This Degree to supervise doctoral researches is presented in two volumes: the first is a summary note (322 pages, with notional and proper name indexes); the second brings together various articles, book chapters, statistical data and content analysis (215 pages). The first volume is itself divided into two parts: "Of Music and Poor's: synthesis and main results (1981-2007)", from pages 8 to 168, and "Anthropology of anger: grids of analysis, prospective reflection", from pages 170 to 269. A bibliography, classified into themes, has been deliberately made dense in references. Three chapters make up the first part of volume 1: "Prehistory of research and professional career", "The observation of underground musical phenomena and Identity minorities"; "Poor, poverty and social representations". Three others structure the following one: "The theorization of becoming an active minority"; "Cultures of resentment and current forms of mysticism" and "Conclusion: representations of poverty and work". As in any exercise of this kind, this synthesis of research (part 1) has been carried out with the aim of enriching the subject matter developed in already published writings, by drawing on new reading and by adding more precise notes or analyses, both for the work on popular music and for the work on social representations. In Chapter 1, a kind of professional autobiography is presented, which is related to the psychosocial and administrative issues of legitimation in research laboratories where a professional is a representative of a minority discipline (psychosociology). Since the end of the 1980s, we have been witnessing a complete reorganisation of the modes of professional integration and recognition of researchers. The obligation to join a single team, whatever the case, leads to an asymptotic career, especially if one is the bearer of a non-compliant research problem (monographic approach on a research object considered marginal in social psychology). Moreover, when the researcher does not belong to any of the dominant research disciplines of a university, one is faced with aporias and formidable professional and intellectual difficulties. In the end, this type of researcher is forced either into intra-organisational scientific marginality, by developing an invisible college of correspondents external to his or her working institution, or into the position of leadership or manager, by joining the pedagogical, administrative or scientific boards of his or her institution.The first chapter is devoted to the consequences of these structural constraints. A synthetic approach to surveys of popular music and a critical commentary on the vogue for ethno-methodological and apologetic research on these phenomena are then proposed (Chapter 2). This is because much has been written and published, both in France and abroad, on these "objects" of work, and we now find ourselves at a point where we are commenting on monographic empirical data and distancing ourselves from the work of certain researchers, activators of a fascinated theorising of these practices. A good part of this chapter is organised around this critical questioning and in defence of the so-called "acid state" model constructed during the thesis (1980-1986). Chapter 3 presents the complete data of a work, not yet published in a reference journal, of qualitative-quantitative research on the social representations of poverty. The approach to the 'poverty' subject is based on semi-directive interviews (80 subjects).An analysis of thematic content and lexicon, generated by an associative test, is also presented. Various elements are to be noted: the cognitive monopolisation effect of the terms "hunger" and "money" by poor subjects and the upper middle classes when asked to define the term "poverty" and the construction of the central core of poverty around the prototype of the homeless person, in the Paris region (implying a reduction in so-called "social" poverty and associated with modest socio-economic categories: immigrants, workers, employees, inhabitants of sensitive neighbourhoods). In chapter 4, a common theoretical and pragmatic distinction on the forms of seeking social recognition is formulated: socialisation through "identity" and socialisation through the elaboration of a work or "vocational achievement". A study model based on this elementary distinction, aiming to make this comparison operational and referring to highly differentiated social and political movements, would make it possible to better understand the evolution of contemporary societies with regard to the problems of managing cultural identifications and therefore of social integration and the construction of individuality. A study of the emergence of a constellation of heterodox and anomic behaviours is formulated. In chapter 5, the nature and form of mystical states during this historical and contemporary, strange phase of postmodernity are questioned. Trance, rage, social representations of the self, modified states of consciousness, ritualisations and aesthetics of violence, blasphemy and protest are all keys to entry and analysis to apprehend a teeming cultural reality. We then question the meaning of the invention of polymorphic collective emotions, by taking up a classic theme of research on the consequences of moral and communicational deregulation (on the Durkheimian and Mertonian anomie) in European societies. Chapter 6, of a conclusive type, focuses on the exposition of two research perspectives: the social representations of work and those of poverty. A few final comments on the importance of user-friendly and institutionalised interdisciplinarity punctuate the book. In this volume of HDR, the aim is to propose various lines of work and directions for reflection in a research design, confronted with various organisational and contemporary demands and focused on societal and current issues. The importance of the psycho-sociological analysis of interactions and behaviours has been affirmed throughout this professional biography and this prospective synthesis. ; L'habilitation à diriger les recherches se présente en deux tomes : le premier correspond à une note de synthèse (322 pages, avec index notionnels et de noms propres) ; le second rassemble divers articles, chapitre d'ouvrages, données statistiques et d'analyse de contenu (215 pages). Le premier volume est lui-même divisé en deux parties : « De la musique et des pauvres : bilan et principaux résultats (1981-2007) », de la page 8 à 168, et « Socio-anthropologie de la rage : grilles d'analyse, réflexion prospective », de la page 170 à 269. Une bibliographie, classée en thèmes, a été volontairement rendue dense en références. Trois chapitres composent la première partie du tome 1 : « Préhistoire de la recherche et parcours professionnel », « L'observation des phénomènes musicaux underground » et « Des minorités identitaires : pauvres, pauvreté et représentations sociales ». Trois autres structurent la suivante : « La théorisation du « devenir minorité active », « Cultures du ressentiment et formes actuelles du mysticisme » et « Conclusion : représentations de la pauvreté et du travail ». Comme dans tout exercice de ce genre, cette synthèse des recherches (partie 1) a été faite avec le souci d'enrichir le propos développé dans des écrits déjà publiés, en puisant dans de nouvelles lectures et par l'ajout de notes ou d'analyses plus précises, tant pour les travaux concernant les musiques populaires que pour ceux qui ont trait aux représentations sociales. Dans le chapitre 1, on se livre à une sorte d'autobiographie professionnelle, mise en rapport avec les enjeux psychosociaux et administratifs de légitimation dans des laboratoires de recherche où un professionnel est représentant d'une discipline minoritaire (psychosociologie). On assiste, en effet, depuis la fin des années 1980 à une réorganisation complète des modes d'insertion et de reconnaissance professionnels des chercheurs. L'obligation d'intégrer une seule équipe, quel que soit le cas de figure, conduit à suivre une carrière asymptotique surtout si l'on est porteur d'une problématique de recherche non conforme (approche monographique sur un objet de recherche jugé marginal en psychologie sociale). De plus, quand le chercheur n'appartient à aucune des disciplines de recherche dominantes d'une université, on se retrouve devant des apories et des difficultés professionnelles et intellectuelles redoutables. Ce type de chercheur est, d'une certaine manière, acculé soit à la marginalité scientifique intra-organisationnelle, en développant un collège invisible de correspondants externes à son institution de travail, soit à la position de leadership ou de manager, en entrant dans les conseils d'administration pédagogiques, administratifs ou scientifiques de son établissement. C'est aux conséquences de ces contraintes structurales qu'est consacré le premier chapitre. On propose ensuite (chapitre 2) une approche synthétique des enquêtes effectuées sur les musiques populaires et un commentaire critique de la vogue des recherches ethnométhodologiques et apologétiques sur ces phénomènes. C'est parce qu'on a beaucoup écrit et publié, tant en France qu'à l'étranger, sur ces « objets » de travail et que l'on se retrouve désormais à un moment de commentaire des données empiriques monographiques et de prise de distance par rapport aux travaux de certains chercheurs, activateurs d'une théorisation fascinée de ces pratiques. Une bonne partie de ce chapitre est organisé autour de ce questionnement critique et à la défense du modèle dit de l' « état acide » construit lors de la thèse (1980-1986). Dans le chapitre 3, il s'agit de présenter les données complètes d'un travail, non encore publié dans une revue de référence, d'une recherche qualitative-quantitative sur les représentations sociales de la pauvreté. L'approche de l'objet « pauvreté » est faite par entretiens semi-directifs (80 sujets). Une analyse de contenu thématique et du lexique, généré par un test associatif, est aussi présentée. Différents éléments sont à noter : l'effet d'accaparement cognitif des termes « faim » et « argent » par les sujets pauvres et les classes moyennes supérieures quand on leur demande de définir le terme « pauvreté » et la construction du noyau central de la pauvreté autour du prototype du sans-abri, en région parisienne (impliquant une minoration de la pauvreté dite « sociale » et associées aux catégories socio-économiques modestes : immigrés, ouvriers, employés, habitants des quartiers sensibles). Dans le chapitre 4, une distinction théorique et pragmatique courante sur les formes de recherche de reconnaissance sociale est formulée : la socialisation par l'« identité » et celle par l'élaboration d'une œuvre ou d'un « accomplissement vocationnel ». Un modèle d'étude fondé sur cette distinction élémentaire, visant à rendre opérationnelle cette comparaison et renvoyant à des mouvements sociaux et politiques très différenciés, permettrait de mieux appréhender l'évolution des sociétés contemporaines quant aux problématiques de gestion des identifications culturelles et donc d'intégration sociale et de construction de l'individualité. Une problématique d'étude de l'émergence d'une constellation de conduites hétérodoxes et anomiques est formulée. Au chapitre 5, c'est la nature et la forme des états mystiques, durant cette phase historique et contemporaine, étrange de postmodernité, qui sont questionnées. Transe, rage, représentations sociales du soi, états modifiés de la conscience, ritualisations et esthétiques de la violence, des blasphèmes et de la contestation, sont autant de clés d'entrée et d'analyse pour appréhender une foisonnante réalité culturelle. On questionne alors le sens de l'invention d'émotions collectives polymorphes, en reprenant une thématique classique de recherche sur les conséquences de la dérégulation morale et communicationnelle (notamment sur l'anomie durkheimienne et mertonienne) dans les sociétés européennes. Le chapitre 6, de type conclusif, est axé sur l'exposition de deux perspectives de recherche : les représentations sociales du travail et celles de la pauvreté. Quelques commentaires finaux sur l'importance d'une interdisciplinarité conviviale et institutionnalisée ponctuent l'ouvrage. Dans ce volume d'HDR, il s'agit de proposer diverses pistes de travail et orientations de réflexion dans un design de recherche, confronté à divers exigences organisationnelles et contemporaines et centré sur des problématiques sociétales et actuelles. L'importance de l'analyse psychosociologique des interactions et des conduites a été affirmée tout au long de cette biographie professionnelle et de cet écrit de synthèse prospective.
This report presents an account and evaluation of the Hidden Drop-Out project being implemented in Albania by the 'Development of Education' Association with the support of UNICEF and the backing of the Ministry of Education and Science. The initiative, which was launched in 2001 and piloted in five regions, set out to address the widespread but largely hidden phenomenon, whereby teachers engage in whole-class teaching, and consequently focusing solely on achieving students and ignoring the rest of the class. Such practices lead to a process of disengagement on the part of thousands of pupils in the first cycle at the basic school level, a process that leads to lack of achievement in learning core competencies, and eventually to the abandonment of the school. The report describes the initiative, its design and piloting, the difficulties encountered in implementing it and how such problems were tackled or overcome, particularly with a view to ensuring its sustainability. The report also considers the extent to which the initiative proved to be relevant, effective and efficient, given the specificity of the overall sociocultural and educational environment in which it was introduced, and the broader reform effort in the country. The research methodology used in this review was largely qualitative, with the international consultant spending a two-week period in Tirana, Korçë and Gjirokastër interviewing students, parents, teachers, Principals, deputy Principals, inspectors and Regional Education Directors, and observing classes which were being taught by teachers involved in the project, in schools that were piloting the approach. Interviews were also carried out with key staff from the DoE Association, UNICEF, the Ministry of Education and Science, and several NGO's working in the field of education. Fieldwork was supplemented by desk research, as well as by preliminary data provided by a local consultant on the review team. The report describes the key strategies used by the project in order to address the hidden dropout phenomenon. Focusing on the first cycle of the basic school sector, i.e. Grades 1 to 4, and on two key curricular areas, i.e. Albanian language and Math, the initiative: 1. Trained teachers to design 'Minimum Necessary Learning Objectives' (MNLO's) relating to the learning units for the Grade that they taught. 2. Helped teachers and Principals develop continuous assessment techniques, through the use of 'mini-testing', in order to constantly gauge the extent to which different pupils were mastering the MNLO's, and to keep track of progress or lack of it. 3. Provided teachers with support in the goal of supporting at-risk pupils by initiating peerlearning programmes, and by engaging adult volunteers from the community. 4. Trained Principals in a new approach to annual school planning, ensuring that the process was more open to partnership with teachers and the community, and more focused on learning achievement and learning outcomes. The findings suggest that after four years of piloting, the project has had a positive impact on the pupils, schools and communities were it was implemented. It has also had a broader 'multiplier effect' on several other aspects of educational policy and practice in the country. The achievements and impact of the HDO initiative are detailed in Chapter Four of the report: 1. All qualitative and quantitative evidence suggests that there were significant gains in learning achievement for pupils involved in the MNLO approach, and that consequently there were less 'hidden drop-outs' in the pilot schools. 2. The focus on learning outcomes led to a valuing of accountability and transparency, with schools and teachers being more open about the learning objectives that had to be reached, and more willing to facing up to their responsibilities when such objectives had not been attained. 3. Teachers became much more aware of the variegated needs of different learners in their classrooms, and organised their teaching, assessment and homework-setting practices in ways that took account of such difference. 4. Teacher evaluation practices on the part of Principals and inspectors became more supportive and formative in scope, leading teachers to becoming less insular and defensive, and more open to considering alternative ways that could enhance effectiveness. 5. Teachers also found it easier to work together in the planning of MNLO's for their classes, and were prepared to move away from their classroom isolation in order to be pro-active members of a community of reflective practitioners. 6. Teachers and schools developed a heightened awareness of the fact that improved learning achievement for all required the support of other partners, including members of the student body (through peer learning programmes), and members of the wider community. Despite such achievements, the evaluation report also highlights challenges that the project has to face up to in order to reach its goals more effectively. Two types of challenges are considered, those that are internal to the initiative itself, and those that related to the environment and context in which the initiative is embedded. Endogenous challenges include: 1. The difficulties that teachers are finding to cater for the learning needs that are present in a heterogeneous classroom setting. Included in this challenge is the difficulty that teachers tend to face in designing MNLO's and minitests that, while respecting the principle that there are minimum competences that all students must master, nevertheless are articulated in such a way as to take into account of the different abilities in the classroom. 2. The propensity for competency approaches to present knowledge in fragmented ways rather than holistically, leading students to see lessons as a series of isolated, discrete sequences rather than as a part of a network of connected knowledge structured around powerful ideas. 3. The need to develop a more integrated, whole-school approach to educational change, given that piloting in only the first four Grades and in only two curricular areas creates discontinuities of practice that are confusing for teachers and pupils alike. 4. The unintended consequences of the public display of the results of learning outcomes per Grade, and the comparison of these results within and across schools. Such practices tend to perpetrate the belief that achievement is unrelated to school intake, and that schools and teachers, on their own, can completely address injustices that have their origins elsewhere, i.e. in the way resources, power and life-chances are allocated and distributed in Albanian society. 5. The persistence of whole-class, traditional teaching styles among teachers who are involved with the HDO project, to the extent that few seem to be implementing childcentred, joyful forms of learning that are normally associated with primary schooling. 6. The negative impact that the term 'hidden drop-out' can have on pupils thus labelled, given that it reinforces a perception of oneself as a weak student, thus proving damaging to the process of the construction of their selfidentity. Other challenges—that are not the responsibility of those leading the initiative, but which nevertheless need to be addressed if the project is to be successful and replicated on a nationwide basis—include the following: 1. A more unequivocal and enthusiastic support of the project and MNLO approach on the part of the MoES, given that both the DoE Association and its partner UNICEF have completed the phases for which they had responsibility for. While UNICEF will certainly support the MoES in attaining EFA and quality education—through, for instance, promoting whole-school, holistic interventions that build on the experience gained in implementing the HDO project—it now behoves the Ministry to mobilise its resources to take the pilot project to scale. 2. A greater connectivity between the different educational reforms, so that each initiative complements and sustains the other. This is, in large part, the responsibility of the Ministry, given that they have the overall responsibility for the system, and the duty to ensure that the different parts of the mosaic come together in meaningful ways. This is especially important in the case of the HDO project, where the assumption is that teachers are being trained in interactive, learner-centred pedagogies through their involvement in other projects. 3. A more principled appointment of leading staff in directorates and schools, given that political appointees take the place of persons who have received training to implement the HDO project strategies, and that their unwarranted replacement jeopardises the stability and continuity of the initiative, leading to demotivation and disengagement on the part of many. 4. A more clear articulation of the roles and obligations that are proper to the teaching profession, in such a way that inhibits the present practice of expecting extra remuneration for work which, in most countries, would be considered part and parcel of teachers' regular duties. Such expectations can seriously threaten the sustainability of the project, which has hitherto proven itself as low cost, high impact initiative. Recommendations for the future and for the way forward flow naturally from a consideration of the above-mentioned endogenous and exogenous factors. The report concludes that the HDO project is now at a critical stage, when a firm decision has to be made about going beyond the piloting phase to one that is more national in scope. Despite the challenges that the project has to overcome, there is little doubt that the initiative has grown strong roots in educational communities in the country, and that it has developed the breadth of vision, the effective tools, and the legitimacy and credibility that any project aspiring to go to scale must have. As importantly, the HDO initiative has shown that it is sufficiently well-conceived as to promote 'multiplier effects'—in other words, it has the ability to vehicle with it the paradigm shift that is much talked about in Albania, and to help bring about a radical change in outlook that will have an impact on the way educational communities go about their work. UNICEF has gained much experience in supporting the piloting of the initiative, and has much to offer in ensuring that this knowledge is applied in deepening the impact of the project in the pilot schools, and taking it to other regions across the country, and beyond. No project, however, can go to scale without the State's backing and the State's resources. It is the State that, with the strategic help of its international partners, has the capacity to sustain a fledgling initiative that has proven itself, but which now requires major investment so that training programmes can be implemented, and practices that have been piloted in a few schools replicated across all the regions—particularly the poorer and more remote ones. This is particularly important given the fact that Albania is one of 25 countries selected in the framework of the EFA-Fast Track initiative. Vigorous State support in improving, deepening and extending the principles underlying the HDO initiative would certainly assist the government face the major challenges of MDG 2 and EFA-FTI implementation, which are crucial and critical issues for Albanian education in the next decade. ; peer-reviewed
La tesis es una investigación bibliográfica y de campo que mediante instrumentos previamente seleccionados descubrimos la forma más idónea para gerenciar los talentos humanos mediante la administración por valores. Se realiza encuestas a las autoridades, docentes, padres y madres de familia, alumnas, personal administrativo y de servicio y cada uno de ellos puntualizaron que los valores son aquellos que mueven la voluntad previa al ejercicio de un acto humano. No existen contradicciones en cuánto a las apreciaciones de que los valores permiten el desarrollo institucional. Se hace énfasis en que el crecimiento social se dará solamente cuando se de el desarrollo individual. Se define la teoría que cada ser humano debe contemplar la gama de valores pero a su vez cada circunstancia de la vida permite jerarquizar y elegir el más conveniente. Se asocia también que el valor produce riqueza espiritual y esa riqueza mediante el ejercicio de la puntualidad, responsabilidad y el orden producen riqueza material. El país por la impuntualidad y el desorden pierde gran cantidad de dinero. Por ello; se establece una teoría para la autoridad quién debe ejercer su gerencia educativa con justicia, pero a su vez el personal administrativo debe respetar la voz de la autoridad, es decir los valores funcionan en cadena. Se demuestra también que la edad es un indicador no determinante en el ejercicio de los valores pero sí es vital en la concepción del valor, ya que el adulto mediante la praxis comprueba el valor de la teoría. Se compara la teoría ante los diferentes valores, tratando de establecer diferencias y semejanzas entre ellos. Se específica el desarrollo humano en las instituciones; es un proceso de mejoramiento de la calidad donde la autoridad ejerce su supremacía sobre los demás miembros de la institución. Al docente, se le da la oportunidad de descubrir en la Ley de Educación, toda la gama de valores que hacen posible el desarrollo de su personalidad como profesional y se incentive a aportar sistemas que le pertenecen solo a él (docente) como son la evaluación de calidad, su actitud democrática, el equilibrio y la madurez emocional. Se determina que el personal de servicio es consciente de las actividades que realizan todos los miembros de la institución y cuán importante es que el gerente educativo le proporciona los recursos materiales para que cumplan su misión, de lo contrario una comunidad educativa sin recursos materiales, no se puede desarrollar acorde a los avances programáticos que la educación exige. Se elaborara un cuadro de valores jerarquizados según la necesidad institucional y se específica en que acciones y como desarrollar el valor en forma específica, en espera de innovar las estrategias administrativas se proporcione en forma colectiva, el conjunto de los valores para que cada quién cumpla su misión a corto, mediano y largo plazo así se presente nuevos contextos sociales, paradigmas e indicadores como la migración permitiéndole a la institución dialécticamente adaptarse a procesos de cambio. Se asocia la calidad a la buena voluntad y a la formación intelectual sin dejar de vincular jamás al hombre como absoluto artífice de sus propias decisiones individuales, que pueden afectar positiva o negativamente la evaluación de un equipo de trabajo. Se hace del Gerente Educativo, un ser capaz de resolver constructivamente los conflictos aumentando su capacidad de análisis, para que distinga entre el hombre y el valor, y los identifique como seres recíprocos a pesar de su diferencia esencial , el uno concreto y el otro abstracto. La trascendentalidad del hombre se la fundamenta desde la óptica de que su esencia individual siempre reproyectará al plano colectivo y que el cumplimiento de sus obligaciones es una estrategia que debe estimular el gerente mediante, la comunicación, el ejemplo y la demostración. Se estudian los sistemas de planificación gerencial estimulado por las características axiológicas que potencializan a cada uno de sus miembros, tomando en cuenta que todas las instituciones poseen fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas. La fortaleza individual se transforma en colectiva y las oportunidades también. Se fundamentan los principios en la Ley de Educación determinando que los modelos administrativos están presentes en forma tácita o expresa y en el espíritu de la misma ley. Es importante reconocer que muchas veces el incumplimiento de la ley es debido a la falta de análisis que conlleva a una mala interpretación y como tal a la falta de cumplimiento de todos los grupos. En la propuesta, se generan importantes lecciones para ser expresadas efectivamente en la vida cotidiana de la institución educativa, que susciten cambios concretos en la estructura y vida de la misma, constituyendo una democracia que reconozca la importancia del cumplimiento de la norma, así la interiorización del cumplimiento es un aprendizaje construido en forma individual, y es un proyecto de la vida institucional. El cumplimiento colectivo de las normas entre maestros , alumnos, directivos, padres de familia, administrativos y de servicio; fortalece la actitud de cumplimiento a la ley de educación que mejora la calidad de la educación, del espacio físico, la práctica pedagógica y la resolución de conflictos, en procedimientos transparentes de evaluación y toma de decisiones. Así, lo ideológico se transparenta con lo hipotético deseando que los alumnos participen en procesos de auto evaluación disciplinaria. En la resolución de conflictos el diálogo suplantará a cualquier forma de maltrato, siendo este una consecuencia del ejercicio de la responsabilidad la solidaridad y la justicia. La institución difundirá así con puntualidad, resultados académicos de inicio y finalización del período escolar, entre sus alumnas y padres de familia gobernados por la puntualidad de profesores y personal administrativo. En la propuesta se hace de la lectura no una retórica de corte moral, sino lecturas generadoras de ideas que posibiliten el ejercicio de los valores en lo cotidiano, en las aulas, patio, en las instancias de decisión ilustrativa, en sumas gerenciales educativamente y que aporten de manera sustancial a la construcción de un proyecto de sociedad que cree en el valor del hombre. ; The thesis is a literature and field research by selected instruments previously discovered how best to manage the human talents by managing by values. Surveys the authorities, teachers, parents and mothers, students, administrative and service staff and each pointed out that the values are those that will move prior to the exercise of a human act is performed. There are no contradictions in how the assessments that allow institutional development values. The emphasis is on the social growth will be only when of individual development. The theory that every human being should include the range of values but in every circumstance of life can prioritize and choose the most convenient is defined. Is also associated to the value produces spiritual wealth and that wealth through the exercise of punctuality, responsibility and order produce material wealth. The country tardiness and disorder lose lots of money. Therefore; a theory to the authority who should exercise their educational management with justice, but at the same time administrative staff should respect the voice of authority, ie the values established chain work. As the adult in practice checks the value of the theory also shows that age is not a determining factor in the performance indicator values but it is vital in the conception of value. The theory is compared to different values, trying to establish differences and similarities between them. Human development in specific institutions; It is a process of quality improvement which the authority exercises its supremacy over the other members of the institution. The teacher, you are given the opportunity to discover in the Education Act, the full range of values that make possible the development of his personality as a professional and incentive to provide systems that belong only to it (teaching) such as evaluation Quality, democratic attitude, balance and emotional maturity. It is determined that the service personnel is aware of the activities undertaken by all members of the institution and how important it is that the education manager provides material resources to fulfill its mission, otherwise an educational community without material resources, not can be developed according to the program advances that education requires. a picture of hierarchical values is elaborate according to institutional needs and specific on what actions and how to develop the value specifically pending innovative management strategies is provided collectively, the set of values for everyone to fulfill its mission short, medium and long term and presents new social, paradigms and indicators such as migration allowing the institution dialectically adapt to change processes. The quality of the goodwill and intellectual formation while never link man as the sole architects of their own individual decisions that can positively or negatively affect the assessment of a team is associated. It is made of Educational Manager, a being able to resolve conflict constructively increasing their capacity for analysis, to distinguish between the man and the value, and identifying them as reciprocal beings despite their essential difference, the concrete one and the other abstract . The transcendence of man's based from the perspective of their individual essence always reproyectará the collective level and the fulfillment of their obligations is a strategy that should be encouraged by the manager, communication, example and demonstration. Planning management systems stimulated by the axiological characteristics that strengthen each of its members, taking into account that all institutions have strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are studied. Individual becomes collective strength and the opportunities. The principles are based on the Education Act determining that the administrative models are present tacitly or explicitly and in the spirit of the Act. It is important to recognize that often the failure of the law is due to the lack of analysis that leads to misunderstanding and as such to the lack of fulfillment of all groups. In the proposal, important lessons to be effectively expressed in the daily life of the school, which raise specific changes in the structure and life itself, constitute a democracy that recognizes the importance of compliance with the standard, they are generated and internalization compliance is a learning built individually, and is a project of institutional life. The collective compliance between teachers, students, administrators, parents, administrative and service; strengthens the attitude of law enforcement to education to improve the quality of education, physical space, teaching practice and resolution of conflicts, transparent procedures for evaluation and decision-making. Thus, ideology becomes transparent with the hypothetical students wishing to participate in disciplinary processes of self evaluation. In conflict resolution dialogue supplant any form of abuse, this being a consequence of the exercise of responsibility solidarity and justice. The institution and disseminate timely, academically start and end of the school year, including students and their parents governed by punctuality of teachers and administrative staff. The proposal is reading not a rhetoric of moral court, but readings generating ideas that enable the exercise of values in everyday life, in the classroom, courtyard, in the instances of illustrative decision, management and educationally sums contribute substantially to the construction of a project of society that believes in the value of man way.
Das International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) ist ein länderübergreifendes, fortlaufendes Umfrageprogramm, das jährlich Erhebungen zu Themen durchführt, die für die Sozialwissenschaften wichtig sind. Das Programm begann 1984 mit vier Gründungsmitgliedern - Australien, Deutschland, Großbritannien und den Vereinigten Staaten - und ist inzwischen auf fast 50 Mitgliedsländer aus aller Welt angewachsen. Da die Umfragen auf Replikationen ausgelegt sind, können die Daten sowohl für länder- als auch für zeitübergreifende Vergleiche genutzt werden. Jedes ISSP-Modul konzentriert sich auf ein bestimmtes Thema, das in regelmäßigen Zeitabständen wiederholt wird. Details zur Durchführung der nationalen ISSP-Umfragen entnehmen Sie bitte der Dokumentation. Die vorliegende Studie konzentriert sich auf Fragen zu sozialer Ungleichheit.
Das International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) ist ein länderübergreifendes, fortlaufendes Umfrageprogramm, das jährlich Erhebungen zu Themen durchführt, die für die Sozialwissenschaften wichtig sind. Das Programm begann 1984 mit vier Gründungsmitgliedern - Australien, Deutschland, Großbritannien und den Vereinigten Staaten - und ist inzwischen auf fast 50 Mitgliedsländer aus aller Welt angewachsen. Da die Umfragen auf Replikationen ausgelegt sind, können die Daten sowohl für länder- als auch für zeitübergreifende Vergleiche genutzt werden. Jedes ISSP-Modul konzentriert sich auf ein bestimmtes Thema, das in regelmäßigen Zeitabständen wiederholt wird. Details zur Durchführung der nationalen ISSP-Umfragen entnehmen Sie bitte der Dokumentation. Die vorliegende Studie konzentriert sich auf Fragen zu sozialer Ungleichheit.
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While the Biden administration has secured a deal with Israel and Hamas for a combat "pause," it remains to be seen if this leads to a formal cease fire or only allows for a brief respite before Israel resumes its bid to destroy Hamas. But what is clear is that Hamas's October 7 assault has shaken the assumptions of every player in the Middle East including Iran. Tehran's number one worry is that the assault could invite a regional war for which it was not prepared. Ground zero for such a conflict is the Lebanon-Israel theater. While Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah telegraphed in his November 3 speech that he wants to avoid war with Israel, he also insisted that "when we do receive the order to…take sides with Hamas against the Israelis, you will see the difference." Thus, he warned, "whoever wants to prevent a regional war, and I am talking to the Americans, must quickly halt the aggression in Gaza."If the Biden administration has been listening, so have Iran's leaders. They may yearn for Israel's destruction. But the last thing Tehran wants is for the "axis of resistance" that it has forged to be weakened by a regional conflagration that Iran did not seek. The purpose of Iran's alliances with militant groups in Lebanon, Syria, Iraq and Yemen is not Israel's elimination but rather the survival of the regime. Thus, Iran will have to find ways to support a pummeled Hamas as it contends with what could eventually be a wider global effort to rebuild Gaza as part of a new diplomatic initiative on the Palestinian-Israeli issue. To resist, while skirting the potential perils of resistance, is a dilemma that Hamas's "Al-Aksa Storm" has only deepened for Iran, and for Hezbollah.Deterrence and the paradox of "resistance"Lacking a powerful conventional military, Iran has deployed a "forward defense" strategy via alliances with armed non-state groups which have one primary mission: to deter the U.S. or Israel from attacking Iran. Beyond subcontracting Iran's defense to regional actors, this strategy gives Iran plausible deniability even as its allies periodically harass, intimidate or threaten Tehran's foes. This blurring of the lines between defense and offense carries risks, the most obvious of which is the possibility of spiraling escalation between Iran and its enemies. But a second risk is that Iran's regional allies might "go rogue" by taking on Israel or the U.S. in ways that could damage the deterrent architecture provided by the axis of resistance. Such a possibility has been ever-present in the Israel-Lebanon theater but has loomed even larger in the Gaza-Israel arena.For Tehran, Hezbollah's most important role is to deter an Israeli attack on Iran's nuclear facilities. Thus, it has provided Hezbollah with some 100,000 rockets, while Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard has helped transform Hezbollah's army—which includes some 22,000 fighters and an equivalent number of reserves—into a potent fighting force. Even with Israel's "Iron Dome" anti-missile system, by launching multiple rockets, experts argue that Hamas could hit all of Israel's main cities and inflict immense damage on refineries, water desalination plants, and industrial infrastructure. But, because Israel is capable of inflicting similar costs on Lebanon, the ultimate obstacle to a full-fledged Hezbollah-Israel war is the real prospect of "Mutually Assured Catastrophe," or MAC, for both countries. Knowing this, Hezbollah's role in the axis of resistance is to preserve its deterrent capacity (and that of Iran) by avoiding a full-fledged war with Israel.As for Hamas, while it has not received the kind of advanced armaments that Iran has given Hezbollah, it has used Iran's missiles, drones, training and funding to cause pain and draw Israel into costly military incursions -- but without posing an existential threat. Indeed, this situation facilitated Israel's efforts to divide Gaza from the West Bank. While Gaza's people have paid a high price for this modus vivendi, the Israel-Hamas stand-off has benifitted Iran. By giving its regional allies the means to harass Israel, Iran has kept the flame of "resistance" burning, but without risking a regional explosion that might prove costly for Hamas and Hezbollah. Iran's forward defense strategy has depended on walking this tricky path.October 7: Hamas goes quasi-rogue?Hamas' October 7 "Al Aksa Mosque Storm" has complicated Iran's forward defense strategy in two closely related ways:First, it underscored the risk that one or more of its allies might go rogue. After all, the attack hinged on an elaborate artifice of deception that not only surprised Israel but was also kept from both Hezbollah and Iran. Thus, Iran and Hezbollah responded to events as they unfolded while their leaders held that they had no forewarning of the attack. U.S. intelligence sources substantiated such claims, while Hezbollah's decision to move it forces to southern Lebanon following the Hamas attack suggested the improvised nature of its response. When Iranian Foreign Minister Hossein Amir Abdollahian insisted that Hamas "is not receiving orders from us" and is acting in its "own interests," he was probably not prevaricating. Instead, Abdollahian stated unambiguously that "we don't want this war to spread out."Second, Hamas's massacre of 1200 Israeli and foreign nationals and its seizure of at least 240 hostages has galvanized many Israelis behind a "war of destiny" the likes of which the Islamist organization has never witnessed. This, of course, may be exactly what Hamas envisioned. Indeed, at the very most, some of its forces were prepared to move towards the West Bank in the hope that Palestinians in the occupied West Bank and East Jerusalem — and in Israel — would rebel en masse. At the very least, Hamas's leaders hoped that their attack would shake up the entire region, even if this meant absorbing a terrible military blow and sacrificing thousands of civilian lives. But the prospect of a wider war that could burn its own regional assets was not something that Iran or Hezbollah sought.Dilemmas for Iran and HezbollahThe potential for a wider war has created a dilemma for Iran and Hezbollah. Neither can afford to let up on the pressure along the Lebanese border and in other arenas such as Syria, lest they be seen as failing to support Hamas. But, as the pace of deadly tit-for-tat attacks has escalated, the danger for Israel and Lebanon has increased. Quite apart from the lethal prospect of MAC is the possibility that Israel could refocus its military might on Lebanon and thus deliver a severe blow to Hezbollah. But if, as one expert has noted, it is unlikely that "Iranians want to sacrifice Hezbollah on the altar of Hamas," Tehran cannot risk signaling that it is ready to sacrifice Hamas on the altar of the axis of resistance. Iran's leaders face a conundrum for which there is no simple solution.Still, given their long-term interests, Iran's leaders must find a way forward that ensures that their regional allies can survive and project deterrence. For this purpose, they are resorting to their familiar carrot-and-stick approach. The stick is being wielded by Tehran's allies in Yemen and especially Iraq. Apart from demonstrating solidarity with Palestinians, the recent missile attacks on U.S. forces in Syria are meant to send the signal that U.S. forces will suffer a cost if Washington doesn't push for a formal cease-fire. The U.S. has retaliated after each assault in the hope that it can deter Iran's allies from escalating, but the potential for a widening confrontation between U.S. and pro-Iranian forces could increase dramatically if Israel resumes its assault in Gaza. As for the carrot, based on his early November talks with Qatar and Hamas, Foreign Minister Amir-Abdollahian set out the outlines of a deal, including a prisoner exchange between Hamas and Israel, an immediate halt to attacks, and the provision of humanitarian aid to Gaza. But, he added, "It is the American side that must decide whether it wants to escalate the war."This, of course, was the very question that the Biden White House had to address. Now that it has backed a truce, the White House might welcome an international efforts to press for a wider cease-fire. Not surprisingly, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has insisted that military operations will continue. But with the recent release of hostages, the pressure in Israel and abroad to expand the truce will increase, thus lessening the chances of a U.S.-Iran military confrontation that Washington and Tehran both want to avoid.Iran wants no war and no peaceWhatever the outcome of the Gaza conflict, two things are clear. First, Iran's leaders must rethink how to ensure that its allies do not use the umbrella of "deterrence" to pursue goals that could harm the axis of resistance. This will not be easy because the foot soldiers of Hamas and Hezbollah have long expected that the ultimate purpose of resistance is to crush Israel rather than to protect Iran's rulers. As one Hezbollah fighter put it, my "main fear is to die without liberating Palestine – but we can see it getting closer." Such hopes will be delt a further blow if a diplomatic process –backed by Iran-- opens up.Second, while the Gaza war has exposed the failures of the Biden administration's Middle East policy, the international community might still look to Washington to build on the November 24 truce in the hope that it can provide the basis for a wider effort to rebuild Gaza and, as Biden himself has proposed, to refocus U.S. policy on the issue of Palestinian statehood. In fact, the White House might try to recast the "Abraham Accords" in a manner designed to tackle, rather than circumvent, the Palestinian issue. Such an effort could have the support of European states and the blessings of Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states, including Qatar, which has emerged as a vital Gulf Arab ally of the United States.With U.S. elections looming on the horizon and a Middle East seizing with anger over Israel's devastation of Gaza, the window of opportunity for such an initiative will be very short. It is possible that Iran might activate the axis of resistance to sabotage any wider diplomatic process, especially if, as is likely, it excludes Hamas. But any bid by Iran to act as a spoiler could also again expose the fault lines in the axis of resistance. Indeed, having pushed for a cease-fire, Tehran must tread carefully. After all, Russia and especially China — which are effectively associate members of the axis of resistance — will probably back rather than undercut a broader diplomatic process.Such a possibility has prompted a debate in Iran regarding the costs and benefits of working with Russia and China, particularly given Beijing's role in securing a renewal of Saudi-Iranian relations earlier this year. One analyst has argued that "we operate within the framework of China and Russia's interests, without little to gain for ourselves." However exaggerated, this warning speaks to the contending interests that are at play in a widening axis of states and non-state groups, some of which will not automatically toe Tehran's line of no peace and no war.This article has been abridged from a previous version published by the Arab Center Washington DC.Dear RS readers: It has been an extraordinary year and our editing team has been working overtime to make sure that we are covering the current conflicts with quality, fresh analysis that doesn't cleave to the mainstream orthodoxy or take official Washington and the commentariat at face value. Our staff reporters, experts, and outside writers offer top-notch, independent work, daily. Please consider making a tax-exempt, year-end contribution to Responsible Statecraft so that we can continue this quality coverage — which you will find nowhere else — into 2024. Happy Holidays!
The Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA) learned with immense shock and sadness of the passing on of Professor Samir Amin on Sunday, 12th August 2018. Subsequently, Prof. Samir Amin's body was interned at Père Lachaise in Paris on 1st September 2018 at a site provided by the French Communist Party. The Council was represented at the burial by Prof. Fatow Sow and Dr. Cherif Sy; two members of the CODESRIA community who have worked with Samir Amin for a while. For CODESRIA, this marks nothing less than the end of an era in the history of African social research given the many pioneering roles the late Professor Amin played as a scholar, teacher, mentor, friend, and revolutionary. Samir was many things to us as a Council; for the younger members of the community, it meant much more to be in his company at the numerous CODESRIA meeting he attended. A model for three generations of African and, indeed, radical scholars globally, Samir was that giant Baobab tree whose grandeur of intellect and spirit made him a worthy role model. While serving as Director of the United Nations African Institute for Economic Development and Planning (IDEP), he hosted the initial scaffolding of the CODESRIA at IDEP, brought together and nurtured new talent that laid the foundations which launched Council on a path of growth and resilience to what it is to-date. As the final note on his reflections contained in this Bulletin illustrates, while serving as CODESRIA's founding Executive Secretary, Samir worked very closely with Abdalla Bujra and later Thandika Mkandawire, to shape the initial years of CODESRIA's intellectual identity and trajectory. After CODESRIA relocated from the premises of IDEP to a new home in the Fann Residence part of Dakar, Samir Amin remained engaged with Council and its community of scholars, participating actively and effectively in all its activities. This 15th General Assembly of CODESRIA is perhaps the first Assembly without Samir Amin presence. In all previous General Assemblies, Samir has been a notable presence even giving the Cheikh Anta Diop Lecture at the 10 Assembly in Kampala, Uganda. It is at the General Assembly that many young academics interacted with Samir, often for the first time and indeed experiencing the awe of his presence. Though Samir is absent at the current Assembly, there is no doubt that his intellectual and revolutionary spirit is definitely present just as the thoughts and ideas that he shared so generously and to the very end will continue to inspire reflection and debate. Samir Amin's intellectual journey was a long and illustrious one. It was a journey marked by commitments that distinguished him as a scholar of unparalleled convictions. He died still an unapologetic socialist academic or, as the title of his memoir reads, 'an independent Marxist' whose work was driven by an unshakeable conviction to confront and oppose totalizing economic orthodoxies. He treated this confrontation and opposition as a prelude to social transformation. He was steadfast in his belief that the world must shift away from capitalism and strive to build new 'post-capitalist' societies. He described capitalism as a small bracket in the long history of human civilization. His works identify and record the multiple crises of capitalism, a system he described as senile and obsolete. In its place, Samir Amin formulated a political alternative that he envisioned would proceed by i) socializing the ownership of monopolies, ii). definancializing the management of the economy and iii) deglobalising international relations [cited in Campbell, 2015: 286]. For him, these three directions provided the basis of an active politics of dismantling capitalism; a politics he committed his skill and energy mobilizing for. Even as he grew older, he mustered fresh bursts of energy to continue the struggle and to the very last days when he was in Dakar, he was apart of the team of scholar/ activists gathered together by International ENDA Third World Network to draft the Alternative Report on Africa (Dakar, 2018). CODESRIA was apart of this process and the Report will by shared at this General Assembly. Many of Samir Amin's writings make the point repeatedly on the urgent necessity to dismantle the 'obsolete system' known as capitalism. However, none was as emphatic in rethinking the underlying cultural underpinning of the 'obsolete system' like Eurocentricism. In that engaging publication, he provided a rggesounding critique of world history as is centered around Eurocentric modernity and invites us to understand modernity as an incomplete process that, to survive its current crises, will need 'economic, social and political reconstruction of all societies in the world.' Embedded in this argument is a long held position about the importance of the Bandung moment (1955) as a moment of an alternative globalization based on Afro-Asian solidarity. It is from this perspective that one understands why Samir Amin emphasized the importance of China [see tribute by Sit Tsui and Yan Xiaohui in this bulletin]. Afro-Asian solidarity was the basis upon which Samir Amin located his alternative politics which also defined his towering global outlook and presence. There is no doubt that Samir Amin's intellectual presence was defined by depth of knowledge, complexity of thought and fidelity to Marxist organising principles. There is no way of summarizing the corpus of work he produced, the revolutionary engagements he undertook and the transformative potential that led him to remain steadfast even when many others were only too happy to find a good reason to backtrack and conform. His work is enormous in volume but also in the depth of its knowledge and relevance to society. He provoked and joined debates across the globe but more importantly with comrades in Latin America and Asia, those of the dependency and underdevelopment school but also later from a South-South perspective. In CODESRIA's flagship journal Africa Development alone, Samir Amin published twenty articles. A biodata document he shared with the Council has 24 books in English and 41 in French. He is published in English, French, Arabic, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish to name but these few languages. In all these publications and in the various languages, Samir Amin articulated his belief in alternatives, and as indicated above, this belief remained strong even to the last month of his life on earth. Born to an Egyptian father and French mother on 3rd September 1931 in Cairo, Egypt, Samir Amin's convictions owe much to the context of his childhood all the way from Port Said in northern Egypt to Cairo where he schooled. He spent his early life in Egypt where he attended his formative schooling before proceeding to France to pursue higher education at Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris ("Sciences Po"). Here, he earned a diploma in 1952 and later a PhD in 1957 at the Sorbonne. Samir later earned another diploma in mathematical statistics from L'institut national de la statistique et des etudes economiques. He had always been interested in radical thought and action from early on, noting in an interview that he already considered himself a communist in Secondary School. Even though he and his cohort did not know what communism really meant in their early childhood, they assumed it meant "equality between human beings and between nations, and it meant that this has been done by the Russian revolution." It is not surprising that with this pedigree, Samir Amin focused in his graduate research on "The origins of underdevelopment – capitalist accumulation on a world scale" and emphasized in his work that underdevelopment in the periphery was, in large measure, due to the working of the capitalist system. He consequently underscored the need to search for socialist alternatives to liberal globalisation. Samir Amin returned to Cairo in 1957, worked briefly in Gamal Abdel Nasser's Institute for Economic Management (1957–1960) before heading to work as an adviser in the Ministry of Planning in Mali (1960- 1963). Subsequently, Samir Amin's intellectual life became largely internationalist in orientation, and anchored principally on the question of accumulation as key to understanding underdevelopment. He maintained the sojourn between France where he took up a Professorship in 1966 and Dakar, Senegal his adopted home where he worked for ten years, from 1970 to 1980 at IDEP. Later in 1980, he founded the Third World Forum, originally hosted at the CODESRIA Secretariat, and lent his considerable weight to the institutionalisation of ENDA and the World Forum for Alternatives. His support for revolutionary politics is marked not just in the books and papers he published but also in the lecture circuit where he spoke to audiences about the undeniable relevance of radical politics. Samir Amin's thinking was in large measure defined by the solidarity built around the Bandung Confer- ence of 1955. This remained a critical touchstone in his work in which non-western civilisations and his- tories played an important role. Bandung, for him, inaugurated a different pattern of globalisation, the one he called 'negotiated globalisation.' Though not asufficientbasisforcomplete"de-linking"from'ob- solescent capitalism', Samir Amin saw in Afro-Asian solidarity possibilities and pathways to that delinking; the process, as he explained, by which you submit "ex- ternal relations to the needs of internal progressive so- cial changes and targets." The notion of 'delinking' oc- cupied a major place in Samir Amin's thinking and is positioned in contrast to 'adjustment' that was the pre- ferred approach of the Bretton Woods Institutions. As Mamdani shows elsewhere in this Bulletin, there are major problematic elements of this notion that Samir Amin continued to grapple with. But ultimately, Samir Amin noted that delinking is in fact a process that, de- pending on the societies implementing it, can be used to install graduated level of autonomous development instead of countries in the periphery remaining locked into and merely adjusting to the trends set by a funda- mentally unequal capitalist system. In Samir Amin, we found the true meaning of praxis; a thinker who insisted that his work has immediate relevance to society. His departure deprives us of the practical energy he brought to our meetings and debates; and denies radical thinkers a model around whom they found the compass that enabled them to navigate the treacherous, indeed murderous, waters of capitalism. We however are lucky to have lived in his company, to have learned from his fountain of knowledge and to have shared in the passion of his convictions. The Council plans to invigorate the value of his legacy by celebrating him during this 15th General Assembly but also beyond the confines of the Assembly. Thus, this edition of the Bulletin contains two intertwined sets of essays; all organised around Samir Amin. In the one instance, we have a selection of messages in his memory. One the other, we have a selection of essays he authored. Separately, we will re-publish all the essays he published in Africa Development in a special issue of the journal to provide them in one collection for posterity. But whichever way, and as his own reflection in the essay published in this volume and his memoirs show, CODESRIA is an inheritance that Samir Amin bequeathed the African social science community. As such, it is fitting that the Bulletin designed for the 15th CODESRIA General Assembly is also a Bulletin that publishes essays in his honour. The choice of theme for the General Assembly predates the passing on of Samir Amin. But the theme itself is one that was dear to Samir Amin. It is our pleasure therefore to present the essays contained here as essays that shed light on a life lived fully but also that open up a space to explore the unfulfilled promises of globalisation. We hope that at the end of it, this will be a fitting study in honour of our departed icon but also a commentary on the key issues the 15th General Assembly explored.
Actual importance of study. At the beginning of the 2020s developed world countries and countries which are the leaders of world economic development faced up the challenges of radical structural reformation of social production (from industry to service system) which is based on digitalization. Digital technologies in world science and business practice are considered essential part of a complex technological phenomenon like 'Industry 4.0'. Digitalization should cover development of all business processes and management processes at micro-, meso- and microlevels, processes of social production management at national and world economy levels. In general, in the 21st century world is shifting rapidly to the strategies of digital technologies application. The countries which introduce these strategies will gain guaranteed competitive advantages: from reducing production costs and improved quality of goods and services to developing new sales market and making guaranteed super-profits. The countries which stand aside from digitalization processes are at risk of being among the outsiders of socio-economic development. Such problem statement highlights the actual importance of determining the directions, trends and strategic priorities of social production digitalization. This issue is really crucial for all world countries, including Ukraine which is in midst of profound structural reformation of all national production system. Problem statement. Digital economy shapes the ground for 'Industry 4.0', information, It technologies and large databases become the key technologies. The main asset of 'Industry 4.0' is information, the major tool of production is cyberphysical systems that lead to formation the single unified highly productive environmental system of collecting, analyzing and applying data to production and other processes. Cyberphysical systems provides 'smart machines' (productive machines, tools and equipment which are programmed) integration via their connection to the Internet, or creation special network, 'Industrial Internet' (IIoT) which is regarded as a productive analogue of 'Internet of Things' (IoT) that is focused on the consumers. 'Internet of Things' can be connected with 'smart factories' which use 'Industrial Internet' to adjust production processes quickly turning into account the changes in costs and availability of resources as well as demand for production made. One of the most essential tasks for current economics and researchers of systems and processes of organization future maintenance of world production is to determine the main strategic priorities of social production digitalization. Analysis of latest studies and publications. Valuable contribution to the study of the core and directions of strategic priorities concerning social production digitalization was made by such foreign scientists as the Canadian researcher Tapscott D [1], foreigners Sun, L., Zhao, L [2], Mcdowell, M. [3] and others. Yet, the study of issues concerning social production digitalization are mainly done by the team of authors as such issues are complicated and multihierarchical. Furthermore, the problem of social production digitalization is closely linked to the transition to sustainable development, which is reflected in the works by Ukrainian scholars like Khrapkin V., Ustimenko V., Kudrin O., Sagirov A. and others in the monograph "Determinants of sustainable economy development" [4]. The edition of the first in Ukraine inter-disciplinary textbook on Internet economy by a group of scientists like Tatomyr I., Kvasniy L., Poyda S. and others [5] should also be mentioned. But the challenges of social production digitalization are constantly focused on by theoretical scientists, analytics and practitioners of these processes. Determining unexplored parts of general problem. Defining strategic priorities of social production digitalization requires clear understanding of prospective spheres of their application, economic advantages and risks which mass transition of social production from traditional (industrial and post-industrial)to digital technologies bear. A new system of technological equipment (production digitalization, Internet-economy, technology 'Industry 4.0', NBIC- technologies and circular economy) has a number of economic advantages for commodity producers and countries, as well as leads to dramatical changes in the whole social security system, changes at labour market and reformation the integral system of social relations in the society. Tasks and objectives of the study. The objective of the study is to highlight the core and define the main strategic priorities of social production digitalization, as they cause the process of radical structural reformation of industrial production, services and social spheres of national economy of world countries and world economy in general. To achieve the objective set in the article the following tasks are determined and solved: - to define the main priorities of digital technologies development, which is radically modify all social production business processes; - to study the essence and the role of circular economy for transition to sustainable development taken EU countries as an example; - to identify the strategic priorities of robotization of production processes and priority spheres of industrial and service robots application; - to define the role of NBIC-technologies in the process of social production structural reformation and its transition to new digital technologies in the 21st century. Method and methodology of the study. While studying strategic priorities of social production digitalization theoretical and empirical methods of study are used, such as historical and logical, analysis and synthesis, abstract and specific, casual (cause-and-effect) ones. All of them helped to keep the track of digital technologies evolution and its impact on structural reformation of social production. Synergetic approach, method of expert estimates and casual methods are applied to ground system influence of digital technologies, 'Industry 4.0' and their materialization as 'circular economy' on the whole complicated and multihierarchical system of social production in general. Basic material (the results of the study). Digital economy, i.e. economy where it is virtual but not material or physical assets and transactions are of the greatest value, institutional environment in which business processes as well as all managerial processes are developed on the basis of digital computer technologies and information and communication technologies (ICT), lies as the ground for social production digitalization. ICT sphere involves production of electronic equipment, computing, hardware,.software and services. It also provides various information sevices. Information Technology serves as a material basis for digital economy and digital technologies development. Among the basic digital technologies the following ones play the profound role: technology 'Blockchain', 3D priniting, unmanned aerial vehicles and flying drones, virtual reality (VR). Augmented reality (AR), Internet of Things (IoT), Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), Internet of Value (IoV) which is founded on IT and blockchain technology, Internet of Everything (IoE), Artificial Intelligence (AI), neuron networks and robots. These basic digital technologies in business processes and management practices are applied in synergy, complexity and system but not in a single way. System combination of digital technologies gives maximal economic effect from their practical application in all spheres of social production-from industry to all kinds of services. For instance, in education digital technologies promote illustrating and virtual supplement of study materials; in tourism trade they promote engagement of virtual guides, transport and logistics security of tourist routes, virtual adverts and trips arrangements, virtual guidebooks, virtual demonstration of services and IT brochures and leaflets. Digital technologies radically change gambling and show businesses, in particular, they provide virtual games with 'being there' effect. Digital technologies drastically modify the retail trade sphere, advertisement and publishing, management and marketing, as well as provide a lot of opportunities for collecting unbiased data concerning changes in market conditions in real time. Digital technologies lie as the basis for 'circular economy', whose essence rests with non-linear, secondary, circular use of all existing natural and material resources to provide the production and consumption without loss of quality and availability of goods and services developed on the grounds of innovations, IT-technology application and 'Industry 4.0'. Among priorities of circular economy potential applications the following ones should be mentioned: municipal services, solid household wastes management and their recycling, mass transition to smart houses and smart towns, circular agriculture development, circular and renewable energy, The potential of circular economy fully and equally corresponds to the demands for energy efficiency and rational consumption of limited natural resources, so it is widely applied in EU countries while transiting to sustainable development. In the 21st century processes of social production robotization draw the maximal attention of the society. There is a division between industrial and service robots which combine artificial intelligence and other various digital technologies in synergy. Industrial robots are widely used in production, including automotive industry, processing industry, energetic, construction sectors and agriculture Services are applied in all other spheres and sectors of national and world economies –from military-industrial complex (for instance, for mining and demining the areas, military drones) to robots-cleaners (robots-vacuum cleaners), robots-taxis, robots engaged in health care service and served as nurses (provide the ill person with water, tidy up, bring meals). Social production robotization is proceeding apace. According to "World Robotic Report 2020", within 2014 – 2019 the total quantity of industrial robots increased by 85 %. By 2020 in the world the share of robots in the sphere of automated industrial production had comprised 34 %, in electronics – 25%, in metallurgy – 10 %. These indicators are constantly growing which results in structural reformation of the whole system of economic and industrial processes, radical changes in world labour market and the social sphere of world economy in general. Alongside with generally recognized types of digital technologies and robotization processes, an innovation segment of digital economy – NBIC – technologies (Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Information technology, Cognitive Science) are rapidly spread. Among the priorities of NBIC-technologies development the special place belongs to interaction between information and cognitive technologies. As a material basis for its synergy in NBIC-technologies creation of neuron networks, artificial intelligence, artificial cyber brain for robots are applied. It is estimated as one of the most prospective and important achievements of digital economy which determines basic, innovational vector of social production structural reformations in the 21st century. The sphere of results application. International economic relations and world economy, development of competitive strategies of national and social production digitalization of world economy in general. Conclusions. Digital technologies radically change all spheres of social production and social life, including business and managerial processes at all levels. Digital technologies are constantly developing and modifying, that promotes emergence of new spheres and new business activities and management. 21st century witnessed establishing digital economy, smart economy, circular economy, green economy and other various arrangements of social production which are based on digital technologies. Social production digitalization and innovative digital technologies promotes business with flexible systems of arrangement and management, production and sales grounded on processing large Big Data permanently, on the basis of online monitoring in real time. Grounded on digital technologies business in real time mode processes a massive Big Data and on their results makes smart decisions in all business spheres and business processes management. Radical shifts in social production digitalization provides businesses of the states which in practice introduce digital technologies with significant competitive advantages - from decrease in goods and services production cost to targeted meeting of specific needs of consumers. Whereas, rapid introduction of digital technologies in the countries-leaders of world economic development results in a set of system socio-economic and socio-political challenges, including the following: crucial reformatting the world labour market and rise in mass unemployment, shift from traditional export developing countries' specialization, breakups of traditional production networks being in force since the end of the 20th century, so called 'chains of additional value shaping', breakups of traditional cooperation links among world countries and shaping the new ones based on 'Industry 4.0' and 'Industrial Internet'. Socio-economic and political consequences of radical structural reformation of all spheres in national and world economy in the 21st century, undoubtedly, will be stipulated with the processes of social production digitalization. It will require further systemic and fundamental scientific studies on this complicated and multi hierarchical process.
L'obiettivo della tesi è analizzare in profondità un tema complesso come la povertà. Il fenomeno è in costante crescita, distribuito in modo sempre più eterogeneo nel territorio, con più categorie di persone a rischio esclusione ed isolamento sociale. Nel testo si propongono numerose definizioni di povertà, trattandosi di un termine polisemico e pertanto complicato e riduttivo da racchiudere in una definizione univoca o del tutto esente da giudizi di valore. L'elaborato ne evidenzia le molteplici dimensioni - sociale, economica, relazionale, sanitaria, alimentare, educativa e culturale - che lo caratterizzano, le cause che lo determinano e le conseguenze che può scaturire. Tuttavia, risulta complicato individuarle con precisione in quanto possono presentarsi congiuntamente e variano in base allo spazio e al tempo, per cui impossibili da generalizzare. Si analizza anche il concetto di esclusione sociale, valutato in rapporto a quello di povertà. I due fenomeni solo apparentemente sono sinonimi perché in realtà non coincidono esattamente: il primo costituisce solo una delle dimensioni, seppur ampia e complessa, del secondo. L'emergere di nuovi bisogni complessi, che hanno colpito sia il singolo individuo che il gruppo e la collettività, ha richiesto un cambiamento operativo a livello istituzionale, dove si incentiva una programmazione integrata socio-sanitaria e si applica un approccio manageriale alle pubbliche amministrazioni; a livello gestionale, in cui si punta a promuovere un metodo di lavoro multidisciplinare e l'utilizzo della co-progettazione come strumento innovativo in campo sociale; a livello professionale, con l'assistente sociale che non è un semplice erogatore di servizi e prestazioni, ma ricopre più ruoli nel corso del processo di aiuto, valuta globalmente la situazione, promuove la risorse della persona e della comunità e favorisce la costruzione di una rete sociale territoriale. Inoltre, vi è la necessità di innovare e rendere più efficienti ed esigibili i servizi e gli interventi assistenziali e cambiare la prospettiva professionale di aiuto. Si passa da un processo di carattere residuale e prevalentemente riparatorio alla costruzione condivisa di interventi personalizzati che promuovono altresì l'autonomia e l'empowerment dell'utente e ne rafforzano la capacità di problem solving e le relazioni sociali. La parte centrale del lavoro, è dedicata al ruolo del Servizio Sociale nel contrasto alla povertà, che ha assunto nel tempo maggiore protagonismo in fase programmatoria ed è stato investito di più funzioni in campo operativo. Il servizio sociale professionale sta progressivamente acquistando una duplice funzione – promozionale e preventiva. Si passa dal lavoro sull'utente al lavoro con l'utente, con il soggetto che non è più passivo all'interno del progetto di aiuto personalizzato, bensì ne diventa parte attiva, superando una logica meramente assistenziale. La nascita di "nuove povertà", spesso derivanti da cause diverse e plurime, ha ampliato le categorie di persone a rischio povertà, che le politiche sociali e il sistema di welfare non riescono a ridurre. Si descrivono i soggetti più vulnerabili e le tipologie di bisogni che possono manifestarsi nel corso della vita della persona, riprendendo la classificazione piramidale di Maslow. Si valorizzano la modalità di lavoro multidisciplinare, le reti sociali e lo strumento della co-progettazione. La partecipazione di più professionisti e/o volontari consente di integrare competenze, punti di vista e risorse per poter rispondere in modo più efficiente e mirato alle esigenze del cittadino o della comunità. Le reti sociali rappresentano una elemento importante per la definizione di un progetto di aiuto in quanto consentono di mettere in campo le risorse informali esistenti, integrarle con i servizi territoriali e valorizzare/rafforzare i legami sociali per contrastare il disagio, ridurre le fragilità e prevenire l'emergere di una nuova situazione di difficoltà. La co-progettazione è uno strumento che promuove una partnership formale tra pubblica amministrazione, terzo settore e società civile, finalizzata alla realizzazione di interventi sociali integrati e innovativi. Si affronta il tema della lotta alla povertà e all'esclusione sociale dal punto di vista politico, che negli ultimi anni ha assunto un ruolo centrale all'interno delle agende nazionali, portando all'attuazione di diverse politiche sociali per contrastarne e prevenirne la diffusione. Uno sguardo più generale è stato rivolto al panorama europeo, esaminando le principali strategie di intervento e di programmazione sociale, per poi concentrarsi sul caso italiano, descrivendo il sistema di welfare nazionale e locale e le politiche di inclusione sociale, sempre più orientate al duplice obiettivo di sostegno economico e autodeterminazione del beneficiario. Un'importante attenzione è dedicata al contesto territoriale quale luogo più vicino al cittadino e ambito di riferimento per l'analisi di bisogni, risorse, potenzialità e criticità. La sfida attuale è quella di promuovere una comunità in grado di "autocurarsi" e di creare una rete assistenziale socio-sanitaria per potenziare e rendere più efficace il pacchetto dei servizi offerti e disincentivare l'istituzionalizzazione della persona. La seconda parte del testo si riporta l'esempio di quanto è stato attuato in una realtà territoriale per il contrasto alla povertà e all'esclusione sociale. Si analizza quindi la strategia adottata nel Comune di Capannori, quale ente capofila della Piana di Lucca e una delle zone distretto professionalmente più avanzate, in cui è stato co-costruito un tavolo tecnico, potenziata l'equipe multidisciplinare ed incentivata la co-progettazione con il Terzo settore, promuovendo la nascita di un nuovo modello operativo. Si descrivono brevemente alcuni progetti realizzati nel territorio, relativi all'inclusione sociale e lavorativa, al supporto educativo e familiare e all'emergenza abitativa, evidenziando la presa in carico multidisciplinare e la collaborazione tra enti pubblici e del privato sociale. Nel capitolo conclusivo, viene descritta l'evoluzione della povertà dopo la crisi economica del 2008 da un punto di vista maggiormente statistico, anche qui rivolgendo un duplice sguardo al contesto europeo ed italiano. La parte finale è dedicata ad una lettura della situazione in relazione all'impatto generato dalla pandemia Covid-19, che ha avuto forti ripercussioni sia sulla salute dei cittadini che sul mercato del lavoro e sull'economia mondiale, facendo registrare un aumento esponenziale del numero di persone e famiglie a rischio povertà e la crescita della forbice della disuguaglianza. The goal of the thesis is to analyze in depth a complex issue such as poverty. The phenomenon is constantly growing, distributed in an increasingly heterogeneous way in the territory, with more categories of people at risk of social exclusion and isolation. Numerous definitions of poverty are proposed in the text, since it is a polysemic term and therefore complicated and reductive to be enclosed in a single definition or completely free from value judgments. The paper highlights the multiple dimensions - social, economic, relational, health, food, educational and cultural - that characterize it, the causes that determine it and the consequences that can arise. However, it is difficult to identify them precisely as they can occur jointly and vary according to space and time, making them impossible to generalize. The concept of social exclusion is also analyzed, evaluated in relation to that of poverty. The two phenomena are only apparently synonymous because in reality they do not exactly coincide: the first constitutes only one of the dimensions, albeit large and complex, of the second. The emergence of new complex needs, which have affected both the individual and the group and the community, has required an operational change at an institutional level, where integrated social and health planning is encouraged and a managerial approach is applied to public administrations; at the management level, which aims to promote a multidisciplinary working method and the use of co-design as an innovative tool in the social field; at a professional level, with the social worker who is not a simple provider of services and benefits, but covers several roles during the help process, evaluates the situation globally, promotes the resources of the person and the community and favors the construction of a territorial social network. Furthermore, there is a need to innovate and make welfare services and interventions more efficient and payable and change the professional perspective of help. We move from a residual and mainly restorative process to the shared construction of personalized interventions that also promote the autonomy and empowerment of the user and strengthen their problem-solving skills and social relationships. The central part of the work is dedicated to the role of the Social Service in combating poverty, which over time has taken on greater prominence in the planning phase and has been invested with more functions in the operational field. The professional social service is gradually acquiring a dual function - promotional and preventive. We move from working on the user to working with the user, with the subject who is no longer passive within the personalized aid project, but becomes an active part of it, overcoming a merely welfare logic. The birth of "new poverties", often deriving from different and multiple causes, has widened the categories of people at risk of poverty, which social policies and the welfare system cannot reduce. The most vulnerable subjects and the types of needs that may arise during the person's life are described, taking up Maslow's pyramid classification. The multidisciplinary working method, social networks and the tool of co-planning are enhanced. The participation of several professionals and / or volunteers makes it possible to integrate skills, points of view and resources in order to respond more efficiently and targeted to the needs of citizens or the community. Social networks represent an important element for the definition of an aid project as they make it possible to deploy existing informal resources, integrate them with local services and enhance / strengthen social ties to combat hardship, reduce fragility and prevent emergence of a new difficult situation. Co-planning is a tool that promotes a formal partnership between public administration, third sector and civil society, aimed at the realization of integrated and innovative social interventions. It deals with the issue of the fight against poverty and social exclusion from a political point of view, which in recent years has assumed a central role within national agendas, leading to the implementation of various social policies to combat and prevent its spread. A more general look was turned to the European panorama, examining the main intervention strategies and social planning, and then focusing on the Italian case, describing the national and local welfare system and the social inclusion policies, increasingly oriented to the dual objective. of economic support and self-determination of the beneficiary. Important attention is paid to the territorial context as a place closest to the citizen and a reference area for the analysis of needs, resources, potential and critical issues. The current challenge is to promote a community capable of "self-healing" and to create a social and health care network to enhance and make the package of services offered more effective and discourage the institutionalization of the person. The second part of the text gives an example of what has been implemented in a territorial reality for the fight against poverty and social exclusion. The strategy adopted in the Municipality of Capannori is then analyzed, as the leading body of the Piana di Lucca and one of the most professionally advanced district areas, in which a technical table has been co-built, the multidisciplinary team strengthened and co-planning with the third sector, promoting the birth of a new operating model. Some projects carried out in the area are briefly described, relating to social and work inclusion, educational and family support and housing emergency, highlighting the multidisciplinary management and collaboration between public and private social entities. In the concluding chapter, the evolution of poverty after the 2008 economic crisis is described from a more statistical point of view, again with a double look at the European and Italian context. The final part is dedicated to a reading of the situation in relation to the impact generated by the Covid-19 pandemic, which has had strong repercussions both on the health of citizens and on the labor market and on the world economy, recording an exponential increase in the number of people and families at risk of poverty and the growth of the inequality gap.
"It can be said, then, that the practices would remain in the personal time of the subjects in training as one of the most powerful brands in terms of the constitution of their professional identity" (Acevedo and Peralta, 2010) For years, those of us who are part of the Social Work Career at the UNC have been asking ourselves -and at the same time rehearsing possible answers- about the ways of teaching, learning, doing and knowing how to do in academic practices. These questions were deepened - together with national and Latin American disciplinary debates - through the implementation of curricula that (re)meant practice as the central axis for degree training, in increasingly complex training and intervention scenarios and contexts. Our 2004 Curriculum defines academic practices as "a central space of learning in training (.) they are constructed as a space of teaching learning that is characterized by an intentional contact with reality with a learning objective, differentiating it from professional practice"[1] Therefore, academic practices are also constituted in a time/space of connection between the University and its classrooms with the diverse territories, institutions, others, and others. It is there, in these intersections, where practices are created, where the classroom is a particular territory of intervention, of creation of pedagogical proposals on a professional knowledge/doing; classrooms crossed by the inequalities of our times and filled with the diversities of those who inhabit them; classrooms where the ways of being and seeing the world are articulated to ways of thinking (se) as students and teachers of Social Work. At the same time, the territories -those scenarios outside the University with their protagonists, logics, demands, own views on the profession- are powerful spaces of teaching and learning, where diverse knowledge and doings are put in dialogue, recognizing the different perspectives of actors who converge in the construction of teaching and learning strategies of the profession. For at least 20 years, the then School of Social Work - through its management and teaching teams, institutional referents, members of the organizations and students - has been generating spaces for deep discussions about the place and characteristics of the practices in degree training. As a result of these collective paths, the institutional bets and the impulses of the chairs to write and reflect on our daily task, this special issue of Social Conscience Magazine was born; an issue we call "When territories become classrooms. The formative practices in Social Work", and that was gestated as an invitation to the pause, to a specific moment to (re)think, to retrace and to write again on the learnings, challenges and desires on the practices in Social Work, in the light of the trajectories and of the new demands that these times print to our knowledge - know-how. This issue takes shape at a time of special complexity for our peoples, scenarios that crystallize the greatest injustices and inequalities while inviting us to redouble the cultural, political, epistemic disputes over the senses and the need to think and do different ways of inhabiting the world. From our places - Public University and Social Work - it is time to strengthen the ethical and political commitments that shape us as a profession; it is also time to give us the time to reflect and listen, to co-construct learnings and creative interventions, flexible and founded at the same time. These are times to re-signify which are the spaces, the ways, the processes through which we do learning and we learn by doing the profession: From what frames do we teach and learn the profession of Social Work? From what lenses do we build reality and otherness? And, fundamentally, with whom do we look and build that reality and our profession? With what horizons? 1] Study Plan Document, 2004, p13. School of Social Work, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences. National University of Córdoba. ; "Se puede decir, entonces, que las prácticas permaneceríanen el tiempo personal de los sujetos en formación como una de las marcas más potentes en lo que refiere a la constitución de su identidad profesional"(Acevedo y Peralta, 2010) Desde hace años, quienes formamos parte de la Carrera de Trabajo Social de la UNC; nos venimos preguntando -y a la vez ensayando posibles respuestas- sobre los modos de enseñar, aprender, hacer y saber hacer en las prácticas académicas. Preguntas que fueron profundizadas – junto a los debates disciplinares nacionales y latinoamericanos- a partir de la implementación de planes de estudios que (re)significaban la práctica como eje central para la formación de grado, en escenarios y contextos de formación y de intervención cada vez más complejos. Nuestro Plan de Estudios 2004 define a las prácticas académicas como "un espacio central de aprendizaje en la formación (…) se construyen como un espacio de enseñanza aprendizaje que se caracteriza por un contacto intencionado con la realidad con un objetivo de aprendizaje, diferenciándose de la práctica profesional."[1] Por ello, también las prácticas académicas se constituyen en un tiempo/espacio de vinculación entre la Universidad y sus aulas con los diversos territorios, instituciones, otras, otros y otres. Es allí, en estas intersecciones, donde se crean las prácticas, donde el aula es un territorio de intervención particular, de creación de propuestas pedagógicas sobre un saber/hacer profesional; aulas atravesadas por las desigualdades de nuestros tiempos y colmadas de las diversidades de quienes las habitamos; aulas donde los modos de ser y ver el mundo se articulan a modos de pensar (se) como estudiantes y docentes de Trabajo Social. Al tiempo, los territorios –esos escenarios fuera de la Universidad con sus protagonistas, lógicas, demandas, miradas propias sobre la profesión– son potentes espacios de enseñanza y aprendizaje, donde se ponen en diálogo diversos saberes y haceres, reconociendo las diferentes perspectivas de actores que confluyen en la construcción de estrategias de enseñanza y aprendizaje de la profesión. Desde hace al menos 20 años, la entonces Escuela de Trabajo Social - a través de sus equipos de gestión y equipos docentes, referentes institucionales, integrantes de las organizaciones y estudiantes- fue generando espacios de profundas discusiones sobre el lugar y las características de las prácticas en la formación de grado. Producto de estos caminos colectivos, de las apuestas institucionales y de los impulsos de las cátedras por escribir y reflexionar sobre nuestra tarea cotidiana; nace este número especial de la Revista Conciencia Social; número que nombramos "Cuando los territorios se vuelven aulas. Las prácticas formativas en Trabajo Social", y que fue gestado como una invitación a la pausa, a un momento específico para (re)pensar, desandar y volver a escribir sobre los aprendizajes, desafíos y anhelos sobre las prácticas en Trabajo Social, a la luz de las trayectorias y de las nuevas exigencias que estos tiempos imprimen a nuestro saber - saber hacer. Este Número toma cuerpo en un momento de especial complejidad para nuestros pueblos, escenarios que cristalizan las mayores injusticias y desigualdades al tiempo que nos invitan a redoblar las disputas culturales, políticas, epistémicas por los sentidos y la necesidad de pensar y hacer formas distintas de habitar el mundo. Desde nuestros lugares – Universidad Pública y Trabajo Social- son tiempos de fortalecer los compromisos éticos y políticos que nos conforman como profesión; es tiempo también de darnos el tiempo de reflexión y escucha, de co-construcción de aprendizajes e intervenciones creativas, flexibles a la vez que fundadas. Son tiempos para resignificar cuáles son los espacios, los modos, los procesos a través de los cuáles hacemos aprendiendo y aprendemos haciendo la profesión: ¿Desde qué marcos enseñamos y aprendemos el oficio del Trabajo Social? ¿Desde qué lentes construimos la realidad y la otredad? Y, fundamentalmente, ¿Con quiénes miramos y construimos esa realidad y nuestra profesión? ¿Con qué horizontes? [1] Documento Plan de Estudios, 2004, p13. Escuela de trabajo Social, Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. ; "Pode-se dizer, então, que as práticas permaneceriam no tempo pessoal dos sujeitos em treinamento como uma das marcas mais poderosas com relação à constituição de sua identidade profissional" (Acevedo e Peralta, 2010) Durante anos, aqueles de nós que fazem parte da Carreira de Trabalho Social na UNC; temos nos perguntado - e ao mesmo tempo ensaiado possíveis respostas - sobre as maneiras de ensinar, aprender, fazer e saber como fazer nas práticas acadêmicas. Estas questões foram aprofundadas - juntamente com os debates disciplinares nacionais e latino-americanos - a partir da implementação de currículos que (re)significavam a prática como eixo central para o treinamento de graduação, em cenários e contextos de treinamento e intervenção cada vez mais complexos. Nosso Currículo 2004 define as práticas acadêmicas como "um espaço central de aprendizagem em treinamento (.) elas são construídas como um espaço de aprendizagem didática que se caracteriza por um contato intencional com a realidade com um objetivo de aprendizagem, diferenciando-a da prática profissional"[1] Portanto, as práticas acadêmicas também se constituem em um tempo/espaço de conexão entre a Universidade e suas salas de aula com os diversos territórios, instituições, outros e outros. É ali, nesses cruzamentos, onde se criam práticas, onde a sala de aula é um território particular de intervenção, criando propostas educativas sobre um conhecimento / fazer profissional; salas de aula atravessadas pelas desigualdades de nosso tempo e preenchidas pelas diversidades daqueles que as habitam; salas de aula onde os modos de ser e de ver o mundo se articulam a modos de pensar (se) como estudantes e professores de Serviço Social. Ao mesmo tempo, os territórios - aqueles cenários fora da Universidade com seus protagonistas, lógicas, exigências, visões próprias sobre a profissão - são espaços poderosos de ensino e aprendizagem, onde diversos conhecimentos e feitos são colocados em diálogo, reconhecendo as diferentes perspectivas dos atores que convergem na construção de estratégias de ensino e aprendizagem da profissão. Há pelo menos 20 anos, a então Escola de Serviço Social - através de suas equipes de gestão e ensino, referências institucionais, membros das organizações e estudantes - vem gerando espaços para discussões profundas sobre o lugar e as características das práticas de treinamento em graduação. Como resultado desses caminhos coletivos, das apostas institucionais e dos impulsos das cadeiras para escrever e refletir sobre nossa tarefa diária, nasceu esta edição especial da Revista Consciência Social; uma edição que chamamos de "Quando os territórios se tornam salas de aula". As práticas formativas no Serviço Social", e que foi gestacionado como um convite à pausa, a um momento específico para (re)pensar, retraçar e escrever novamente sobre os aprendizados, desafios e desejos sobre as práticas no Serviço Social, à luz das trajetórias e das novas demandas que estes tempos imprimem ao nosso conhecimento - know-how. Esta questão toma forma em um momento de especial complexidade para nossos povos, cenários que cristalizam as maiores injustiças e desigualdades, enquanto nos convidam a redobrar as disputas culturais, políticas, epistêmicas sobre os sentidos e a necessidade de pensar e fazer diferentes maneiras de habitar o mundo. De nossos lugares - Universidade Pública e Serviço Social - é hora de fortalecer os compromissos éticos e políticos que nos moldam como profissão; também é hora de nos dar tempo para refletir e ouvir, para co-construir o aprendizado e as intervenções criativas, flexíveis e fundadas ao mesmo tempo. Estes são tempos para re-significar quais são os espaços, os caminhos, os processos através dos quais aprendemos e aprendemos fazendo a profissão: De que quadros ensinamos e aprendemos a profissão de Serviço Social? De que lentes construímos a realidade e a alteridade? E, fundamentalmente, com quem olhamos e construímos essa realidade e nossa profissão? Com que horizontes? 1] Documento do Plano de Estudo, 2004, p13. Escola de Serviço Social, Faculdade de Direito e Ciências Sociais. Universidade Nacional de Córdoba.
[eng] This doctoral thesis focuses on active Spanish scholarly journals which follow internationally‐recognized quality standards, in order to analyze their main features, study the adoption of Open Access, observe the relationship between their price and bibliometric impact, and examine its internationality characteristics. Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus have been selected as the sources for identifying the journals. After depurating mistakes, a final list of 445 journals has resulted. A set of indicators has been defined and all data has been collected from the journals' primary source (website or hard copy). Correlations and association tests have been carried out to explore relationships among variables. The population of Spanish journals indexed in WoS and Scopus grew steadily over the last years: there were 300 titles by 2012, 406 by 2013 and 445 by 2015. A 69.7% of these were launched after 1980 and their average age is 30 years. This selection of This selection of 445 journals stands for a 25% of journals published in Spain, but the subject areas are not equally distributed - Science, Technology and Medicine fields (STM) are overrepresented, while Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH) appear less frequently. Indeed, 84% of all journals concentrate in only three of the seven subject areas considered for this study – 35% on Social S., 32% on Health S. and 18% on Arts & Humanities. Universities and research centers (mostly the Spanish National Research Council, CSIC) publish 43% of the journals. To run their publishing services, most of them use OJS platforms (34% of the total population). They publish mostly on Arts & Humanities (in Spanish language) and Social Sciences. Online‐only format and free access are their favorite output. Commercial publishers are the second in importance, accounting for the 32% of the journals. They focus on Health Sciences and run most of the few free‐access journals with APCs. They also account for most of the few hybrid journals, which are usually published in English. Elsevier is the largest commercial publisher, publishing about 17% of all the journals in this study. Scientific societies, professional associations and other not‐for‐profit private institutions publish 21% of the journals. They own or participate in another 24% of the journals, which are published by companies like Elsevier. Indeed, their scientific participation is crucial, reaching almost half of the population studied (45%). Government agencies publish only a 4% of all the journals. As to languages, almost half of the journals (47%) are published only in Spanish. Nonetheless, 26% are published both in Spanish and English, and 18% only in English. Remaining languages are residual. Free access is the most common type of publication (64.5%), followed by restricted (16.6%), embargo (14.4%) and hybrid (4.5%). Free‐access is associated with academic publishers and Social Sciences, while restricted‐access and hybrid journals are more common among companies and usually refer to STM fields. Open Access, as measured by free access with self‐archiving permissions, results in 56.9% of the total of journals. This indicates a sustained increase according to previous studies. Article Processing Charges (APCs) are beginning to be introduced in Spain, but only in 7% of these journals. Both free‐access and hybrid journals charging APCs are associated with commercial publishers, English language and high bibliometric impact rates. Annual subscription prices are much higher for STM, commercial companies and English language content, but the difference is lower when using price per article, because expensive journals usually provide more scientific content. APC prices are on average ten times higher in hybrid titles than in free‐access ones. Impact Factor (IF, which is only available for 27% of the studied journals), Scimago Journal Rank (SJR) and Source‐Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) have in general higher impact values for STM fields, journals with APCs and journals published in English. While the highest IFs usually appear in journals issued by commercial publishers, highest SNIPs are related to journals published by associations and societies. Subscription prices, both at volume and article level, have no relationship with any impact indicator. On the contrary, APC prices correlate moderately with impact indicators, but only with SJR and SNIP, not with IF. English language, foreign‐authored articles, international collaborations and foreign members at scientific teams have been identified and measured as elements that indicate internationality. Except for international collaborations, with very few appearances (especially in Arts & Humanities), all elements have global averages of around 33%, although they vary depending on subject areas and access types. The English language is most common in STM fields, journals published by companies and journals charging APCs. Foreign authors are more present in Health Sciences and Mathematics & Physics, and journals with APCs. The proportion of foreign experts is similar to that of foreign authors', but with smoother differences among categories – also, they are lower in Health Sciences and higher in Engineering. Academic publishers usually include more members from foreign institutions than the rest. Internationality elements present a similar pattern, especially as far as the participation of foreign authors and foreign experts is concerned. Limitations of the study, future research lines and final considerations are provided. ; [cat] Aquesta tesi doctoral estudia les revistes científiques espanyoles actives i amb un nivell de qualitat reconegut internacionalment, per tal d'analitzar les seves característiques principals, el grau d'adopció d'Accés Obert, la relació entre el preu i l'impacte bibliomètric, i els seus elements d'internacionalitat. Web of Science (WoS) y Scopus van ser seleccionades com a les fonts adequades per identificar la població objecte d'estudi. Després de depurar els errors detectats a les llistes de revistes extretes, es va obtenir una llista definitiva de 445 revistes. Es va definir un conjunt d'indicadors i es van recollir totes les dades de la font d'informació principal (el lloc web o la versió impresa de cada revista). Finalment, es van realitzar proves de correlació i associació per explorar relacions entre variables. S'ha posat de manifest que la població de revistes espanyoles indexades a WoS y Scopus ha crescut de manera sostinguda durant els darrers anys: hi havia 300 títols al 2012, 406 al 2013, i 445 al 2015. El 69,7% dels darrers van ser creats després de 1980 i la seva edat mitjana és de 30 anys. Aquesta selecció de 445 revistes suposa el 25% dels títols publicats a Espanya, tot i que les àrees temàtiques no hi estan reflectides de manera proporcional: la ciència, tecnologia i medicina i estan sobre-representades, mentre es recull un baix percentatge sobre ciències socials i humanes. Tot i així, el 84% de les revistes es concentren en només tres dels set camps considerats en aquest estudi: 35% en ciències socials, 32% en ciències de la salut, i 18% en arts i humanitats. Les universitats i els centres d'investigació publiquen el 43% de les revistes estudiades, amb especial menció del CSIC (Centre Superior d'Investigacions Científiques). La majoria d'aquestes revistes usen Open Journal Systems (OJS), plataforma on es recolza el 34% del total. Les institucions acadèmiques també publiquen principalment revistes sobre arts i humanitats (en castellà) i sobre ciències socials. Aquests títols solen estar disponibles en línia, sense versió impresa, i en Accés Obert. Les editorials comercials són les segones en importància, ocupant-se del 32% de les revistes, la majoria de les quals tracten sobre ciències de la salut. Aquestes entitats són responsables de moltes de les escasses revistes que inclouen càrrecs per publicació ("Article Processing Charges", APC), tant en Accés Obert com híbrides (aquestes últimes, principalment en anglès). Elsevier és l'editorial amb més títols, publicant el 17% de les revistes d'aquest estudi. Les societats científiques, associacions professionals i altres institucions privades sense ànim de lucre publiquen el 21% de les revistes, i a més a més col·laboren en un altre 24%, del qual s'ocupa principalment Elsevier. La participació d'aquest tipus d'institucions és crucial, ja que en total arriba al 45% de totes les revistes de la població analitzada. Finalment, els ens governamentals responen només del 4% dels títols Quant als idiomes, quasi la meitat de les revistes (47%) estan publicades només en castellà. No obstant, el 26% està publicat en castellà i anglès, i el 18% exclusivament en anglès. La presència de la resta d'idiomes és residual. L'accés lliure és el tipus d'accés més comú (64,5%), seguit pel restringit (16,6%), embargat (14,4%) i híbrid (4,5%). És freqüent a les editorials acadèmiques i a les ciències socials, mentre que l'accés restringit i híbrid és més comú entre les comercials i normalment es troba als àmbits de la ciència, tecnologia i medicina. Les revistes en Accés Obert, considerades com aquelles disponibles en accés lliure i amb permisos d'auto-arxiu, suposen el 56,9% d'aquesta població. Segons estudis anteriors, aquesta dada indica un augment sostenible del grau d'adopció de l'Accés Obert. Els càrrecs per publicació s'estan començant a introduir a Espanya, però de moment només estan presents al 7% d'aquests títols. Tant les revistes en accés lliure amb APC com les híbrides es publiquen per editorials comercials, en anglès i amb alts indicadors d'impacte bibliomètric. Els preus de subscripció anual són molt més alts a revistes sobre ciència, tecnologia i medicina. També ho són als títols publicats per editorials comercials i a revistes en anglès. No obstant, la diferència de preu disminueix si es considera el preu per article, perquè les revistes més cares solen aportar més contingut científic. Els preus dels APC són, de mitjana, deu vegades més cars a les revistes híbrides que a les d'accés lliure. El Factor d'Impacte (IF, que només està disponible per al 27% de les revistes estudiades), el Scimago Journal Rank (SJR) i el Source-Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP), tenen en general valors més alts per a les revistes sobre ciència, tecnologia i medicina, amb APC i en anglès. Mentre que els valors més elevats d'IF apareixen a les revistes publicades per editorials comercials, els SNIP més alts estan relacionats amb associacions i societats. Els preus de subscripció no guarden relació amb cap indicador d'impacte, ni a nivell de volum anual ni a nivell d'article. Pel contrari, els preus dels APC correlacionen moderadament amb indicadors d'impacte, però només amb SJR i SNIP, no pas amb IF. L'anglès, els articles escrits per autors estrangers, les col·laboracions internacionals i els experts estrangers dels equips editorials han estat considerats com a elements d'internacionalitat mesurables. Excepte les col·laboracions internacionals, amb molt poca incidència (especialment baixa en arts i humanitats), tots els elements tenen una mitjana general aproximada del 33%, tot i que depenen molt de l'àrea temàtica i del tipus d'accés. La llengua anglesa és la més comú en ciència, tecnologia i medicina, així com a les revistes publicades per editorials comercials i també en publicacions amb APC. Els autors d'altres països tenen major presència a ciències de la salut, matemàtiques i física, i també a revistes amb APC. La proporció d'estrangeria és similar entre autors i equip editorial, però amb diferències menys notables entre categories. La proporció d'experts forans és també inferior a ciències de la salut, i superior a enginyeries. Les revistes publicades per institucions acadèmiques solen incloure més investigadors amb filiació estrangera als seus equips editorials que la resta de revistes. En general, els elements d'internacionalitat presenten patrons de distribució similars, especialment quant a autors i experts estrangers. Finalment, es descriuen les limitacions d'aquest estudi, possibles línies futures d'investigació, i conclusions globals.
Satisfied with some important progress being made in health care reform on the home front, these past few days President Obama turned his full attention to foreign policy. In a week packed with international speeches, bilateral meetings and joint declarations, he succeeded in establishing a new ambitious agenda for international cooperation and wasted no time in getting started. In his speech to the UN, he outlined his main foreign policy goals based on four pillars: non-proliferation, climate change, Middle East peace and economic stability. He spoke clearly about his determination to put an end to the international skepticism and distrust the United States faced during the Bush years and enumerated the changes already made: banning the use of torture, closing the Guantánamo base, drawing down forces in Iraq, renewing efforts in the Arab-Israeli conflict by naming a special envoy, seriously addressing climate change and abandoning plans for a land-based missile defense in Eastern Europe. He challenged other leaders to respond in kind by joining US efforts at non-proliferation, fighting terrorism, taking measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combating poverty. A day later in Pittsburgh for the G-20 summit, the President, flanked by British Prime Minister Gordon Brown and French President Sarkozy, revealed a new nuclear facility built by Iran in the city of Qum and called for further sanctions on the Islamic Republic. This well-timed revelation is supposed to give the administration some more leverage when talks with the Iranians start later this week. As it happens, the US had known about this new uranium enriching plant for more than a year but had kept the information secret for later use. In Pittsburgh, with France and Britain safely on his side, the President had further opportunity to press the other two members of the UN Security Council, Russia and China, to cooperate with the new sanctions regime that will most likely include imports of refined oil into Iran. While Russia appears to be leaning towards cooperation (perhaps as a quid pro quo of Obama's decision not to deploy the anti-missile defense system in Poland and Czech Republic), it is not as yet clear whether the Chinese will too. This week has been a good one for China, which seems to be coming of age as an international player both in climate change and as a partner for economic stability in the G-20. But the revelation at Qum was certainly a pre-emptive coup that put the Iranians on the defensive, and gave Obama an opportunity to publicly test the other Permanent Members of the Security Council to prove their commitment to non-proliferation.As the United States moves aggressively to engage with the rest of the world and vows to renew its pledge to international law and institutions, the expectation is that others will take their share of responsibility and respond to global challenges. Obama's moral authority flows not only from what he says, and how he says it, but also by virtue of who he is: in his case, the man is the message and the intended drastic cut with his predecessor could not be more apparent. However, as Realists constantly remind us, foreign policy is about national interest defined as power, and while the change of tone and of emissary is well-noted, we are likely to see some change, but also a lot of continuity in US foreign policy. Barack Obama's first speech at the United Nations General Assembly was well-received around the world but had less impact on a home audience whose main concerns are unemployment, health care reform and economic recovery. Inevitably, the usual suspects accused him of treason for recognizing America's past mistakes in public and for socializing with tyrants. Others denounced his narcissistic impulses, for trying to portray American foreign policy as "all about Obama". While it is easy to dismiss the extreme critics, it is important for the rest of the world to realize how much the United Nations' legitimacy and prestige has suffered in the United States during the last ten years, and not only due to derisions by Bolton and Bush. TV images of the UN headquarters in New York seem distant and irrelevant to most Americans, who view the organization as an anachronistic shibboleth that embodies all fluff and no substance and whose activities are hard to take seriously in most cases, be it when it deals with Rwanda, Darfur or with Iranian sanctions. At this year's opening session, the General Assembly room, with a badly lit podium and a very unbecoming blue-greenish background, was showing its age in spite of a 2002 facelift (it was built in 1952). And while Obama was as dynamic and articulate as usual, his televised speech was followed by that of Mohammad Khadafy from Libya, which lasted one hour and a half and included bizarre statements and phrases that can only be accounted for by a serious onset of senility. Besides calling for a UN investigation of John F. Kennedy's assassination, and surreally complaining about how far most of those present had had to travel to get to New York (was jetlag his excuse to explain away his own state of mental confusion?), he repeatedly called President Obama "my son" (I cringed at imagining the right wing blogs reaction to that) and referred to the UN Security Council as the "Terror Council". His difficulty to find a place in New York where he would be allowed to pitch his tent was followed with amusement by the media and further added to his own oddity, and by extension, to the inadequacy of the UN as a serious forum. While later Prime Minister Netanyahu's excellent, Churchill-like speech brought the audience back to the 21st century and restored some respectability to the venue, the UN lost credibility again when Iranian president Ahmadinejad went on a new rant later in the day and again and proceeded once more to deny the Holocaust's existence. In addition to this rarified atmosphere, the main foreign policy topic that is of concern for the American public, and the one that would have made them pay attention, namely, the war in Afghanistan was hardly mentioned by Obama in this occasion. After eight years of war in Afghanistan, the effort seems to be unraveling on all fronts. European NATO members, whose soldiers are fighting and dying in Afghanistan, are unwilling or unable to commit more troops; the Taliban has renewed its offensives with new intensity in the south and the east of the country, and the Afghan election was plagued with corruption, proving what many already suspected, that President Hamid Karzai is an extremely unreliable partner and a corrupt leader who will not be able to hold the country together. At the same time, Al Qaeda has found refuge in neighboring Pakistan so the US initial counterterrorist mission, namely to hunt down and exterminate Al Qaeda, has mutated into one of counterinsurgency against an indigenous group, the Taliban, fighting against the government and the foreign forces to regain its power. All this in a country that has never been a nation, a narco-state whose economic base is the production and trafficking of opium, and where several empires, from the Macedonians to the British and the Soviets were once defeated. The President's plan so far has been to train the Afghan army so that it can hold off the Taliban, support government institutions, gain the trust of villagers and create structures of governance in rural areas so that Al Qaeda won't be able to move in again. This week a Pentagon memo by General Crystal was leaked by Bob Woodward of Watergate fame. Published in the Washington Post on September 21st, it presents a grim picture of the war and warns that success is uncertain. It calls for new resources and a new counterinsurgency campaign. While the number of troops requested is not specified, it warns that "under-resourcing" the effort could be fatal. Woodward, never one to sell himself short, has called his leaked memo the equivalent of the 1971 Pentagon Papers leaked by Daniel Ellsberg in the New York Times, which revealed the expansion of the Vietnam War from 1965 on, that had been kept secret from the American public. Of course the memo is not the equivalent of Ellsberg and Russo's revelations, but still, it refocused attention on the intractability of this war. The President's response has been that after the Afghan election, the White House is re-assessing its strategy and that until he is satisfied with a new strategy he will not send more troops. It is clear that the administration is having doubts about a conflict it once called a war of necessity. Public opinion is also turning against what will soon be the longest war in American history, as casualties continue to increase and there is no end in sight. As the term "military surge" is being increasingly used to denote McCrystal's new demands, comparisons with the war in Iraq are inevitable. Similarly to the Iraq war, elections have represented a turning point. But the surge in Iraq began with the so-called Sunni awakening, when the Iraqis themselves decided they had had enough of the violence and organized against those that insisted on it (mainly outsiders, Al Qaeda-in-Iraq). Also, in Iraq's leader Al-Maliki, the US found a relatively reliable and legitimate partner, one who instigated the political class to resolve their differences by political means. Finally, Iraq had an economic base that could be restored to produce substantial national wealth, and a mostly urban, well-educated population with some institutional experience. In contrast, Afghanistan is a mainly rural country, a tribal society which repudiates any attempts at centralization and profoundly distrusts the government in Kabul more, in some cases, than the foreign troops. The central government is rotten and weak, Karzai an unreliable leader who stole the election and whose brother is the head of the drug mafia. Can more US troops make up for all these weaknesses?Obama is thus in a delicate situation: he can't be "at war" with his own generals (indeed, General McCrystal was appointed by Obama only in March, after he dismissed the previous general in charge). On the other hand, if he allows more troops to be deployed, there is danger that Afghanistan may become his Vietnam. He therefore needs to choose between continuing a counterinsurgency operation, training more Afghan forces, protecting the local populations, getting into their villages and gaining their trust, or withdrawing ground troops and focusing on counter-terrorism, using drones and other off-shore means and special forces to go after the terrorist bases. Vice-President Biden is advocating a middle ground strategy: leaving enough troops on the ground to prevent Al Qaeda from returning to Afghanistan, but redefining the mission as one of narrow counter-terrorism and move away from nation-building and a protracted counter-insurgency operation that would signify more US casualties and more discontent at home. After all, the main reason why the US went to Afghanistan was to confront and eliminate Al Qaeda, which has since then moved across the border to the tribal areas of Pakistan. As several domestic arrests have demonstrated this week, Al Qaeda threats are just as likely to come from Springfield Illinois, Queens New York or Dallas Texas as from abroad or from the virtual Al Qaeda organizing through the worldwide web. Recalibrating his approach to Afghanistan is thus imperative, and it must be done for the right reasons, regardless of personal gain or saving face.Obama has had a very successful September, but his ambitious agenda both at home and abroad faces many pitfalls ahead. A youthful president, brimming with self-confidence, with a huge electoral mandate and with the best team of experts in history, can still be thwarted by unsolvable problems, domestic and foreign enemies and by serendipity itself. As a student of history and a John F Kennedy admirer, Obama knows this, and he should measure his decisions and temper his ambitions accordingly. Senior Lecturer, Department of Political Science and Geography Director, ODU Model United Nations Program Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
[SPA] La contaminación de las aguas por nitratos es un fenómeno cada vez más acusado, que se manifiesta en un aumento de su concentración en las aguas superficiales y subterráneas, así como en la eutrofización de los embalses, estuarios y aguas litorales. Con el fin de solucionar este problema, se publicó la Directiva 91/676/CEE, de 12 de diciembre, relativa a la protección de las aguas contra la contaminación producida por nitratos de origen agrario. Su fin es establecer las medidas necesarias para prevenir y siempre que sea posible, aminorar o eliminar la contaminación de las aguas subterráneas, evitando el uso inadecuado de abonos nitrogenados, ya sea por excesos en las cantidades aportadas o por épocas inadecuadas de aplicación. El aumento de la superficie de regadío en la Comarca del Campo de Cartagena, que pasó desde las 10.000 ha en los años 80 hasta las 42.000 en la actualidad, ha generado un notable aumento de la entrada de nitrógeno y fósforo de origen agrícola al Mar Menor en las últimas décadas. El auge de las desalobradoras, que vierten salmueras ricas en estos nutrientes, por el problema de fondo de escasez crónica de recursos hídricos en la zona, no ha hecho más que agravar el problema. Todo ello justifica, la necesidad de optimizar las dosis de fertilizantes y fitosanitarios en la Comarca del Campo de Cartagena para minimizar el impacto medioambiental, evitando daños socio-económicos y manteniendo la productividad de los cultivos, lo que constituye la base de los ensayos de la tesis. Se escogió el cultivo de pimiento bajo invernadero por su importancia en la zona. Para el desarrollo de los ensayos se acondicionó un invernadero situado en el Centro Integrado de Formación y Experiencias Agrarias de Torre-Pacheco (Murcia), tipo multicapilla, de dimensiones externas 12 x 36 m, que se dividió en dos bloques paralelos, separados por un foso central de recogida de lixiviados, construyendo en cada uno de los bloques cuatro lixímetros de 40 m3 cada uno, que corresponden a las parcelas elementales de los ensayos. El diseño experimental durante las ocho campañas de cultivo consistió en cuatro ensayos diferentes. Durante los años 1999, 2000 y 2001 se aplicaron los siguientes tratamientos de abonado mineral nitrogenado: 0 g/m2 (T-1); 15 g/m2 (T-2); 30 g/m2 (T-3), y 45 g/m2 (T-4). Durante el año 2002 se aplicó el mismo abonado a todas las parcelas, con una dosis de abonado mineral nitrogenado considerada óptima según los cálculos del Código de Buenas Prácticas Agrarias de la Región de Murcia (C.B.P.A.) de 13 gN/m2. Durante los años 2003, 2004 y 2005 los tratamientos consistieron en ensayar los tres tipos de cultivo existentes en la Comarca: ecológico (0 g/m2 de nitrógeno mineral), integrado (~15 gN/m2) y convencional (~30 gN/m2). El año 2006 el ensayo consistió en realizar solo los dos tipos de cultivo con mejores resultados agroambientales: el ecológico (0 g/m2 de nitrógeno mineral) y el integrado (~15 gN/m2), ya que el cultivo convencional dio niveles más altos de lixiviación de nitratos. Se obtuvieron las siguientes conclusiones: • Programar el riego por el método de la FAO con datos obtenidos de la cubeta en el interior del invernadero permite un 15-20% de agua. • La m.o. incorporada al suelo como parte de la preparación del terreno y la biofumigación fue la responsable de gran parte de la lixiviación de nitratos. La media de nitrato lixiviado para el conjunto de tratamientos asciende a 145,55 kg/ha. • La metodología de discriminación isotópica es válida para detectar la adición de abonos nitrogenados en cultivos ecológicos • La concentración de nitrógeno en frutos puede ser un buen indicador del exceso de abonado nitrogenado. • La variable producción comercializable y lixiviación de nitratos correlacionan negativamente. • Hay un punto óptimo de aplicación de abonado nitrogenado para el cual se obtiene más producción comercializable, por encima y por debajo del cual esta disminuye • El cultivo ecológico fue el que mejores resultados dio de producción y menor lixiviación de nitratos. • El aumento de la dosis de fertilizantes minerales estimuló el crecimiento vegetativo en detrimento de la producción de frutos, dando menores producciones los tratamientos con más abonado nitrogenado. • El C.B.P.A. y la Orden de 16 de junio de 2016, de la Consejería de Agua, Agricultura y Medio Ambiente son buenos indicadores de la dosis de abonado mineral N a aportar en el cultivo, pero tomados los cálculos como valor máximo. • Una reducción en las dosis de N del 50% podría suponer un ahorro anual en torno a 780 €/ha (1 200 000 € en la Región de Murcia ). Por todo ello, los estudios derivados de esta tesis, permiten dar a conocer a los agricultores cómo una reducción a unos determinados niveles en el abonado nitrogenado no supone una reducción en la cantidad y calidad de las cosechas y si en cambio un ahorro en el consumo de fertilizantes, lo que conllevaría una menor lixiviación de nitratos. Los cosecheros se beneficiarán aplicando las recomendaciones derivadas de esta tesis, de una reducción en sus costes de producción y, por su parte, el consumidor se beneficiará de una mayor seguridad del producto, manteniendo la calidad y al mismo tiempo, con estas prácticas, se favorecerá el objetivo medioambiental de reducir la lixiviación de nitratos en la Comarca del Campo de Cartagena, tan importante para la preservación de la laguna del Mar Menor. [ENG] The incorporation of fertilizers into agriculture has been one of the main factors that have increased agricultural production, but currently the excess of chemical fertilization is the main cause of the contamination of aquifers and groundwater. This effect is caused by nitrate, which is not retained in the soil and is affected by strong leaching processes. These processes result in its transfer to underground aquifers, with the consequent contamination and risk to human health. Therefore, in the efficient management of N in agricultural systems there is a challenge: namely, to maintain the rate of growth in productivity while ensuring the sustainability of the environment. Water pollution by nitrate is an increasing phenomenon, since there has been an increase in its concentration in surface and groundwater, as well as in the eutrophication of reservoirs, estuaries, and coastal waters. Therefore, in order to solve this problem and address the growing concern for the environment, the Directive 91/676/EEC was published on 12 December in relation to the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrate from agricultural sources. The purpose of this Directive is to establish the measures necessary to prevent and, when possible, to reduce or eliminate groundwater contamination, by avoiding the inadequate use - due to either excess quantities or inappropriate application periods - of nitrogen fertilizers. The Directive considers that the main cause of pollution from the diffuse sources which affect waters of the European Union is nitrate from agricultural sources, and therefore it is necessary to reduce these sources. Moreover, it is important to take measures concerning the application to the soil of all nitrogen compounds. Thus, by promoting good agricultural practices, Member States can provide, for all waters, a general level of protection against future pollution. Also, those areas that discharge or drain into waters vulnerable to pollution require special protection. The Directive imposes a number of obligations on Member States, including the implementation of action programs to reduce water pollution due to nitrogen compounds in vulnerable areas and the inclusion of measures to limit the application to the soil of all nitrogen-containing fertilizers, an aspect that is part of this thesis. Within this theme, one of the critical points of the Strategic Plan for Development of the Region of Murcia (2007-2013) considers minimizing the nutrient and phytosanitary discharges to the Mar Menor Lagoon, caused by the development of the agriculture in its basin. This Plan also promotes lines of research that prioritize the main environmental problems in the Region, including an increase in the monitoring and control of fertilizer discharges to the environment, as well as the dissemination of information to the farmers. The growth in the area of irrigated land in the Campo de Cartagena zone, which has increased from 10,000 ha in the 1980s to 42,000 ha today, has led to a notable increase in the entry into the Mar Menor of nitrogen and phosphorus of agricultural origin, in recent decades. The rise in the number of desalination plants, which release brines rich in these nutrients, due to the underlying problem of chronic shortage of water resources in the area, has only aggravated the problem. All the factors pointed out above justify the necessity to optimize the doses of fertilizers and phytosanitary products in the Campo de Cartagena, in order to minimize the environmental impact, avoiding socio-economic damages while maintaining crop productivity. This is the basis for the experimental approach described in this thesis. For this study, the crop chosen was sweet pepper grown under greenhouse conditions, because it is a typical example of the new productive orientations of the commercial agriculture in the Region of Murcia and the south of the Province of Alicante. In these areas, agriculture is highly technical and with an eminently social character. This crop occupied 2,500 ha in 2006, with a progressive reduction to 1,224 ha by 2012. It is cultivated with three management systems which are studied in this Thesis: ecological, integrated, and conventional cultivation. The conventional cultivation is of great interest in the Region of Murcia, and occupies the greatest area within the greenhouses of the Campo de Cartagena, where the experiments were carried out. With these studies, the aim is to demonstrate for the pepper crop under greenhouse conditions, in the Campo de Cartagena, the hypothesis that a surplus of nitrogen fertilizers does not always contribute to an increase in yields, but does increase the risk of diffuse contamination of the groundwater by leaching (Pratt, 1984). Moreover, this leaching will be quantified according to the dose of fertilizer, and the agricultural practices in this crop that can reduce the losses of nitrate into the aquifers will be evaluated. This thesis aims to expand the scientific/technical knowledge of nitrate leaching in the greenhouse cultivation of pepper by systematizing and analyzing the results of three research projects: Project I.N.I.A. SC-99-042, Regional Project RTA-Positivo-03-3, and Project I.N.I.A. RTA-04-035. The duration of our study in this crop (1999-2007), the singular experimental set up with large drainage lysimeters in greenhouse, and the multidisciplinary team involved in this research (from the Regional Ministry of Agriculture, IMIDA, UPCT, CIFEA, LAYMA, SYNGENTA, and KOPPERT) provided an overview of all the important aspects of crop sustainability, irrigation, and leaching over an eight-year period. The findings form the basis of this thesis. Therefore, the idea was to determine the influence of different doses of nitrogen fertilizer (from 0 to 45 g N/m2) and different agricultural practices (organic, integrated, and conventional cultivation) on the leaching of nitrate and on yield, with the aim of establishing the basis of the impact of the greenhouse pepper crop in this zone. Thus, the aim was to develop techniques that minimize the risks of contamination due to excess nitrogen fertilizer, with the consequent environmental, social, and economic benefits. ; Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena ; Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena ; Programa de Doctorado Técnicas Avanzadas en Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario