentations. Our sincere gratitude is expressed to the reviewers for time and effort devoted in the manuscripts that are published in this special issue of Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus. Finally, special thanks must go to all members of the CASEE team for their enthusiasm and support of the network activities, and particularly to Martin Gerzabek, the president of the CASEE Network for his engagement and support. Davor ROMIĆ Guest editor and Chairman of Organizing Committee Milan MESIĆ Guest editor and Chairman of Scientifi c Committee

Aim: The biogeography of the grass genera Festuca (subgenus Schedonorus) and Lolium, which form one of the world main forage groups, is here reconstructed for the first time using nuclear and plastid DNA data. We aimed to test previous hypotheses on the origin of the group ancestor and on the Holocene versus pre-Holocene dispersals of the most recent fodder grasses. Location: The Mediterranean Basin and neighbouring regions: North Africa, Southwest Asia, East and West Africa, and Eurasia. Methods: Sampling included nearly all representatives from the native Old World distribution of this group. We used maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships. Divergence times were estimated with a Bayesian relaxed clock and secondary calibrations derived from a fossil-dated phylogeny of grasses. Biogeographical scenarios were reconstructed with Bayesian-averaged dispersal-vicariance analysis (Bayes-DIVA) and dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis (DEC), using a stratified palaeogeographical model spanning the last 12 million years. Results: Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) originated in Eurosiberia, Southwest Asia, 2 million years ago (Ma), whereas ryegrasses (Lolium) first diversified in the eastern Mediterranean region around 4.1 Ma, splitting into two autogamous versus allogamous lineages, with Macaronesian Lolium embedded within the latter. An alternative scenario suggests, however, an early split of the Macaronesian ryegrasses. Our results support the hybrid origin of the tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Main conclusions: The ancestor of the fescues and ryegrasses originated in the western Mediterranean in the mid-Miocene. The sister relationship of the tropical African Festuca simensis to Lolium is a novel finding, suggesting a dispersal of the ancestor of the ryegrasses from Asia to East Africa in the early Pliocene. Our reconstruction rejects the hypothesis of a single Neolithic human-mediated dispersal of Lolium species from eastern to western Mediterranean areas, suggesting instead a pre-agricultural distribution of Lolium ancestors along the Mediterranean Basin since the Pliocene. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. ; This study was funded by two consecutive Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation project grants (CGL2006-00319/BOS, CGL2009-12955-C02-01) to P.C. and L.A.I. and by a University of Zaragoza (Spain) grant to L.A.I. In addition, P.C. and L.A.I. were also partially funded by a Bioflora research team grant cofunded by the Spanish Aragon Government and the European Social Fund. I.S. was funded by projects CGL-2009- 13322-C03-01 and CGL2012-40129-C02-01 from the Spanish Ministry of Science. S.B. was supported by a postdoctoral grant at RJB from the Swiss National Science Foundation grant (PBNEP3-129903). ; Peer Reviewed

The aim of the present research is to scrutinize how consistent and value-adding is the cooperation between Lithuanian information technology companies and educational organizations, intermediaries, government and other public or private market players in exercising innovative activities and allocating necessary human resources to one or another innovative project. Driven by the customer and competitor-focused view on the innovation strategy and being in general of small or medium size, Lithuanian information technology companies do not acknowledge the importance of openness to the environment. According to such an elaboration of thoughts, rather stronger sales, marketing and research efforts are offset by an inefficient organizational structure, a lack of financial and human resources as well as a modest expertise in introducing new management techniques. On the other hand, bringing different players under the same roof is an important, but not sufficient condition within the national system of innovation, as worse than bad players playing basketball individually are good basketballers having no knowledge and skills playing a team game. Therefore, firms need to respond to an intensified competition through improved cooperation aimed at sharing the tacit knowledge. ; Šalies ekonomikoje dažnai reaguojama į tokias problemas kaip pasiūlos-paklausos disbalansas, masinės emigracijos bangos, sunkiai pažabojamas nedarbas ar infliacija, didėjanti valstybės skola, užsienio prekybos deficitas, ryškūs regioniniai skirtumai ir begalė kitų, kai prieinamas visiškas aklagatvis. Nepastačius nepajudinamų ekonominės tvirtovės pamatų, ekonomikos sunkmečio laikotarpiu telieka lopyti sienose atsivėrusius plyšius, o pamatų tvirtinimas žinių ekonomikos priemonėmis atidedamas geresniems laikams. Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjami Lietuvos informacinių technologijų įmonių partnerystės su skirtingais inovacijų partneriais ypatumai. Siekiama įvertinti bendradarbiavimą su mokymo ir tyrimo įstaigomis, vyriausybinėmis organizacijomis, tiekėjais bei kitomis viešosiomis ir privačiomis partnerėmis, įgyvendinant inovatyvias idėjas bei efektyviai panaudojant finansinius ir žmogiškuosius išteklius. Tai itin svarbu Lietuvos informacinių technologijų sektoriuje, kur didėjantys vartotojų bei klientų lūkesčiai, auganti konkurencija, trumpėjantys įvairių produktų kūrimo, pateikimo rinkai ir gyvavimo ciklai verčia keisti požiūrį į atvirumo aplinkai svarbą ir mokytis ne vien iš vartotojų, konkurentų ir tiekėjų, bet ir iš mokymo ir tyrimo organizacijų bei kitų šalių patirties. Toks bendradarbiavimas itin svarbus esant trapiai organizacinei struktūrai, finansų ir žmogiškųjų išteklių trūkumui bei menkai novatoriškų vadovavimo priemonių taikymo įmonėse patirčiai. Vis dėlto neužtenka suburti visus nacionalinės inovacijų sistemos žaidėjus po vienu stogu. Lygiai kaip ir krepšinyje, apmaudžiau už neįgudusį, pavieniui žaidžiantį krepšininką – dešimtis taiklių žaidėjų, neturinčių patirties ir gebėjimų žaisti komandoje. Tuomet neišvengiamai reikalingas aukščiausios kvalifikacijos treneris, gebantis suorganizuoti efektyvią žinių sklaidą ir išmokyti žaisti ir siekti rezultatų drauge.

Представлена авторская модель кризисных коммуникаций для преодоления форс-мажорных ситуаций в туристической сфере, разработанная с учетом специфики туристского маркетинга, PR и рекламы, а также психологических и культурных особенностей восприятия и реагирования представителей различных культур в кризисных ситуациях. Описывается влияние форс-мажоров (природных и техногенных катастроф, произошедших в мире за последние годы) на деятельность предприятий туристического сектора, представлены возможности и перспективы применения разработанной модели в российской туристической практике. ; In the XXI century tourism has become the most dynamic sector of international business, however during last time it faces serious difficulties: growth of number of natural and technogenic disasters, political and social force majeurs entails significant losses for the tourism sector enterprises. In such circumstances they face very difficult tasks: to prevent panic among tourists, to calm them, to keep their trust, provide real assistance and to fulfill their legal obligations. However, the vast majority of Russian tourism enterprises is not engaged in the solution of these tasks. Perhaps because it requires a special, different from daily, work with the target audiences, namely the development and implementation of crisis communication program. Based on the hypothesis that the development of an optimal model of crisis communication in the tourism sector should be carried out taking into account, firstly, the specifics of tourism marketing, PR and advertising, and secondly, psychological and cultural features of perception and reaction of representatives of the different cultures in crisis situations, the author has developed such model, which is described in this article. The model consists of three major blocks of crisis communications, allocated on the basis of the time factor: before force majeure, at the time of beginning and during the force majeure; immediately alter the force majeure. Each block is divided into parts according to the subject or the time of necessary actions. Work on the first phase, which is called "Before force majeure", should be conducted in six directions: the formation of a crisis team and resources, creation of a crisis plan, establishing and maintaining of contacts, work in social media, the overall image and reputation activity and monitoring. Upon the occurrence of force majeure work is divided on the basis of temporary factors: the necessary actions in the first 1.5 hours, 4-6 hours, 24 hours, and in the following days. After the end of force majeure crisis work in the company does not finish and conducts in four directions: public relations, advertising, promotion and BTL marketing. The article also presents the opportunities and prospects for the application of the developed model in the Russian tourist practice.

Work is based on two pairs of case studies; the first pair is focused on an analysis of the internal political function of sport and the second pair is focused on the external political function of sport. All of the case studies will be applied to national teams as well as club sports. In the first two cases, we will analyze the internal role of sport in two different situations; in former Yugoslavia in the early nineties and also in Spain. We will analyze their separatist crises and the various possibilities of solving these crises through sport. In the other two cases we will present two situations, which will demonstrate the political effect of sport from an international point of view. In the first case we will examine the fate of the Czechoslovakian athletes in the late sixties and their attitudes toward competition with the former Soviet Union. The second case will be devote to the former Soviet states that through sport either gradually gained prestige in the international sphere or vice versa incurred losses, as was the case for Russia. The aim of this work is to show how sport can shape the political situation both outside of the borders as well as within a country. The primary method used was historical analysis of sports as well as analysis of the internal political situation in countries described and their international position in the given geopolitical situation. In the first example of the former Yugoslavia it is clearly visible how clubs sports as well as national-level sports started the whole process of disintegration of the country and helped establish the newly formed country. The second case takes us into a completely different situation in Spain where sport is supposed to be instrumental in keeping together this multinational kingdom. The second part outlines the issue of the political function of sport internationally. The first case is Czechoslovakia, where hockey fights with the Soviet Union became a powerful ventilation of resistance to the usurper, despite the ruling communist elite. In the second example analyzes the example of Russia and its retreat from the sporting glory after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the need for rebirth of sporting achievements as a political promotion of the country. The results are mainly a description of the structure of sporting events and their subsequent impacts on the happenings both inside and outside of a country and its appearance in front of other states.

The alternative measures are useful sanctions for those who commit the penal acts and for the whole society. The present better chances and more favourable on the realisation of rights and personal freedoms and to the functioning of democratic society. Until now the alternative sanctions are known very well since there exist states that had them since in earlier times and have commenced to apply them.On the basis of a critical viewpoint regarding the way how they are applied in Macedonia, analysing the statistics of the Statistical Institution, it is concluded that Macedonia even though has foreseen them in the penal Code since in 2004, has not yet started their application. Until now regarding the offenses with a low social risk have been pronounced only two types of alternative measures such as: conditional sentence and the judicial remark while the other types have not been applied so far. The Criminal policy should be oriented in two directions: - in one direction should be started as soon as possible to apply the foreseen sanctions which are part of the law, and - on the other side besides the new types of alternative measures which are not yet part of it yet, but the other states have them and they do have an effect on them, and it is thought that they would have such impact even in our states. With alternative measures is enabled a better respecting of freedoms and human rights and the benefit is double, since there benefits the convicted person but in the meantime the state itself benefits as well. Macedonia in order to have success in their execution needs to have a coordination of law courts, should appeal to those that apply more often the protective supervision.,forming special teams which is are ready to perform their duties, there should be found good material means with which would be constructed a more effective,preventative, measures should be taken to prevent criminality, there is needed training of lawyers in that direction and to be asked that where it is possible the defined criteria should be applied. The alternative measures are functional measures, they bring positive impact and are very important,therefore it is indispensible to start their application in practice, as a very effective opportunity to a normal, quiet and secure life for all citizens. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n16p78

Launched at the Photo Club de Paris in 1907, the Autochrome process invented by the Lumière brothers was the only photographic medium that reproduced colours truthfully until the late 1920s: once exposed the glass plate positives could not be retouched or manipulated in any way. Compared to hand-coloured film, photographs or crude lithography in print media, the authentic representation of the colour of clothes in autochromes comes as a revelation, as does the beauty of the images themselves. Hitherto seldom referenced by dress historians, autochromes have been neglected by scholars and curators because of the difficulties of storage, handling and reproduction, yet from their invention until the introduction of colour film c1930, they were widely used by amateurs and commercial photographers, therefore they are invaluable for the authentication of colour in dress during this period. Of an estimated 20 million plates manufactured by the Lumières, approximately 4 million are thought to have survived. This paper explored the potential of the autochrome as a source of visual evidence for dress historians during World War 1, by exploring the Archives de la Planète, created by French millionaire industrialist, Albert Kahn (1860-1940), whose pacifist beliefs lead him to equip a team of photographers, both professional and untrained, with this latest technology. Kahn's autochromistes were commissioned to record the daily lives of the people they encountered in fifty countries across the world, particularly those whose cultures he anticipated would soon be under threat from the consequences of political and social turmoil in the early twentieth century. The Archives de la Planète, now comprising 72,000 autochromes, 4,000 black and white photographs and 120 hours of moving film footage is housed in the Musée Albert Kahn, his former home just outside Paris. Digitization of the collection is ongoing today. The Kahn autochromes show the dress of many people and cultures across the world from the West of Ireland to China and Japan in the years immediately before the outbreak of the War. His photographers also recorded the French troops during the conflict and the daily lives of local working people as well as celebrations such as victory parade in London in 1919. Folk dress, army uniform and working dress are well-represented, in addition to some images of fashionable dress worn by visitors to Kahn's villa in the south of France and to his Paris mansion. Autochromes from other collections, such as those taken by Lionel de Rothschild and those in the National Media Museum, London and Bradford may also be referenced.

Background: Healthcare organizations require a stable, highly trained and fully engaged nursing staff to provide effective levels of patient care. Nurses have served as advocates for a better, safer, more humanistic health care system, and for public policies that promote the health of the nation throughout the profession's history. The healthcare system is becoming increasingly complex; the nurse of the future will face a highly challenging healthcare delivery environment. Therefore, the nursing profession elsewhere continues to be concerned with the process of transition of new graduate nurses to into the world of clinical practice. Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the transition of new graduate nurses from education to practice area and the Challenges in transition of New Graduate Nurses to Clinical Work Areas Methods: Institution based cross sectional study design was used on 227 graduate nurses. Simple random sampling technique was used in this study. The data was gathered using self administered questionnaire. The collected data was entered using Epi info version 3.5.4; the entered data was analyzed using SPSS version 21.0 Results: Hundred twenty nine (56.8%) of the respondents reported that they received orientation upon employment. One hundred thirty seven (60.4%) of the respondents were agreed with the concept "staff nurses felt students as part of health care team." Only seventy eight (34.4%) of the respondents agreed that they received orientation from their university or college upon graduation about challenges that might face them in their clinical work area. one hundred twelve (49.3%) of the respondents agreed that, nurse students received equal opportunity and recognition as other department's students in clinical practice. One hundred seventy eight (78.4%) of the respondents agreed that they face difficulty to integrate theory into practice first at work, while the overall challenge was 121 (53.3%) Conclusion: Majority (93%) of the respondents acknowledged the educational system that they passed through as very good and/or good. On the contrary, the way practical education was being delivered was not satisfactory; nurse students did not receive equal opportunity and recognition as other department's students in clinical practice. One hundred seventy eight (78.4%) of the respondents complained that they had faced difficulty to integrate theory into practice first at work. Recommendation: There is a need to establish joint special mentorship program for about 3 to 6 months by FMOH and FMOE to new graduate nurses before their placement into clinical work area so as to enable NGNs to undertake their role effectively in contributing to health care services

A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in management accounting of the University of Bedfordshire, UK ; Performance management research in the private and public sector has received much attention in management accounting research; however, empirical studies on performance management in the non-profit sector remain scarce. This study proposes and validates a model that explains the relationships between contingency variables, performance management practices, and organisational effectiveness in the non-profit sector. The study employed a mixed methods research approach, which entailed a field study and a cross-sectional survey in the Kenyan non-profit sector. The field study was undertaken to understand the perceptions of NPO leaders on non-profit sector characteristics, organisational effectiveness, determinants, challenges, and benefits of implementation of performance management systems in the Kenyan non-profit sector. Thereafter, a cross-sectional survey (using mailed questionnaires and an online survey) was used to collect quantitative primary data. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the quantitative data. The structural equation modelling approach was adopted to test the hypothesised relationships among the contingency factors, performance management practices and organisational effectiveness. The findings indicate that performance management in NPOs can be categorised into three groups: performance planning, performance measurement and performance context. The NPOs emphasise mission statements and core values within the formal PM system. Although a number of private sector measurement frameworks are utilised, the NPOs mostly use logical framework, with emphasis on output and financial measures and team based targets with no clear rewards. The PM systems are resource intensive and they lead to goal displacement and narrow definition and measurement of organisational effectiveness. The results further reveal that among the contingency variables, strategic orientation significantly predicted performance management practices and organisational effectiveness in non-profits. Among the performance management variables, performance planning, performance targets, and performance rewards significantly predict organisational effectiveness domains. Furthermore, performance management practices mediate the relationship between strategic orientations, technology, information technology, leadership and external environment and organisational effectiveness domains. However, organisational size was not significantly related to performance management practices or organisational effectiveness. To successfully implement and benefit from the PM system, non-profit organisations need to address the fit between contextual factors and the performance management system. By employing a pragmatic, embedded, mixed methods approach this study provides empirical evidence of performance management practices that influence organisational effectiveness beyond the rhetoric of performance management theory. At the practice level, the findings will benefit Kenya government, non-profit organisations, donor agencies and performance evaluation practitioners.