Andreeva recently discussed several "challenges for research in poor countries" (Andreeva, 2012). Below is a list of some of these challenges and my comments. For many public health studies in low- or middle-income countries, population surveys are the only affordable means of data collection. Population surveys are valuable sources of health information. For example, surveys have estimated the prevalence, severity, and treatment of mental disorders in various countries, including Ukraine (WHO, 2004). But population surveys can be very expensive, so alternative approaches to data collection should not be overlooked. Some other methods are case control studies, ecologic studies, and qualitative research designs such as focus groups. A case control design was used by Donetsk State Medical University to investigate contraceptive practices and factors behind contraceptive preferences of Ukrainian women (Mogilevkina, 2003). For a case control study of diphtheria vaccine efficacy in Ukraine, demographic and vaccination data were gathered from health center records (Tsu, 2000). Focus group methods were used by the Ukraine Institute for Public Health Policy and others to investigate the obstacles to antiretroviral therapy perceived by HIV-infected injection drug users (Mimiaga, 2010) and in a separate study on the topics of everyday understanding of health and the factors influencing it (Abbott, 2006). Another challenge faced by survey scientists is related to the validity of self-reported data. Validity is central to all research. According to Bonita et al (2006, page 57), "A study is valid if its results correspond to the truth." Self-reports can be satisfactory data sources if investigators take sufficient care in their design and use (Schaeffer, 2003). For example, before conducting health surveys in low and middle-income countries with questionnaires that were developed for use in high-income countries, researchers may first want to use focus group interview methods to gauge what the survey questions mean to people in the target countries (Kitzinger, 1995). If necessary, focus groups can be used to help researchers to modify question wording appropriately. In any case, for many health measures, it is difficult to think of an alternative to self-reports. The recent finding that fewer teenagers in the United States are driving after drinking, for example, comes from risk behavior data collected from thousands of high school students through national surveys (Shults, 2012). Due to high subscription fees, many researchers in low- and medium income countries lack access to necessary literature. This is a serious obstacle but it has a partial, temporary solution. In 2002 the Access to Research in Health Programme (HINARI) was established by the World Health Organization in partnership with major publishers (http://www.who.int/hinari/en/ accessed 4 Oct 2012). This venture provides free or low cost online access to the major journals in biomedical and related social sciences to local, not-for-profit institutions in developing countries. Some 8,500 journals and 7000 e-books (in 30 different languages) are now available to health institutions in more than 100 countries. To move access to global knowledge beyond HINARI, an international team of editors, researchers, and authors has proposed that WHO take the lead in championing the goal of "health information for all" (Godlee, et al., 2004). Besides HINARI, researchers in some developing countries have gained access to scientific literature through partnerships with foreign researchers as, for example, in projects supported by the Fogarty International Center of the US National Institutes of Health (http://www.fic.nih.gov, accessed 4 Oct 2012). For persons interested in tobacco control, an inventory of financial and structural resources to support global tobacco control research and research capacity in developing countries is available (Lando, et al., 2005). Many decisions in low and middle income countries are still opinion-based. Alas this is also all too often the case in the US and Europe. For example, little policy has developed in response to the growing threat from climate change to the health and the environment. The process from the discovery of scientific knowledge to its effects on human behavior is usually long and unpredictable. Current epidemiology training focuses on epidemiologic methods, with little attention on how the science of epidemiology is translated into effective health policy (Brownson, 1998, page 377). Actually, research findings always have some degree of uncertainty, and policy choices depend on many social, cultural, and economic factors, including people's opinions and beliefs. Fortunately, expert guidance is available on ways to communicate research findings to the public and policymakers that increase the chance that good science will result in good public health (Nelson, 2011; Remington, et al., 2011; Brownson, et al., 2011). A somewhat contrary view is that researchers are not responsible for the translation of their findings into public policy and should enter the political fray cautiously (Rothman & Poole, 1985). The golden standard of studies generating such evidence is randomized controlled trials. Bonita et al (2006, page 95) distinguish between various study designs by ranking their ability to provide evidence for causality between an exposure and a disease: "strong" for randomized controlled trials, "moderate" for cohort and case-control studies, and "weak" for cross-sectional and ecological studies. However, Steven N Goodman of Stanford University and Gerald J Dal Pan of the US Food and Drug Administration, speakers at the 2012 American College of Epidemiology Annual Meeting, indicated that the traditional hierarchy of scientific evidence may be too simple. They argued that experiments have more limits than generally appreciated, and evidence from observational studies can also be "golden".In any case, research conclusions have historically lacked widespread credibility in the scientific community until they have been confirmed by multiple studies using different study designs in different populations. They consider this as public health surveillance rather than data for testing research hypotheses about effects of the intended policy measures. I would agree that some surveys, such as the tobacco prevalence survey in several eastern European countries, including Ukraine (Andreeva, et al., 2010), are a type of public health surveillance. However, such data collection activities differ from traditional disease surveillance systems that detect and investigate new cases of notifiable diseases, including tuberculosis, measles, and others (Bonita, et al., 2006). For several decades, the US Agency for International Development has funded the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) that collect nationally-representative household data for a wide range of monitoring and evaluation indicators on population, health, and nutrition (http://measuredhs.com/accessed 3 Oct 2012). These surveys have been completed in Ukraine and a half dozen other countries of the former Soviet Union, and all DHS countries, especially ones with repeated surveys, have results that can be assessed with relevance to a health policy. I am reluctant to classify prevalence surveys as "descriptive" or "analytic" without more information about the specific survey. In the US, the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveys--conducted annually in the 50 states with coordination and support from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention--have been used for both description and analysis. Smart people from poor countries will definitely benefit from considerate reviews of their studies by more experienced researchers. A core principle of global health is that the knowledge and experience of every country, regardless of income level, is required for truly effective public health science and action. Journals have a mission, and they will publish work from any country if it fits their mission. Some journals explicitly invite submissions from developing countries including papers from authors whose mother language is not English. On the other hand, journals have major limits (Nordstrom, 2008). To protect their resources, they routinely reject some manuscripts without circulating them for external review because the editor determines they have little chance of acceptance. Most journals have no paid staff, and most peer reviewers are volunteers. An editor of one western journal has candidly discussed the challenges and opportunities of reviewing and publishing research manuscripts from developing countries (Malone, 2012).
Loše reakcije na krize koje su izazvane ljudskim ili sistemskim greškama mogu značajno uticati na zaustavljanje ili prekid radnih procesa u okviru organizacije. Ove greške moguće je minimalizovati korišćenjem metoda koje su zasnovane na primeni agentnog modelovanja, odnosno agentne tehnologije. Osnovu agentnog modelovanja čini softverska i/ili hardverska realizacija sistema koji je sačinjen od nezavisnih, ali ne i izolovanih komponenti – agenata, koji imaju mogućnost samostalnog odlučivanja i komunikacije sa okruženjem, zbog realizacije zadatog cilja. Princip agentnog modelovanja primenjen je na proces edukacije, odnosno uspostavljanja, održavanja i nadogradnje sistema zasnovanog na informacionim tehnologijama (IT sistemi), i na obučavanje personala s ciljem smanjenja uticaja grešaka koje nastaju tokom krize. U radu je prikazan originalni model agenta edukacije koji je namenjen prevenciji, suzbijanju i smanjenju uticaja kriza koje nastaju kao posledica spore reakcije na incidente, neadekvatnog odlučivanja ili loše komunikacije. Agent edukacije sadrži agent indikatora stanja koji reaguje na incidente i agent menadžmenta koji je namenjen smanjenju vremena trajanja i intenziteta krize. Kroz primer fiktivne vojne organizacije VORG predočene su funkcije agenata edukacije za konkretan slučaj. ; Introduction Crises caused by human or system errors vary in intensity and duration, and may cause adverse changes in the functioning of an organization. The prevention as well as a good response to incidents and fast reaction to the crisis when it escalates are essential. Therefore, all decisions during the crisis must be precise and concise, and the reaction of the information and communication systems as well as that of personnel must be adequate. The agent technology described in this paper is used to model the education agent for establishing, maintaining and upgrading IT systems, as well as for the staff training. The education agent consists of an indicator of changes in the environment (status indication agent) and a management system (management agent) for the reaction to crises. Through an illustrative example of the VORG organization, the functions of these agents are described. Causes of IT Crises IT crises are generally caused by human or system errors. The intensity and duration of the crisis vary and cannot be predicted. Still, problems that may arise as a result of the crisis may be far-reaching for an organization. However, well educated staff and a high-quality IT infrastructure can minimize errors and reduce the consequences for the organization. Agent-Based Modeling An agent is a software or hardware memory-based component that can be implemented in an information system. It can independently make decisions and communicate with the environment. It also receives, processes and transmits information in accordance with existing protocols, and its validity is determined by the ability to adapt to changes. In carrying out the activities it is characterized by a certain form of intelligence, which enables the agent's response to be directed towards the realization of objectives. Agent-Based Modeling of Education With proper education, there is a possibility for employees to avoid some mistakes that lead to crises. However, crises can occur due to unforeseen events. If the crisis management and incident indication are the parts of a business plan, then a proper training increases resistance to human and system errors. Therefore, the management agent and the status indication agent, i.e. the education agent, are used to train personnel, make information concise and decisionmaking faster when a crisis hits. Moreover, the education agent also monitors, controls and upgrades IT-based systems. The status indication agent is realized as a software module for a rapid response to the occurrence of incidents. High speed indicates a need for the selection of one of the options defined in advance in the initial phase of the education agent. The indication is based on symbolic logic. If the agent does not recognize one of possible options, it reacts by alarming the person in charge. The management agent is a synonym for the crisis management processes. When setting the initial conditions for the management agent, it is necessary to define how and when to use the information needed in a given situation, which is performed by forming the matrix of responses to the if-then kind of questions. In that way, it is possible to reduce the duration and intensity of the crisis. Education agent: Education includes the establishment, maintenance, upgrading IT systems and staff training. The initial settings of an organizational structure also mean that the basic parameters of an education agent and its functions are also initalized in order to provide a proper reaction to the incident and, consequently, the crisis. As a part of the education agent, the status indication agent is used to notify and recognize incidents, while a proper reaction to the crisis is a function of the management agent. After the crisis ends, the education agent is used to return the operational capabilities and make changes in the organizational structure. Example of an Error Impact Reduction for the Vorg Military Organization THE VORG, An imaginary military organization, is a three-level structure consisting of managers, executives and employees. The VORG's functions include implementing new IT systems and maintaining the existing ones, co-operating with other organizations and scientific research. In that way, the sources of crises in the VORG can be inadequate response to incidents, poor communication and education following the inadequate decision-making. The crisis caused by an inadequate response to the occurrence of incidents: The reaction to the occurrence of incidents is important for each function in the organization. A reaction to the crisis depends on the quality of IT systems, and the way the employees cope with crises. In this case, the education agent functions are primairly a periodic check up (announced or unannounced) on the employees and the incident-response systems as well. The crisis caused by an inadequate communication and education: In organizations with an inflexible hierarchy, the employees have to recognize a crisis, but they are also required to respect the rules when addressing the superiors. An organization has to be prepared for the events that could cause a crisis. This is enabled by the initial state activities. In this example, the education agent is used to forward only important information to the collegium. The crisis caused by an inadequate decision making: Decision making is mostly related to the supervisors and the executive staff. During the crisis it is necessary that the supervisors let the emergency teams make decisions. It is also essential that the decision-making staff is tested and that their work is revised by accredited experts. One way of checking the competence is to introduce certain deadlines and demands for the personnel that should be a part of the top management. Conclusion Many different errors can cause crises that vary in intensity, duration and consequences. Educating staff, checking their skills and a qualitative structure of an organization represent the basis of a quick and accurate response to a crisis. Nevertheless, human errors as well as system failures may happen. These errors can be prevented by the functions of the education agent which consists of a status indication agent and a management agent. The education agent is realized as a software or hardware-based module which functions at a basis for the IT system activities before, during and after the crisis. The causes of crises are inadequate responses to the occurrence of incidents, inadequate communication and education as well as inadequate decision making, which is explained in details in the illustrative example of the VORG organization.
XXXII, 612 p. ; 24 cm ; Libro Electrónico ; En este documento se plantea un tema de interes general mas como lo es especificamente el tema de la evolucion de la sociedad en materia de industria y crecimiento de las actividades humanas en el aspecto de desarrollo de la creatividad enfocada a los mercados ; edited by Mark Tovey ; foreword by Yochai Benkler (re-mixed by Hassan Masum) ; prefaces by Thomas Malone, Tom Atlee & Pierre Levy ; afterword by Paul Martin & Thomas Homer-Dixon. ; The era of collective intelligence has begun in earnest. While others have written about the wisdom of crowds, an army of Davids, and smart mobs, this collection of essays for the first time brings together fifty-five pioneers in the emerging discipline of collective intelligence. They provide a base of tools for connecting people, producing high-functioning teams, collaborating at multiple scales, and encouraging effective peer-production. Emerging models are explored for digital deliberative democracy, self-governance, legislative transparency, true-cost accounting, and the ethical use of open sources and methods. Collective Intelligence is the first of a series of six books, which will also include volumes on Peace Intelligence, Commercial Intelligence, Gift Intelligence, Cultural Intelligence, and Global Intelligence. ; Table of Contents Dedication i Publisher's Preface iii Foreword by Yochai Benkler Remix Hassan Masum xi The Wealth of Networks: Highlights remixed Editor's Preface xxi Table of Contents xxv A What is collective intelligence and what will we do 1 about it? (Thomas W. Malone, MIT Center for Collective Intelligence) B Co-Intelligence, collective intelligence, and conscious 5 evolution (Tom Atlee, Co-Intelligence Institute) C A metalanguage for computer augmented collective 15 intelligence (Prof. Pierre Lévy, Canada Research Chair in Collective Intelligence, FRSC) I INDIVIDUALS & GROUPS I-01 Foresight I-01-01 Safety Glass (Karl Schroeder, science fiction author 23 and foresight consultant) I-01-02 2007 State of the Future (Jerome C. Glenn & 29 Theodore J. Gordon, United Nations Millennium Project) I-02 Dialogue & Deliberation I-02-01 Thinking together without ego: Collective intelligence 39 as an evolutionary catalyst (Craig Hamilton and Claire Zammit, Collective-Intelligence.US) I-02-02 The World Café: Awakening collective intelligence 47 and committed action (Juanita Brown, David Isaacs and the World Café Community) I-02-03 Collective intelligence and the emergence of 55 wholeness (Peggy Holman, Nexus for Change, The Change Handbook) I-02-04 Knowledge creation in collective intelligence (Bruce 65 LaDuke, Fortune 500, HyperAdvance.com) I-02-05 The Circle Organization: Structuring for collective 75 wisdom (Jim Rough, Dynamic Facilitation & The Center for Wise Democracy) I-03 Civic Intelligence I-03-01 Civic intelligence and the public sphere (Douglas 83 Schuler, Evergreen State College, Public Sphere Project) I-03-02 Civic intelligence and the security of the homeland 95 (John Kesler with Carole and David Schwinn, IngeniusOnline) I-03-03 Creating a Smart Nation (Robert Steele, OSS.Net) 107 I-03-04 University 2.0: Informing our collective intelligence 131 (Nancy Glock-Grueneich, HIGHEREdge.org) I-03-05 Producing communities of communications and 145 foreknowledge (Jason "JZ" Liszkiewicz, Reconfigure.org) I-03-06 Global Vitality Report 2025: Learning to transform I-04 Electronic Communities & Distributed Cognition I-04-01 Attentional capital and the ecology of online social 163 conflict and think together effectively (Peter+Trudy networks (Derek Lomas, Social Movement Lab, Johnson-Lenz, Johnson-Lenz.com ) UCSD) I-04-02 A slice of life in my virtual community (Howard 173 Rheingold, Whole Earth Review, Author & Educator) I-04-03 Shared imagination (Dr. Douglas C. Engelbart, 197 Bootstrap) I-05 Privacy & Openness I-05-01 We're all swimming in media: End-users must be able 201 to keep secrets (Mitch Ratcliffe, BuzzLogic & Tetriad) I-05-02 Working openly (Lion Kimbro, Programmer and 205 Activist) I-06 Integral Approaches & Global Contexts I-06-01 Meta-intelligence for analyses, decisions, policy, and 213 action: The Integral Process for working on complex issues (Sara Nora Ross, Ph.D. ARINA & Integral Review) I-06-02 Collective intelligence: From pyramidal to global 225 (Jean-Francois Noubel, The Transitioner) I-06-03 Cultivating collective intelligence: A core leadership 235 competence in a complex world (George Pór, Fellow at Universiteit van Amsterdam) II LARGE-SCALE COLLABORATION II-01 Altruism, Group IQ, and Adaptation II-01-01 Empowering individuals towards collective online 245 production (Keith Hopper, KeithHopper.com) II-01-02 Who's smarter: chimps, baboons or bacteria? The 251 power of Group IQ (Howard Bloom, author) II-01-03 A collectively generated model of the world (Marko 261 A. Rodriguez, Los Alamos National Laboratory) II-02 Crowd Wisdom and Cognitive Bias II-02-01 Science of CI: Resources for change (Norman L 265 Johnson, Chief Scientist at Referentia Systems, former LANL) II-02-02 Collectively intelligent systems (Jennifer H. Watkins, 275 Los Alamos National Laboratory) II-02-03 A contrarian view (Jaron Lanier, scholar-in-residence, 279 CET, UC Berkeley & Discover Magazine) II-03 Semantic Structures & The Semantic Web II-03-01 Information Economy Meta Language (Interview with 283 Professor Pierre Lévy, by George Pór) II-03-02 Harnessing the collective intelligence of the World- 293 Wide Web (Nova Spivack, RadarNetworks, Web 3.0) II-03-03 The emergence of a global brain (Francis Heylighen, 305 Free University of Brussels) II-04 Information Networks II-04-01 Networking and mobilizing collective intelligence (G. Parker Rossman, Future of Learning Pioneer) II-04-02 Toward high-performance organizations: A strategic 333 role for Groupware (Douglas C. Engelbart, Bootstrap) II-04-03 Search panacea or ploy: Can collective intelligence 375 improve findability? (Stephen E. Arnold, Arnold IT, Inc.) II-05 Global Games, Local Economies, & WISER II-05-01 World Brain as EarthGame (Robert Steele and many 389 others, Earth Intelligence Network) II-05-02 The Interra Project (Jon Ramer and many others) 399 II-05-03 From corporate responsibility to Backstory 409 Management (Alex Steffen, Executive Editor, Worldchanging.com) II-05-04 World Index of Environmental & Social 413 Responsibility (WISER) By the Natural Capital Institute II-06 Peer-Production & Open Source Hardware II-06-01 The Makers' Bill of Rights (Jalopy, Torrone, and Hill) 421 II-06-02 3D Printing and open source design (James Duncan, 423 VP of Technology at Marketingisland) II-06-03 REBEARTHTM: 425 II-07 Free Wireless, Open Spectrum, and Peer-to-Peer II-07-01 Montréal Community Wi-Fi (Île Sans Fil) (Interview 433 with Michael Lenczner by Mark Tovey) II-07-02 The power of the peer-to-peer future (Jock Gill, 441 Founder, Penfield Gill Inc.) Growing a world 6.6 billion people would want to live in (Marc Stamos, B-Comm, LL.B) II-07-03 Open spectrum (David Weinberger) II-08 Mass Collaboration & Large-Scale Argumentation II-08-01 Mass collaboration, open source, and social 455 entrepreneurship (Mark Tovey, Advanced Cognitive Engineering Lab, Institute of Cognitive Science, Carleton University) II-08-02 Interview with Thomas Homer-Dixon (Hassan 467 Masum, McLaughlin-Rotman Center for Global Health) II-08-03 Achieving collective intelligence via large-scale argumentation (Mark Klein, MIT Center for Collective Intelligence) II-08-04 Scaling up open problem solving (Hassan Masum & 485 Mark Tovey) D Afterword: The Internet and the revitalization of 495 democracy (The Rt. Honourable Paul Martin & Thomas Homer-Dixon) E Epilogue by Tom Atlee 513 F Three Lists 515 1. Strategic Reading Categories 2. Synopsis of the New Progressives 3. Fifty-Two Questions that Matter G Glossary 519 H Index 525
Nowadays, the trend which combines a reinforcement of thermal insulation of buildings and an increase of internal gains due to more and more electric devices (such as computers, domestic appliances.) leads to a decrease of heating loads but can generate cooling loads in mid-season and summer. Heating and cooling loads become more and more balanced during a day and during a year in general. Moreover, domestic hot water (DHW) production takes an increasing part in the total energy needs, which provokes a partial simultaneity of heating and cooling needs as soon as cooling is required. A heat pump producing heat and cold simultaneously associated to a short time energy storage system appears then as an interesting solution. The Heat Pump for Simultaneous heating and cooling1 (HPS) developed by our research team is a hot and cold water production system designed to carry out space heating, space cooling and DHW production for hotels, luxury dwellings and smaller office buildings. The key features of the concept reside in the conception of the frigorific circuit and in the control of the operating modes and the defrosting sequence. Heat and cold productions are adapted to building loads using an ambient air (free source easily available) balancing coil, working either as a condenser or an evaporator. During the heating period, the HPS stores some energy, obtained by subcooling of the refrigerant, on the cold water loop. This energy is used subsequently at the water evaporator in order to improve the performance by an increase of the evaporating temperature and if necessary, to carry out defrosting without stopping the heat production. The defrosting energy is provided by a thermosiphon formed between the two evaporators at different temperatures. The use of a subcooler imposes a high pressure control system to ensure a complete condensation in the useful water condenser. The high pressure control system is composed of a two-phase refrigerant receiver connected at the top part to the compressor discharge line and to a low pressure point of the circuit and at the bottom part to the liquid line of the refrigerant circuit. Injecting hot gas from the compressor discharge line into the receiver will increase the high pressure and driving out gas from the receiver towards the low pressure point will decrease the high pressure of the system. Experiments have been carried out on a R407C HPS prototype for variable operating conditions in terms of air and water temperatures and possible modes of operation (heating, cooling and simultaneous production). The prototype performance is in accordance with what is announced by the selection software of the compressor manufacturer. The experimental study has also enabled to observe the thermosiphon defrosting technique and to verify the proper operation of the high pressure control system and the alternated winter sequence (1: heating mode with storage on the cold loop of heat recovered by subcooling of the refrigerant. 2: simultaneous production mode using the previously stored energy at the evaporation, more efficient and with possible defrosting). The operation of the HPS has been modelled using two working fluids: HFC R407C and CO2. Within the present context livened up by possible political measures concerning the impact of greenhouse gases on global warming, carbon dioxide is an interesting working fluid for its low environmental impact (ODP = 0 and GWP100years = 1) and for the particular characteristics of the thermodynamic cycle used (transcritical cycle). Indeed a high amount of energy is recoverable by subcooling and DHW can be produced in an efficient way. In annual simulations R407C and CO2 HPSs are compared to standard reversible heat pumps in terms of performance, energy savings and environmental impact. This concept of HPS clearly offers an improvement compared to a standard reversible heat pump and the use of carbon dioxide as a working fluid presents good perspectives of development. ; Les nouveaux bâtiments sont sujets à un renforcement de l'isolation thermique, à une augmentation des surfaces vitrées et à un accroissement des apports internes dus à des appareils électriques de plus en plus nombreux (ordinateurs, électroménager.). Cette tendance conduit à une diminution des demandes de chauffage mais peut engendrer des demandes de rafraîchissement en mi-saison et en période estivale. Les besoins en chauffage et en rafraîchissement deviennent plus équilibrés sur une journée et sur l'année en général. De plus, l'eau chaude sanitaire (ECS) occupe une place de moins en moins négligeable dans les besoins énergétiques totaux, ce qui provoque une simultanéité partielle des besoins en chaud et en froid dès que des demandes de rafraîchissement apparaissent. Une thermofrigopompe (TFP), machine frigorifique produisant de l'énergie calorifique et frigorifique de manière simultanée, associée à un stockage tampon d'énergie devient alors une solution intéressante. La TFP de petite à moyenne puissance est un système de production d'eau chaude et d'eau froide utilisant l'air comme source gratuite, destiné au chauffage, au rafraîchissement et à la production d'ECS pour des bâtiments du secteur résidentiel et du petit tertiaire. Elle présente plusieurs spécificités techniques dans la conception du circuit frigorifique, dans la gestion des modes de fonctionnement et des séquences de dégivrage. L'ajustement des productions de chaud et de froid aux charges du bâtiment s'effectue grâce à l'utilisation d'un échangeur d'équilibrage sur air extérieur fonctionnant soit en condenseur, soit en évaporateur. En période de chauffage, cette TFP offre également la possibilité de stocker une certaine quantité d'énergie sur la boucle d'eau froide à l'aide d'un sousrefroidisseur. Cette énergie stockée est utilisée en temps différé à l'évaporateur à eau afin d'améliorer les performances par un relèvement de la température d'évaporation et éventuellement de dégivrer l'évaporateur à air sans arrêter la production de chaleur. L'énergie de dégivrage est apportée par un thermosiphon diphasique formé entre les deux évaporateurs à des températures différentes. La présence d'un sous-refroidisseur impose le contrôle de la haute pression pour assurer une condensation totale du réfrigérant dans le condenseur utile. Le système de contrôle de pression est constitué d'une bouteille contenant du réfrigérant à l'équilibre liquide / vapeur connectée en partie basse à la ligne liquide et en partie haute au refoulement du compresseur et à un point en basse pression du circuit. Une injection de gaz provenant du refoulement du compresseur entraîne une augmentation de la haute pression. Une chasse vers la basse pression provoque une diminution de la haute pression du système. Une étude expérimentale a été menée sur une machine prototype de TFP au R407C pour des conditions variables de fonctionnement en températures d'air et d'eau et pour les différents modes possibles (chauffage, rafraîchissement et production simultanée). Les performances obtenues expérimentalement sont en accord avec celles annoncées par le logiciel de sélection développé par le constructeur du compresseur. L'étude expérimentale a également permis d'observer le dégivrage par thermosiphon, de vérifier le bon fonctionnement du système de gestion de la pression de condensation et des séquences alternées en période hivernale (1 : mode chauffage avec stockage de chaleur sur la boucle d'eau froide par sous-refroidissement. 2 : mode équilibré utilisant une évaporation par l'énergie stockée sur la boucle d'eau froide, plus performant, avec dégivrage éventuel). Le fonctionnement de la TFP a été modélisé avec deux réfrigérants : le HFC R407C et le CO2. Dans le contexte actuel animé par d'éventuelles décisions politiques concernant l'impact des gaz à effet de serre sur le réchauffement climatique, le dioxyde de carbone est un fluide intéressant d'abord pour son faible impact environnemental (ODP nul et GWP100ans = 1) et pour les caractéristiques particulières du cycle thermodynamique utilisé (cycle transcritique). En effet, une grande quantité d'énergie est récupérable par sous-refroidissement du fluide frigorigène et de l'ECS à haute température peut être produite de manière performante. Dans des simulations annuelles, les TFP au R407C et au CO2 sont comparées à des pompes à chaleur réversibles sur les critères de performance, d'économie d'énergie et d'impact environnemental. Le concept de cette TFP offre clairement une amélioration des performances par rapport à une pompe à chaleur réversible classique et l'utilisation du dioxyde de carbone présente de bonnes perspectives de développement.
En España, al igual que en otros países, se están creando y desarrollando nuevas figuras profesionales, con nuevas funciones, en el seno de las escuelas. Así nos encontramos con coordinadores, orientadores, profesores de apoyo, monitores, etc. Esto, que en algunos casos se podría pensar que supone una fragmentación y burocratización de la enseñanza tiene en la figura del coordinador o coordinadora TIC, la creación de un papel básico para la inserción de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación en los centros educativos de la Educación Primaria de Andalucía, y, por lo tanto, de la mejora de la calidad de la educación. La estructura de la tesis doctoral está organizada en tres grandes bloques. En el primero se presentan los fundamentos teóricos que sustentan el estudio. A ello, dedicamos los primeros seis capítulos. En el primero, conoceremos los antecedentes legislativos relacionados con las TIC y su relación en la normativa vigente. Revisaremos algunos de los programas y proyectos alrededor de las TIC y la educación (internacional, nacional, y regional). Y en última instancia, analizaremos la normativa existente hasta la quinta convocatoria de selección de proyectos TIC para la práctica y la gestión digital. En el capítulo segundo se analizan los antecedentes, los aspectos generales y los modelos de integración curricular de las TIC. Sobre el asesoramiento en educación va el tercer capítulo donde conoceremos los antecedentes, algunos aspectos de tipo general, además de establecer las tendencias o evoluciones dentro de la temática. Concretaremos el término asesor y sus tipos. El cuarto capítulo tiene por objeto determinar qué se entiende por calidad en educación. Identificaremos algunas versiones, y describiremos lo que se entiende por calidad total. Finalmente estableceremos la relación calidad de la educación y TIC. En el quinto trataremos de comprender la figura del coordinador o la coordinadora TIC y del equipo de coordinación TIC, a partir del análisis de la normativa vigente. Y también estableceremos las diferentes estrategias de intervención. El sexto capítulo versa sobre la formación centrada en la escuela, conoceremos algunos aspectos generales y estableceremos una posible guía de un plan de formación. En el segundo bloque se trabaja el diseño de la investigación. En este sentido se dedica el capítulo siete a describir el proceso metodológico seguido en las diferentes fases sobre las que se desarrolla el estudio. Se comienza caracterizando el marco general que engloba al trabajo, presentamos una justificación y los objetivos estableciendo una tabla de categorías. Seguidamente destacamos los aspectos metodológicos más relevantes de la investigación, centrándonos en el estudio de casos y de población. Establecemos las fases y cómo hemos obtenido los datos, su tratamiento y los valores de la investigación. El tercer bloque está dedicado al análisis de la información y al tratamiento de las categorías. En el capítulo ocho trabajamos la categoría origen de la experiencia, identificando sus rasgos más significativos. El noveno está dedicado a la realidad social, personal y administrativa de los participantes. Comenzamos analizando la población actual de centros TIC y DIG en Andalucía. Seguidamente nos adentramos en el estudio de población, y acabamos estableciendo las características de los estudios de caso. En el décimo capítulo nos acercaremos e identificaremos los conceptos, características, funciones y tipos de centros TIC, además de aspectos relacionados con la coordinación TIC. El capítulo undécimo tiene en las repercusiones y valoraciones del Proyecto TIC sus rasgos definitorios. Le sigue el capítulo duodécimo relacionado con la categoría obstáculos, donde conoceremos los mayores problemas que se encuentran los docentes a la hora de desarrollar un Proyecto TIC. El capítulo decimotercero versa sobre los apoyos y facilitadores en el proceso de introducción de las TIC en la escuela. La integración curricular de las TIC en los casos estudiados ocupa el decimocuarto capítulo, en él comprobaremos cómo se han organizado nuestros centros para llevarla acabo. Este último capítulo está dedicado exclusivamente a las reflexiones finales e implicaciones que se derivan tanto del análisis de los casos como del estudio poblacional. --- In Spain, as in other countries, new professional roles with new functions are being created and developed within the schools; amongst them. coordinators, counsellors, teaching assistants, monitors, etc. Specifically, the role of ICT Coordinator could be interpreted as a menace to the entity and cohesion of teaching. On the contrary, it represents the establishment of a key role for the introduction and development of Information and Communications Technologies in Andalusian primary schools. Namely, it encourages the improvement and sustainment of quality of teaching. The structure of the present PhD thesis is organized in three main content units. The first part covers the theoretical foundations grounding the research throughout the first six chapters. The first chapter will revise the legislative background related to the field of ITC and its relation to the current normative. To be precise, a literature review will be undertaken analysing some of the most relevant international, national and regional ITC programmes and projects. Finally, an in depth analysis of the fifth call for ICT projects proposals will be made. The second chapter will be dedicated to analyse the background, general aspects and the different models for the integration of ICT in the curriculum. The third chapter will be about teacher training, its background, some general aspects and tendencies within the subject matter. The term teacher trainer will be defined and its varieties analysed. The fourth chapter is aimed at discussing quality in education; some typologies will be identified and the concept Total Quality will be described. Finally, the relation between quality of education and ICT will be addressed. The fifth chapter will be geared at understanding the roles of ICT Coordinator and ICT Team, analysing the current rules and regulations. Likewise, the different intervention strategies will be established. The sixth chapter deals with in-school training, some general aspects will be specified and possible guidelines for an intervention plan will be described. Thereupon, the importance of the ICT coordinator as teacher trainer will be discussed as well as the different training models. The second part of the thesis includes the research design. Therefore, the seventh chapter describes the research methodology undertaken along the different phases of the study. The general framework of the study is described, followed by the rationale and the objectives by means of the category chart. Thereafter, the most relevant, methodological aspects are highlighted, focusing in the case studies and population. The various stages will be established as well as the data collection strategies, data processing and the values of the research. The third part of the thesis addresses the analysis of the information gathered and the processing of the categories. The eighth chapter is geared at dealing with the category origin of the experience, identifying its most relevant aspects. The ninth chapter analyses the social, personal and administrative reality of the participants. The chapter starts with an analysis of the current population of ICT and DIG schools (schools where ICT is used for administrative management and establishing relations with parents) in Andalusia. Next, the population will be studied and finally the case study characteristics will exposed. The tenth chapter will be focused in identifying the concepts, features, functions and types of ICT schools, as well as those aspects related to ICT coordination. The eleventh chapter is about ICT projects repercussions and assessments. The twelfth chapter deals with the category obstacles, where the main obstacles faced by the teachers will be identified as they develop the ICT projects. The thirteenth chapter is about the elements supporting and facilitating the introduction of ICT projects in the schools. The fourteenth chapter deals with the curricular inclusion of ICT in the cases studied; Where there will be a description of the processes that schools have undertaken to develop ICT projects. The last chapter of the research will be exclusively aimed at analysing the final reflections and implications of the study, which are conjointly derived from both the analysis of the case studies and the study of the population.
BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide. AIMS: To examine the: (a) 12-month prevalence of DSM-IV MDD; (b) proportion aware that they have a problem needing treatment and who want care; (c) proportion of the latter receiving treatment; and (d) proportion of such treatment meeting minimal standards. METHOD: Representative community household surveys from 21 countries as part of the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. RESULTS: Of 51 547 respondents, 4.6% met 12-month criteria for DSM-IV MDD and of these 56.7% reported needing treatment. Among those who recognised their need for treatment, most (71.1%) made at least one visit to a service provider. Among those who received treatment, only 41.0% received treatment that met minimal standards. This resulted in only 16.5% of all individuals with 12-month MDD receiving minimally adequate treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Only a minority of participants with MDD received minimally adequate treatment: 1 in 5 people in high-income and 1 in 27 in low-/lower-middle-income countries. Scaling up care for MDD requires fundamental transformations in community education and outreach, supply of treatment and quality of services. ; The work contained in this paper is carried out in conjunction with the World Health Organization World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative, which is supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH; R01 MH070884), the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Pfizer Foundation, the US Public Health Service (R13-MH066849, R01-MH069864, and R01 DA016558), the Fogarty International Center (FIRCA R03-TW006481), the Pan American Health Organization, Eli Lilly and Company, Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical, GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi Aventis and Bristol-Myers Squibb. We thank the staff of the WMH Data Collection and Data Analysis Coordination Centres for assistance with instrumentation, fieldwork and consultation on data analysis. None of the funders had any role in the design, analysis, interpretation of results or preparation of this paper. A complete list of all within-country and cross-national WMH publications can be found at http://www.hcp.med.harvard.edu/wmh/. The Argentina survey – Estudio Argentino de Epidemiología en Salud Mental (EASM) – was supported by a grant from the Argentinian Ministry of Health (Ministerio de Salud de la Nación). The Bulgarian Epidemiological Study of common mental disorders EPIBUL is supported by the Ministry of Health and the National Center for Public Health Protection. The Chinese World Mental Health Survey Initiative is supported by the Pfizer Foundation. The Colombian National Study of Mental Health (NSMH) is supported by the Ministry of Social Protection. The Mental Health Study Medellín – Colombia was carried out and supported jointly by the Center for Excellence on Research in Mental Health (CES University) and the Secretary of Health of Medellín. The ESEMeD project is funded by the European Commission (Contracts QLG5-1999-01042; SANCO 2004123 and EAHC 20081308), (the Piedmont Region (Italy)), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain (FIS 00/0028), Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Spain (SAF 2000-158-CE), Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBER CB06/02/0046, RETICS RD06/0011 REM-TAP), and other local agencies and by an unrestricted educational grant from GlaxoSmithKline. Implementation of the Iraq Mental Health Survey (IMHS) and data entry were carried out by the staff of the Iraqi MOH and MOP with direct support from the Iraqi IMHS team with funding from both the Japanese and European Funds through United Nations Development Group Iraq Trust Fund (UNDG ITF). The Israel National Health Survey is funded by the Ministry of Health with support from the Israel National Institute for Health Policy and Health Services Research and the National Insurance Institute of Israel. The World Mental Health Japan (WMHJ) Survey is supported by the Grant for Research on Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases and Mental Health (H13-SHOGAI-023, H14-TOKUBETSU-026, H16-KOKORO-013) from the Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. The Lebanese National Mental Health Survey (LEBANON) is supported by the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health, the WHO (Lebanon), National Institute of Health/Fogarty International Center (R03 TW006481-01), Sheikh Hamdan Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Award for Medical Sciences, anonymous private donations to IDRAAC, Lebanon, and unrestricted grants from AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Hikma Pharmaceuticals, Janssen Cilag, Lundbeck, Novartis and Servier. The Mexican National Comorbidity Survey (MNCS) is supported by The National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente (INPRFMDIES 4280) and by the National Council on Science and Technology (CONACyT-G30544-H), with supplemental support from the PanAmerican Health Organization (PAHO). The Psychiatric Enquiry to General Population in Southeast Spain – Murcia (PEGASUS-Murcia) Project has been financed by the Regional Health Authorities of Murcia (Servicio Murciano de Salud and Consejería de Sanidad y Política Social) and Fundación para la Formación e Investigación Sanitarias (FFIS) of Murcia. The Nigerian Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (NSMHW) is supported by the WHO (Geneva), the WHO (Nigeria), and the Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria. The Peruvian World Mental Health Study was funded by the National Institute of Health of the Ministry of Health of Peru. The Portuguese Mental Health Study was carried out by the Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, NOVA University of Lisbon, with collaboration of the Portuguese Catholic University, and was funded by Champalimaud Foundation, Gulbenkian Foundation, Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and Ministry of Health. The Romania WMH study projects 'Policies in Mental Health Area' and 'National Study regarding Mental Health and Services Use' were carried out by National School of Public Health & Health Services Management (former National Institute for Research & Development in Health, present National School of Public Health Management & Professional Development, Bucharest), with technical support of Metro Media Transilvania, the National Institute of Statistics – National Centre for Training in Statistics, SC. Cheyenne Services SRL, Statistics Netherlands and were funded by Ministry of Public Health (former Ministry of Health) with supplemental support of Eli Lilly Romania SRL. The São Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey is supported by the State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) Thematic Project Grant03/00204-3. The Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development supports L.A. (CNPq Grant #307623/2013-0). The US National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) is supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH; U01-MH60220) with supplemental support from the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF; Grant 044708) and the John W. Alden Trust. G.T. is supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South London at King's College London Foundation Trust. G.T. is supported by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) Emerald project. This paper is an output of the PRogramme for Improving Mental health carE (PRIME). The material has been funded by UK aid from the UK Government, however, the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK Government's official policies. The research supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South London at King's College London Foundation Trust. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. The authors acknowledge financial support from the Department of Health via the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre and Dementia Unit awarded to South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with King's College London and King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the World Health Organization
Validated in vitro methods for skin corrosion and irritation were adopted by the OECD and by the European Union during the last decade. In the EU, Switzerland and countries adopting the EU legislation, these assays may allow the full replacement of animal testing for identifying and classifying compounds as skin corrosives, skin irritants, and non irritants. In order to develop harmonised recommendations on the use of in vitro data for regulatory assessment purposes within the European framework, a workshop was organized by the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health together with ECVAM and the BfR. It comprised stakeholders from various European countries involved in the process from in vitro testing to the regulatory assessment of in vitro data. Discussions addressed the following questions: (1) the information requirements considered useful for regulatory assessment; (2) the applicability of in vitro skin corrosion data to assign the corrosive subcategories as implemented by the EU Classification, Labelling and Packaging Regulation; (3) the applicability of testing strategies for determining skin corrosion and irritation hazards; and (4) the applicability of the adopted in vitro assays to test mixtures, preparations and dilutions. Overall, a number of agreements and recommendations were achieved in order to clarify and facilitate the assessment and use of in vitro data from regulatory accepted methods, and ultimately help regulators and scientists facing with the new in vitro approaches to evaluate skin irritation and corrosion hazards and risks without animal data. -® 2011 Elsevier Inc.
ENIGMA-CNV working group. ; Low-frequency 1q21.1 distal deletion and duplication copy number variant (CNV) carriers are predisposed to multiple neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia, autism and intellectual disability. Human carriers display a high prevalence of micro- and macrocephaly in deletion and duplication carriers, respectively. The underlying brain structural diversity remains largely unknown. We systematically called CNVs in 38 cohorts from the large-scale ENIGMA-CNV collaboration and the UK Biobank and identified 28 1q21.1 distal deletion and 22 duplication carriers and 37,088 non-carriers (48% male) derived from 15 distinct magnetic resonance imaging scanner sites. With standardized methods, we compared subcortical and cortical brain measures (all) and cognitive performance (UK Biobank only) between carrier groups also testing for mediation of brain structure on cognition. We identified positive dosage effects of copy number on intracranial volume (ICV) and total cortical surface area, with the largest effects in frontal and cingulate cortices, and negative dosage effects on caudate and hippocampal volumes. The carriers displayed distinct cognitive deficit profiles in cognitive tasks from the UK Biobank with intermediate decreases in duplication carriers and somewhat larger in deletion carriers—the latter potentially mediated by ICV or cortical surface area. These results shed light on pathobiological mechanisms of neurodevelopmental disorders, by demonstrating gene dose effect on specific brain structures and effect on cognitive function. ; 1000BRAINS: The 1000BRAINS study was funded by the Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Center Juelich, Germany. We thank the Heinz Nixdorf Foundation (Germany) for the generous support of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study on which 1000BRAINS is based. We also thank the scientists and the study staff of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study and 1000BRAINS. Funding was also granted by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association (Caspers) and the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement 945539 (Human Brain Project SGA3; Amunts, Caspers, Cichon). Brainscale: The Brainscale study was supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research MagW 480-04-004 (Dorret I. Boomsma), 51.02.060 (Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol), 668.772 (Dorret I. Boomsma and Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol); NWO/SPI 56-464-14192 (Dorret I. Boomsma), the European Research Council (ERC-230374) (Dorret I. Boomsma), High Potential Grant Utrecht University (Hilleke E.Hulshoff Pol) and NWO Brain and Cognition 433-09-220 (Hilleke E.Hulshoff Pol). Betula: The Betula study was funded by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg (KAW) foundation (Nyberg). The Freesurfer segmentations on the Betula sample were performed on resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at HPC2N (in Umeå, Sweden), partially funded by the Swedish Research Council through grant agreement no. 2018-05973. Brain Imaging Genetics (BIG): This work makes use of the BIG database, first established in Nijmegen, The Netherlands, in 2007. This resource is now part of Cognomics (www.cognomics.nl), a joint initiative by researchers from the Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, the Human Genetics and Cognitive Neuroscience departments of the Radboud University Medical Centre and the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen. The Cognomics Initiative has received support from the participating departments and centres and from external grants, that is, the Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (Netherlands) (BBMRI-NL), the Hersenstichting Nederland and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). The research leading to these results also receives funding from the NWO Gravitation grant 'Language in Interaction', the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement nos. 602450 (IMAGEMEND), 278948 (TACTICS) and 602805 (Aggressotype), as well as from the European Community's Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement no. 643051 (MiND) and from ERC-2010-AdG 268800-NEUROSCHEMA. In addition, the work was supported by a grant for the ENIGMA Consortium (grant number U54 EB020403) from the BD2K Initiative of a cross-NIH partnership. deCODE genetics: deCODE genetics acknowledges support from the Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under grant agreement nos. 115008 (NEWMEDS) and 115300 (EUAIMS), of which resources are composed of EFPIA in-kind contribution and financial contribution from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (EU-FP7/2007-2013), EU-FP7-funded grant agreement no. 602450 (IMAGEMEND) and EU-funded FP7-People-2011-IAPP grant agreement no. 286213 (PsychDPC). Dublin: This work was supported by Science Foundation Ireland (SFI grant 12/IP/1359 to Gary Donohoe and grant SFI08/IN.1/B1916-Corvin to Aidan C. Corvin). ECHO-DEFINE: The ECHO study acknowledges funding from a Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre Grant to Michael J. Owen (G0801418), the Wellcome Trust (Institutional Strategic Support Fund (ISSF) to van den Bree and Clinical Research Training Fellowship to Joanne L. Doherty), the Waterloo Foundation (WF 918-1234 to van den Bree), the Baily Thomas Charitable Fund (2315/1 to van den Bree), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH 5UO1MH101724 to van den Bree and Michael J. Owen), the IMAGINE-2 study (funded by the MRC (MR/T033045/1) to van den Bree, Jeremy Hall and Michael J. Owen), the IMAGINE-ID study (funded by MRC (MR/N022572/1) to Jeremy Hall, van den Bree and Owen). The DEFINE study was supported by a Wellcome Trust Strategic Award (100202/Z/12/Z) to Michael J. Owen. ENIGMA: ENIGMA is supported in part by NIH grants U54 EB20403, R01MH116147 and R56AG058854. NIA T32AG058507; NIH/NIMH 5T32MH073526. EPIGEN-Dublin: The EPIGEN-Dublin cohort was supported by a Science Foundation Ireland Research Frontiers Programme award (08/RFP/GEN1538). EPIGEN-UK (Sisodiya): The work was partly undertaken at UCLH/UCL, which received a proportion of funding from the UK Department of Health's NIHR Biomedical Research Centres funding scheme. We are grateful to the Wolfson Trust and the Epilepsy Society for supporting the Epilepsy Society MRI scanner. GAP: This work was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. GOBS: The GOBS study data collection was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants: R01 MH078143, R01 MH078111 and R01 MH083824, with work conducted in part in facilities constructed under the support of NIH grant C06 RR020547. GSP: Data were in part provided by the Brain Genomics Superstruct Project (GSP) of Harvard University and Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) (Principal Investigators: Randy Buckner, Jordan Smoller and Joshua Roffman), with support from the Center for Brain Science Neuroinformatics Research Group, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Center for Genomic Medicine and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research. Twenty individual investigators at Harvard and MGH generously contributed data to the overall project. We would like to thank Randy Buckner for insightful comments and feedback on this work. HUBIN: The HUBIN study was financed by the Swedish Research Council (K2010-62X-15078-07-2, K2012-61X-15078-09-3, 521-2014-3487 K2015-62X-15077-12-3, 2017-00949), the regional agreement on medical training and clinical research between Stockholm County Council and the Karolinska Institutet. HUNT: The HUNT study is a collaboration between HUNT Research Centre (Faculty of Medicine and Movement Sciences, NTNU—Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Nord-Trøndelag County Council, Central Norway Health Authority and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. HUNT-MRI was funded by the Liaison Committee between the Central Norway Regional Health Authority and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, and the Norwegian National Advisory Unit for functional MRI. IMAGEN: This work received support from the following sources: the European Union-funded FP6 Integrated Project IMAGEN (reinforcement-related behaviour in normal brain function and psychopathology) (LSHM-CT- 2007-037286), the Horizon 2020 funded ERC Advanced Grant 'STRATIFY' (Brain network based stratification of reinforcement-related disorders) (695313), ERANID (Understanding the Interplay between Cultural, Biological and Subjective Factors in Drug Use Pathways) (PR-ST-0416-10004), BRIDGET (JPND: BRain Imaging, cognition Dementia and next generation GEnomics) (MR/N027558/1), Human Brain Project (HBP SGA 2, 785907),the FP7 projects IMAGEMEND(602450; IMAging GEnetics for MENtal Disorders) and MATRICS (603016), the Innovative Medicine Initiative Project EUAIMS (115300-2), the Medical Research Council Grant 'c-VEDA' (Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions) (MR/N000390/1), the Swedish Research Council FORMAS, the Medical Research Council, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, the Bundesministeriumfür Bildung und Forschung (BMBF grants 01GS08152, 01EV0711; eMED SysAlc01ZX1311A; Forschungsnetz AERIAL 01EE1406A, 01EE1406B), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG grants, SM 80/7-2, SFB 940/2), the Medical Research Foundation and Medical Research Council (grants MR/R00465X/1 and MR/S020306/1). Further support was provided by grants from: ANR (project AF12-NEUR0008-01—WM2NA, ANR-12-SAMA-0004), the Eranet Neuron (ANR-18-NEUR00002-01), the Fondation de France (00081242), the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (DPA20140629802), the Mission Interministérielle de Lutte-contre-les-Drogues-et-les-Conduites-Addictives (MILDECA), the Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux-de-Paris and INSERM (interface grant), Paris Sud University IDEX 2012, the Fondation de l'Avenir (grant AP-RM-17-013), the Fédération pour la Recherche sur le Cerveau; the National Institutes of Health, Science Foundation Ireland (16/ERCD/3797), USA (Axon, Testosterone and Mental Health during Adolescence; RO1 MH085772-01A1) and by NIH Consortium grant U54 EB020403, supported by a cross-NIH alliance that funds Big Data to Knowledge Centres of Excellence. Lifespan: The study is funded by the Research Council of Norway (230345, 288083 and 223273). NCNG: NCNG sample collection was supported by grants from the Bergen Research Foundation and the University of Bergen, the Dr Einar Martens Fund, the Research Council of Norway, to le Hellard, Steen and Espeseth. The Bergen group was supported by grants from the Western Norway Regional Health Authority (Grant 911593 to Arvid Lundervold, Grant 911397 and 911687 to Astri Johansen Lundervold). NTR: The NTR cohort was supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMW) grants 904-61-090, 985-10-002, 912-10-020, 904-61-193, 480-04-004,463-06-001, 451-04-034, 400-05-717, Addiction-31160008, 016-115-035, 481-08-011, 056-32-010, Middelgroot-911-09-032, OCW_NWO Gravity programme—024.001.003, NWO-Groot 480-15-001/674, Center for Medical Systems Biology (CSMB, NWO Genomics), NBIC/BioAssist/RK(2008.024), Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI-NL, 184.021.007 and 184.033.111); Spinozapremie (NWO-56-464-14192), KNAW Academy Professor Award (PAH/6635) and University Research Fellow grant (URF) to Dorret I. Boomsma; Amsterdam Public Health research institute (former EMGO+), Neuroscience Amsterdam research institute (former NCA); the European Science Foundation (ESF, EU/QLRT-2001-01254), the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7- HEALTH-F4-2007-2013, grant 01413: ENGAGE and grant 602768: ACTION); the European Research Council (ERC Starting 284167, ERC Consolidator 771057, ERC Advanced 230374), Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository (NIMH U24 MH068457-06), the National Institutes of Health (NIH, R01D0042157-01A1, R01MH58799-03, MH081802, DA018673, R01 DK092127-04, Grand Opportunity grants 1RC2 MH089951 and 1RC2 MH089995); the Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (USA). Part of the genotyping and analyses were funded by the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health. Computing was supported by NWO through grant 2018/EW/00408559, BiG Grid, the Dutch e-Science Grid and SURFSARA. OATS: The OATS study has been funded by a National Health & Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and Australian Research Council (ARC) Strategic Award Grant of the Ageing Well, Ageing Productively Programme (ID No. 401162) and NHMRC Project Grants (ID Nos. 1045325 and 1085606). This research was facilitated through Twins Research Australia, a national resource in part supported by an NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence Grant (ID No.: 1079102). We thank the participants for their time and generosity in contributing to this research. We acknowledge the contribution of the OATS research team (https://cheba.unsw.edu.au/project/older-australian-twins-study) to this study. OATS genotyping was partly funded by a Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Flagship Collaboration Fund Grant. Osaka: Osaka study was supported by the Brain Mapping by Integrated Neurotechnologies for Disease Studies (Brain/MINDS: Grant Number JP18dm0207006), Brain/MINDS& beyond studies (Grant Number JP20dm0307002) and Health and Labour Sciences Research Grants for Comprehensive Research on Persons with Disabilities (Grant Number JP20dk0307081) from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI; Grant Numbers JP25293250 and JP16H05375). Some computations were performed at the Research Center for Computational Science, Okazaki, Japan. PAFIP: The PAFIP study was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III, FIS 00/3095, 01/3129, PI020499, PI060507, PI10/00183, the SENY Fundació Research Grant CI2005-0308007 and the FundaciónMarqués de Valdecilla API07/011. Biological samples from our cohort were stored at the Valdecilla Biobank and genotyping services were conducted at the Spanish 'Centro Nacional de Genotipado' (CEGEN-ISCIII). MCIC/COBRE: The study is funded by the National Institutes of Health studies R01EB006841, P20GM103472 and P30GM122734 and Department of Energy DE-FG02-99ER62764. PING: Data collection and sharing for the Paediatric Imaging, Neurocognition and Genetics (PING) Study (National Institutes of Health Grant RC2DA029475) were funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development. A full list of PING investigators is at http://pingstudy.ucsd.edu/investigators.html. QTIM: The QTIM study was supported by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01 HD050735) and the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC 486682, 1009064), Australia. Genotyping was supported by NHMRC (389875). Medland is supported in part by an NHMRC fellowship (APP1103623). SHIP: SHIP is part of the Community Medicine Research net of the University of Greifswald, Germany, which is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant nos. 01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103 and 01ZZ0403), the Ministry of Cultural Affairs and the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. Genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism typing in SHIP and MRI scans in SHIP and SHIP-TREND have been supported by a joint grant from Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany and the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. StrokeMRI: StrokeMRI was supported by the Norwegian ExtraFoundation for Health and Rehabilitation(2015/FO5146), the Research Council of Norway (249795, 262372), the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority (2014097, 2015044, 2015073) and the Department of Psychology, University of Oslo. Sydney MAS: The Sydney Memory and Aging Study (Sydney MAS) is funded by National and HealthMedical Research Council (NHMRC) Programme and Project Grants (ID350833, ID568969 and ID109308). We also thank the Sydney MAS participants and the Research Team. SYS: The SYS Study is supported by Canadian Institutes of Health Research. TOP: Centre of Excellence: RCN #23273 and RCN #226971. Part of this work was performed on the TSD (Tjeneste for Sensitive Data) facilities, owned by the University of Oslo, operated and developed by the TSD service group at the University of Oslo, IT-Department (USIT) (tsd-drift@usit.uio.no). The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7-PEOPLE-2013-COFUND) under grant agreement no. 609020—Scientia Fellows; the Research Council of Norway (RCN) #276082—A lifespan perspective on mental illness: toward precision medicine using multimodal brain imaging and genetics. Ida E. Sønderby and Rune Bøen are supported by South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority (#2020060). Ida E. Sønderby and Ole A. Andreassen have received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant agreement no. 847776 (CoMorMent project) and the KG Jebsen Foundation (SKGJ-MED-021). UCLA_UMCU: The UCLA_UMCU cohort comprises of six studies which were supported by National Alliance for Research in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders (NARSAD) (20244 to Prof. Hillegers), The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) (908-02-123 to Prof. Hulshoff Pol), and Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO 9120818 and NWO-VIDI 917-46-370 to Prof. Hulshoff Pol). The GROUP study was funded through the Geestkracht programme of the Dutch Health Research Council (ZonMw, grant number 10-000-1001), and matching funds from participating pharmaceutical companies (Lundbeck, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Janssen Cilag) and universities and mental health care organizations (Amsterdam: Academic Psychiatric Centre of the Academic Medical Center and the mental health institutions: GGZ inGeest, Arkin, Dijk en Duin, GGZ Rivierduinen, Erasmus Medical Centre, GGZ Noord-Holland-Noord. Groningen: University Medical Center Groningen and the mental health institutions: Lentis, GGZ Friesland, GGZ Drenthe, Dimence, Mediant, GGNet Warnsveld, Yulius Dordrecht and Parnassia Psycho-medical Center, The Hague. Maastricht: Maastricht University Medical Centre and the mental health institutions: GGzE, GGZ Breburg, GGZ Oost-Brabant, Vincent van Gogh, voor Geestelijke Gezondheid, Mondriaan, Virenzeriagg, Zuyderland GGZ, MET ggz, Universitair Centrum Sint-JozefKortenberg, CAPRI University of Antwerp, PC Ziekeren Sint-Truiden, PZ Sancta Maria Sint-Truiden, GGZ Overpelt, OPZ Rekem. Utrecht: University Medical Center Utrecht and the mental health institutions: Altrecht, GGZ Centraal and Delta.). UK Biobank: This work made use of data sharing from UK Biobank (under project code 27412). Others: Work by Pierre Vanderhaeghen was funded by Grants of the European Research Council (ERC Adv Grant GENDEVOCORTEX), the EOS Programme, the Belgian FWO, the AXA Research Fund and the Belgian Queen Elizabeth Foundation. Ikuo K. Suzuki was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship of the FRS/FNRS. ; Peer reviewed
Skowron, Jan/0000-0002-2335-1730; Sokolovsky, Kirill/0000-0001-5991-6863; Jovanovic, Miljana D/0000-0003-4298-3247; Harrison, Diana/0000-0001-8687-6588; Esenoglu, Hasan/0000-0003-3531-7510; Bonanos, Alceste Z/0000-0003-2851-1905; Liakos, Alexios/0000-0002-0490-1469; Reig, Pablo/0000-0002-6446-3050; D'Ago, Giuseppe/0000-0001-9697-7331; Martinez, Josep Manel Carrasco/0000-0002-3029-5853; Burgaz, Umut/0000-0003-0126-3999; Wyrzykowski, Lukasz/0000-0002-9658-6151; Lu, Jessica/0000-0001-9611-0009; Jensen, Eric/0000-0002-4625-7333; Chruslinska, Martyna/0000-0002-8901-6994; Mozdzierski, Dawid/0000-0002-3861-9031; Ranc, Clement/0000-0003-2388-4534; G. C., Anupama/0000-0003-3533-7183; Strobl, Jan/0000-0002-4147-2878; Russell, David/0000-0002-3500-631X; Pawlak, Michal/0000-0002-5632-9433; BAKIS, VOLKAN/0000-0002-3125-9010; Seabroke, George/0000-0003-4072-9536; Sitek, Monika/0000-0002-1568-4551; Kilic, Yucel/0000-0001-8641-0796; Netzel, Henryka/0000-0001-5608-0028; Nesci, Roberto/0000-0002-6645-6372; Iwanek, Patryk/0000-0002-6212-7221; Leto, Giuseppe/0000-0002-0040-5011; Awiphan, Supachai/0000-0003-3251-3583; Norton, Andrew/0000-0001-7619-8269; Kolb, Ulrich/0000-0001-8670-8365; Altavilla, Giuseppe/0000-0002-9934-1352; Itoh, Ryosuke/0000-0002-1183-8955; Gromadzki, Mariusz/0000-0002-1650-1518; Szegedi, Helene/0000-0002-9904-3582; Baker, Steven/0000-0002-6436-1257; Zielinski, Pawel/0000-0001-6434-9429; Kurowski, Sebastian/0000-0002-1557-0343 ; WOS:000508411900001 ; Gaia16aye was a binary microlensing event discovered in the direction towards the northern Galactic disc and was one of the first microlensing events detected and alerted to by the Gaia space mission. Its light curve exhibited five distinct brightening episodes, reaching up to I = 12 mag, and it was covered in great detail with almost 25 000 data points gathered by a network of telescopes. We present the photometric and spectroscopic follow-up covering 500 days of the event evolution. We employed a full Keplerian binary orbit microlensing model combined with the motion of Earth and Gaia around the Sun to reproduce the complex light curve. The photometric data allowed us to solve the microlensing event entirely and to derive the complete and unique set of orbital parameters of the binary lensing system. We also report on the detection of the first-ever microlensing space-parallax between the Earth and Gaia located at L2. The properties of the binary system were derived from microlensing parameters, and we found that the system is composed of two main-sequence stars with masses 0.57 +/- 0.05 M-circle dot and 0.36 +/- 0.03 M-circle dot at 780 pc, with an orbital period of 2.88 years and an eccentricity of 0.30. We also predict the astrometric microlensing signal for this binary lens as it will be seen by Gaia as well as the radial velocity curve for the binary system. Events such as Gaia16aye indicate the potential for the microlensing method of probing the mass function of dark objects, including black holes, in directions other than that of the Galactic bulge. This case also emphasises the importance of long-term time-domain coordinated observations that can be made with a network of heterogeneous telescopes. ; Polish National Sci-ence Centre (NCN): HARMONIA NCN grant [2015/18/M/ST9/00544]; Polish National Sci-ence Centre (NCN): OPUS NCN grant [2015/17/B/ST9/03167]; Polish National Sci-ence Centre (NCN): DAINA NCN grant [2017/27/L/ST9/03221]; European CommissionEuropean CommissionEuropean Commission Joint Research Centre [312430, 730890]; Polish Ministry of Higher EducationMinistry of Science and Higher Education, Poland [3040/7.PR/2014/2, DIR/WK/2018/12]; MAESTRO NCN grant [2014/14/A/ST9/00121]; DDT programmes [SW2016b12, A34DDT3]; UK Science and Technology Facilities CouncilUK Research & Innovation (UKRI)Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); Foundation for Polish Science (Program START); National Science Center, PolandNational Science Centre, Poland [ETIUDA 2018/28/T/ST9/00096]; Slovenian Research AgencySlovenian Research Agency - Slovenia [P1-0031, J1-8136]; COST Action GWverseEuropean Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) [CA16104]; National Research Foundation of KoreaNational Research Foundation of Korea [2017R1A4A1015178]; STFCUK Research & Innovation (UKRI)Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); European Space Agency under the NELIOTA program [4000112943]; GROWTH project - National Science Foundation [1545949]; MINECO (Spanish Ministry of Economy) [ESP2016-80079-C2-1-R, ESP2014-55996-C2-1-R, RTI2018-095076B-C21]; ICCUB (Unidad de Excelencia a Maria de Maeztu) [MDM-2014-0369]; Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI)Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) [ASI I/058/10/0, ASI 2014-025-R.1.2015]; Royal Society Research GrantRoyal Society of London [RG170230]; Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan)Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan [104-2112-M-008-012MY3, 104-2923-M-008-004-MY5]; European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013)/ERC Grant [320964]; Gordon and Betty Moore FoundationGordon and Betty Moore Foundation [GBMF5490]; NSFNational Science Foundation (NSF) [AST-1515927, AST-0908816, AST-1412587]; Mt. Cuba Astronomical Foundation; Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics at the Ohio State UniversityOhio State University; Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astronomy (CAS-SACA); Villum Foundation; MINECO under the Ramon y Cajal programme [RYC-2016-20254]; MINECO [AYA2017-86274-P]; AGAUR grantAgencia de Gestio D'Ajuts Universitaris de Recerca Agaur (AGAUR) [SGR-661/2017]; Science and Technology Facilities CouncilUK Research & Innovation (UKRI)Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) [ST/P000541/1]; STFC consolidated grant [ST/M001296/1]; Research Council of LithuaniaResearch Council of Lithuania (LMTLT) [S-LL-19-2]; TUB.ITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK); IKI; KFU; AST; National Science Fund (Bulgaria)National Science Fund of Bulgaria [DN 18/13-12.12.2017]; Institute of Astronomy via research project "Study of ICRF radio-sources and fast variable astronomical objects"; NAO Rozhen, BAS, via research project "Study of ICRF radio-sources and fast variable astronomical objects"; Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia [176011, 176004, 176021]; DFGGerman Research Foundation (DFG)European Commission [SPP 1992, WA 1074/11-1]; NCN [2016/21/B/ST9/01126]; MINECO Ramon y Cajal programme [AYA2017-86274-P, RYJ-2016-20254]; Robert Martin Ayers Sciences Fund; National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNational Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) [NNX08AR22G]; National Science FoundationNational Science Foundation (NSF) [AST-1238877]; W. M. Keck FoundationW.M. Keck Foundation; ICCUB (Unidad de Excelencia 'Maria de Maeztu') [MDM-2014-0369]; [3.6714.2017/8.9] ; This work relies on the results from the European Space Agency (ESA) space mission Gaia. Gaia data are being processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC). Funding for the DPAC is provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multi-Lateral Agreement (MLA). The Gaia mission website is https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia.In particular we acknowledge Gaia Photomet-ric Science Alerts Team, website http://gsaweb.ast.cam.ac.uk/alerts.We thank the members of the OGLE team for discussions and support. We also would like to thank the Polish Children Fund (KFnRD) for support of an internship of their pupils in Ostrowik Observatory of the Warsaw Univ-ersity, during which some of the data were collected, in particular we thank: Robert Nowicki, Michal Por.ebski and Karol Niczyj. The work presented here has been supported by the following grants from the Polish National Sci-ence Centre (NCN): HARMONIA NCN grant 2015/18/M/ST9/00544, OPUS NCN grant 2015/17/B/ST9/03167, DAINA NCN grant 2017/27/L/ST9/03221, as well as European Commission's FP7 and H2020 OPTICON grants (312430 and 730890), Polish Ministry of Higher Education support for OPTICON FP7, 3040/7.PR/2014/2, MNiSW grant DIR/WK/2018/12. PMr and JS acknowledge support from MAESTRO NCN grant 2014/14/A/ST9/00121 to Andrzej Udal-ski. We would like to thank the following members of the AAVSO for their amazing work with collecting vast amounts of data: Teofilo Arranz, James Boardman, Stephen Brincat, Geoff Chaplin, Emery Erdelyi, Rafael Farfan, William Goff, Franklin Guenther, Kevin Hills, Jens Jacobsen, Raymond Kneip, David Lane, Fernando Limon Martinez, Gianpiero Locatelli, Andrea Mantero, Attila Madai, Peter Meadows, Otmar Nickel, Arto Oksanen, Luis Perez, Roger Pieri, Ulisse Quadri, Diego Rodriguez Perez, Frank Schorr, George Sjoberg, Andras Timar, Ray Tomlin, Tonny Vanmunster, Klaus Wenzel, Thomas Wikander. We also thank the amateur observers from around the world, in particular, Pietro Capuozzo, Leone Trascianelli, Igor Zharkov from Ardingly College and Angelo Tomassini, Karl-Ludwig Bath. We also thank Roger Pickard from the British Astronomical Association and Matthias Penselin from the German Haus der Astronomie association for their contributions. KS thanks Dr. Dmitry Chulkov and Dr. Panagiotis Gavras for the interesting discussion of stellar multiplicity. We acknowledge support of DDT programmes SW2016b12 (WHT) and A34DDT3 (TNG). The INT, TNG and WHT are operated on the island of La Palma by the Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. The Liverpool Telescope is operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John Moores University in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias with financial support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. SJF would like to thank the UCL students who assisted with the collection and checking of UCLO data for the observing campaign: Martina Aghopian, Ashleigh Arendt, Artem Barinov, Luke Barrett, Jasper Berry-Gair, Arjun Bhogal, Charles Bowesman, William Boyd, Andrei Cuceu, Michael Davies, Max Freedman, Gabriel Fu, Abirami Govindaraju, Iandeep Hothi, Clara Matthews Torres, Darius Modirrousta-Galian, Petru Neague, George Pattinson, Xiaoxi Song, and Brian Yu. P.Mr. acknowledges support from the Foundation for Polish Science (Program START) and the National Science Center, Poland (grant ETIUDA 2018/28/T/ST9/00096).; r r AC, AG and NI acknowledge the financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency (research core funding No. P1-0031 and project grant No. J1-8136)and networking support by the COST Action GWverse CA16104. Skinakas Observatory is a collaborative project of the University of Crete and the Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas. Work by C.H. was supported by the grant (2017R1A4A1015178) of National Research Foundation of Korea. KW acknowledges funding from STFC, and thanks the University of Lei-cester for the investment in instrumentation. We gratefully acknowledge financial support by the European Space Agency under the NELIOTA program, contract No. 4000112943. This work has made use of data obtained with the Kryoneri Prime Focus Instrument, developed by the European Space Agency NELIOTA project on the 1.2 m Kryoneri telescope, which is operated by IAASARS, National Observatory of Athens, Greece. The Aristarchos tele-scope is operated on Helmos Observatory by the IAASARS of the National Observatory of Athens. This work was supported by the GROWTH project funded by the National Science Foundation under Grant No 1545949. This work was supported by the MINECO (Spanish Ministry of Economy) through grant ESP2016-80079-C2-1-R (MINECO/FEDER, UE) and ESP2014-55996-C2-1-R (MINECO/FEDER, UE) and MDM-2014-0369 of ICCUB (Unidad de Excelencia a Maria de Maeztu). This work was supported by the MINECO (Spanish Ministry of Economy) through grant ESP2016-80079-C2-1-R and RTI2018-095076B-C21 (MINECO/FEDER, UE), and MDM-2014-0369 of ICCUB (Unidad de Excelencia 'Maria de Maeztu'). The Joan Oro Telescope (TJO) of the Montsec Astronomical Observatory (OAdM) is owned by the Catalan Government and is operated by the Institute for Space Studies of Catalonia (IEEC). Support to this study has been provided by Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) through grants ASI I/058/10/0 and ASI 2014-025-R.1.2015. KW thanks Dipali Thanki and Ray McErlean for their technical support of the scientific programme of the University of Leicester observatory. This work was supported by Royal Society Research Grant RG170230. CCN thanks the funding from Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan) under the contracts 104-2112-M-008-012MY3 and 104-2923-M-008-004-MY5. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013)/ERC Grant Agreement n. 320964 (WDTracer). We thank the Las Cumbres Observatory and its sta ff for its continuing support of the project. ASAS-SN is supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation through grant GBMF5490 to the Ohio State University and NSF grant AST-1515927. Development of ASAS-SN has been supported by NSF grant AST-0908816, the Mt. Cuba Astronomical Foundation, the Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics at the Ohio State University, the Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astronomy (CAS-SACA), the Villum Foundation, and George Skestos. ARM acknowledges support from the MINECO under the Ramon y Cajal programme (RYC-2016-20254) and the AYA2017-86274-P grant, and the AGAUR grant SGR-661/2017. We acknowledge support from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (TB and RWW; ST/P000541/1). K.Horne acknowledges support from STFC consolidated grant ST/M001296/1. This work was partly supported by the Research Council of Lithuania, grant No. S-LL-19-2 Authors thank to TUB.ITAK, IKI, KFU, and AST for partial supports in using RTT150 (Russian-Turkish 1.5-m telescope in Antalya).; r r This work was partially funded by the subsidy 3.6714.2017/8.9 allocated to Kazan Federal University for the state assignment in the sphere of scientific activities. This research was partially supported by contract DN 18/13-12.12.2017 with the National Science Fund (Bulgaria). Work by YS was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, administered by Uni-versities Space Research Associ-ation through a contract with NASA. GD gratefully acknowledges the obser-ving grant support from the Institute of Astronomy and NAO Rozhen, BAS, via bilateral joint research project "Study of ICRF radio-sources and fast variable astronomical objects" (PI:G.Damljanovic). This work is a part of the Projects no. 176011 "Dynamics and kinematics of celestial bodies and systems", no. 176004 "Stellar physics" and no. 176021 "Visible and invisible matter in nearby galaxies: theory and observations" supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. YT acknowledges the support of DFG priority program SPP 1992 "Exploring the diversity of Extrasolar Planets" (WA 1074/11-1). This work of PMi, DM and ZK was supported by the NCN grant no. 2016/21/B/ST9/01126. ARM acknowledges support from the MINECO Ramon y Cajal programme RYJ-2016-20254 and grant AYA2017-86274-P and from the AGAUR grant SGR-661/2017. The work by C. R. was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Goddard Space Flight Center, administered by USRA through a contract with NASA. The Faulkes Telescope Project is an education partner of Las Cumbres Observatory (LCO). The Faulkes Telescopes are maintained and operated by LCO. This research was made possible through the use of the AAVSO Photomet-ric All-Sky Survey (APASS), funded by the Robert Martin Ayers Sciences Fund and NSF AST-1412587. The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project O ffice, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen's University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incor-porated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Sci-ence Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation Grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Some of the data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Ins-titute of Technology, the University of California and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation.
This paper will first define the words and terms applicable to the topic of light infantry that appear in eighteenth-century literature so that there is an understanding of how an eighteenth-century soldier conceived of warfare. After establishing this connection, this paper will follow a chronological chain of events that focuses on the creation of regular light infantry in European armies in Europe and North America from the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) until the beginning of the Revolutionary War (1740-1775), how those events influenced Washington, the first use of light troops during the Revolutionary War, and how the Continental light infantry developed through the war. This paper will not delve into the intricacies of battles because historians have well-examined the few notable battles involving the Continental light infantry. However, this paper will draw from battles the tactics that highlight the regular and irregular methods used by the light infantry and highlight details from campaigns and battles that depict how Washington and other leaders employed the light infantry. This paper argues that Washington recognized that trained, properly equipped, and competently led light infantry was more effective against regular and irregular enemies, rather than other American irregular light troops that often proved ineffective against those same enemies. Washington based his decision first, by drawing from his military experiences on the North American frontier, and second from European theory and practical application of regular light infantry forces in European armies. ; Master of Arts in Military History ; "The Picked Corps of the American Army": The Light Infantry of the Continental ArmyBrian K. GerringA paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for theMaster of Arts in Military HistoryNorwich UniversityMH 562D Capstone PaperDr. John RocheAugust 23, 2020 Gerring 1This position is only twenty miles from New York island; and was accordingly occupied by the van guard, consisting of light infantry; that is to say, the picked corps of the American army.—Marquis de Chastellux, Travels in North-AmericaThe history of the War of American Independence is replete with studies of military campaigns, leaders, weapons, and tactics. Historians frequently focus on particularmilitary units that have becomeingrained into American folklore concerning the war, such as the minutemenmilitia or Daniel Morgan's riflemen. Even the broadtopicof the Continental Army receives an adequate amount of scholarly consideration. However, one element within the army's structure that does not receive significant attention is the light infantry. Writing in 1900, Henry Johnston noted this absence of research concerning the Continental light infantry, concluding that "our books contain little about them."1In 1926, John Wrightsimilarly noted that the Continental light infantry suffered from scholarly neglect.2There has been minimal scholarly research into the Continental light infantry nearly a century later. When scholars do mention the Continental light infantry, they relegate those forces to a paragraph or two containing some form of exposition.This paper will begin to fill that scholarly voidby providing abroad overview of the history of the Continental light infantry.The inattention from historians towards theContinental light infantry likely stems from the seemingly insignificant role these forces played in the Revolutionary War's overall outcome.While onlybriefly touching on that topic, this paper arguesthat the Continental light infantry did fulfill a unique role for the army during the war. The Continental light infantry wasso unique that John Wright assessed them asthe first elite unit created within the regular American army 1Henry P. Johnston, The Storming of Stony Point (New York: James T. White, 1900), 68.2John W. Wright, "The Corps of Light Infantry in the Continental Army," The American Historical Review31, no. 3 (1926): 461. Gerring 52perception proved that the regular light infantry wassuddenly the preeminentelite force within the Continental Army.Wayne also advocated for a distinct uniform for the light infantry, which again indicatestheir status as elite troops. Contemporary troops considered as elite wore something unique, either headgear or uniforms—the most notable examples were the tall grenadier caps covered in bear fur and leather helmets of the British dragoons and light infantry.252Wayne wrote to Washington,expressing that as the commander of the corps, he should "have it in our power to Introduce Uniformity among the Light Corps belonging to the Respective States, andInfuse a Laudable pride and Emulation into the Whole."253He further concluded that the light infantry should have:an Elegant Uniform & Soldierly appearance—so much so that I would much rather risque my life and Reputation at the Head of the same men in an attack Clothed & Appointed as I could wish, with a Single Charge of Amunition—than to take them as they appear in Common with Sixty Rounds of Cartridges.254However, Washington opposed the outfitting of the light infantry with distinctive uniforms, noting that "the Light Infantry being only considered as detachments from the line ought to bear the uniform of the Regiments from which they are taken."255Despite this, Wayne did order the light infantry under his command to adorn their caps with hair, which was not a regular standard for the army's headgear.256252Cuthbertson's suggestion that light infantry should wear "jackets made from old coats . . . and snug little caps composed from old hats, and the pairing of the coat skirts" is evident in the British light infantry uniforms during the Revolutionary War. Bennett Cuthbertson, Cuthbertson's System for Management for the Complete Interior of a Battalion of Infantry, rev. ed. (Bristol: Rouths and Nelson, 1776), 190-191.253"From Brigadier General Anthony Wayne," July 4, 1779, Fort Montgomery, in PGW, https://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/GEWN-03-21-02-0289[accessed 28 Jun 2020].254Ibid. 255"To Brigadier General Anthony Wayne," September 14, 1779, West Point, in PGW, https://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/GEWN-03-22-02-0353[accessed 28 Jun 2020].256Robert Gamble, "The Orderly Book of Captain Robert Gamble[. . .]," in Collections of the Virginia Historical and Philosophical Society[. . .] (Richmond: T. W. White, 1833), 256. Gerring 53Congruent with the light infantry under Wayne in the main army was the light infantry operating with MajorGeneral John Sullivan. Washington tasked Sullivan to engage and destroy most of the Indians of the Six Nations, including any Tory allies and any British troops,in western New Yorkin late spring of 1779. Washington originally devised that a quarter of the troops participating in this campaign would "harrass and distract the enemy, and create diversions, in favor of the principal operation," which are known aspects of lapetite guerre.257However, Washington's later conception of the campaign involved Sullivan operating in the irregular tactics of the Indians, coupled with regular tactics. Washington suggested to Sullivan:as general rules ought to govern your operations—to make rather than receive attacks attended with as much impetuosity, shouting and noise as possible, and to make the troops act in a loose and dispersed a way as is consistent with a proper degree of government concert and mutual support—It should be previously impressed on the upon the minds of the men when ever they have an opportunity, to rush on with the warhoop and fixed bayonet—Nothing will disconcert the Indians more than this.258This reflects that Washington relied on his experiences because he understood howto engage and defeat Indians using proven combat-tested methods. Sullivan began his campaign on June 18, 1779 after months of extensive preparations. During Sullivan's Expedition, there was a designated light corps composed of various troops under the command of BrigadierGeneral Edward Hand.259Some of these troops were regular light infantry companies. Captain Leonard Bleeker—the Major of the Brigade for BrigadierGeneral James Clinton—records that each of the four regular regiments in Clinton's brigadehad 257"To Major General Horatio Gates," March 6, 1779, Middlebrook, in PGW, https://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/GEWN-03-19-02-0391[accessed 07Jun 2020].258"To Major General John Sullivan," May 31, 1779, Middlebrook, in PGW, https://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/GEWN-03-20-02-0661[accessed 07Jun 2020].259Dearborn, Journals of Henry Dearborn,164; Adam Hubley to Hand, June 22, 1779, Sunbury, in Linn and Egle, Pennsylvania in the War, 2:11. Gerring 54light infantry companies.260Bleeker notes that these light infantry companies operated in conjunction with riflemen under Hand.261Therefore, these light infantry soldiers operated more in-line with the light troops at Saratoga, which were a combination of riflemen and designated light infantry troops. It is unlikely these light infantry troops receivedthe same training as Wayne's troops because the two bodies of troops were separate from each otherand Wayne was actively conducting operationsduring Sullivan's Expedition. Despite this, Hand's corps did containsome troops with experiencein light operations, such as some remnants of Morgan's Regiment.262During movement, Hand's light corps acted as the forward element, staying a mile in front of Sullivan's troops.263If attacked on the move, the light corps acted as a maneuver element to either surround the enemy or move through the regular troop formation to form a rear-guard.264The light corps routinely operated well in advance and detached from the main force.265Due to their ability to move quickly, Hand's light corps also operated as a quick reaction force.266On one occasion after Sullivan's troops repelled an ambush, the light infantry chased the fleeing Indians three miles.267On August 13, Hand led a portion of the light infantry in advance of the armyoutside the village of Chemung; Indians ambushed this force, and the light 260Leonard Bleeker, The Order Book of Captain Leonard Bleeker, Major of Brigade[. . .] (New York: Joseph Sabin, 1865), 104-105, 128. The Major of the Brigade was the Brigade Inspector, which operated under the auspice of the Continental Army's Inspector General, see Bleeker, Order Book,11-12. The four regiments under Clinton were the 3rd, 4th, 5th New York, and the 7th Massachusetts, see Dearborn, Journals of Henry Dearborn,165n28. 261Bleeker, Order Book, 128.262Richard B. LaCrosse, Revolutionary Rangers: Daniel Morgan's Riflemen and Their Role on the Northern Frontier, 1778-1783(Westminster, MD: Heritage Books, 2007), 46-48, 119.263Dearborn, Journals of Henry Dearborn,165.264Ibid., 166-168.265Linn and Egle, Pennsylvania in the War, 2:17.266Dearborn, Journals of Henry Dearborn,186; Adam Hubley, "Journal of Lieutenant-Colonel Adam Hubley," in Journals of the Military Expedition of Major General John Sullivan, ed. Frederick Cook (Auburn, NY: Knapp, Peck, Thomson, 1887), 150.267Ibid., 178. Gerring 75Martin, James Kirby and Mark Edward Lender. 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La necesidad de cambio en la docencia universitaria viene promovida por las demandas de la sociedad del conocimiento y la creación del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior a partir de finales de los años 90. Como consecuencia, la formación docente del profesorado universitario es considerada una prioridad en las políticas europeas para la modernización de los sistemas de educación superior. En el año 2012, el Grupo de Alto Nivel de la Unión Europea para la Modernización de la Educación Superior consideró que una de las directrices a seguir por las universidades era la formación pedagógica obligatoria del profesorado universitario. Más recientemente, en el año 2017, la Comisión Europea volvió a recalcar en la Agenda Renovada de la Unión Europea para la Educación Superior la importancia de la capacitación pedagógica del profesorado universitario como una actuación prioritaria en la mejora de la calidad de la enseñanza. Al mismo tiempo, se han propuestos diversos perfiles competenciales acordes con los nuevos planteamientos docentes que guían el diseño de la formación docente. Entre las principales competencias docentes a adquirir se encuentran: la competencia de planificación, la competencia metodológica, la competencia comunicativa, la competencia interpersonal, la competencia de orientación y tutoría, la competencia de evaluación, la competencia ética y la competencia de innovación. Desde una perspectiva pragmática, la planificación y la gestión de la formación docente universitaria conlleva la toma de decisiones en torno al modelo de formación docente y el proceso de institucionalización a seguir (detección de necesidades formativas, niveles de formación, modalidades de formación, estrategias formativas y evaluación de la formación). En este contexto, las universidades tienen reconocida la autonomía para desarrollar las acciones de formación docente que consideren oportunas. Las propuestas de formación docente que tienen mayor éxito son las que el tecnócrata, experto en formación del profesorado universitario, escucha a las personas destinatarias de las mismas. Ofrecer a la Universidad de Córdoba un plan contextualizado de formación pedagógica del profesorado universitario conlleva ineludiblemente el estudio de las necesidades y actitudes manifiestas por su profesorado (objetivo 1 de la tesis doctoral). Al mismo tiempo, este plan dirigido a todo el profesorado de la institución universitaria se concreta en la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación. Para la elaboración de su diseño (objetivo 3 de la tesis doctoral), se evaluó previamente el subprograma de formación del profesorado ya existente en este centro (objetivo 2 de la tesis doctoral), teniendo en cuenta la satisfacción del profesorado participante en la formación, la evaluación de la percepción de los aprendizajes y la transferencia de los aprendizajes al aula. Para la consecución del objetivo 1 se optó por una investigación cuantitativa o empírico-analítica y, concretamente, por un diseño no experimental de tipo ex post facto. La modalidad de recogida de datos elegida fue el estudio de encuesta, a través del Cuestionario de Necesidades Formativas y Actitudes hacia la Formación. Para el logro del objetivo 2, se llevó a cabo un diseño de método mixto que combina las aproximaciones cuantitativa y cualitativa. Por una parte, se escogió un enfoque racionalista dirigido a cuantificar empíricamente las expectativas hacia la formación, la satisfacción de la formación recibida y el aprendizaje adquirido utilizando para ello el Cuestionario de Expectativas y de Nivel Competencial Inicial y el Cuestionario de Percepción de la Formación y de Nivel Competencial Adquirido. Por otra parte, la segunda parte del estudio se enmarcó en el paradigma cualitativo, mediante el análisis de las entrevistas realizadas sobre la transferencia de los aprendizajes al aula utilizando el Protocolo de Entrevista sobre la Transferencia de la Formación Docente de las Actividades del Subprograma de Formación del Profesorado de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación. La evidencia pone de manifiesto que el profesorado considera que necesita entre muy poca o alguna formación en lo que se refiere a sus competencias relacionales (tutoría, comunicación, trabajo en equipo y relaciones interpersonales), mientras que reconoce la necesidad de alguna formación en competencias didácticas (planificación, metodología, evaluación e innovación) y entre alguna y bastante formación en competencias lingüísticas y de docencia en inglés. En cuanto a las actitudes, son moderadamente positivas hacia la mentoría y el compromiso formativo, mientras que son aún más favorables hacia la formación pedagógica. No obstante, las actitudes hacia la formación docente son más favorables que la medida en que se reconoce la necesidad de formación. Por otra parte, en cuanto a las diferencias entre grupos, las profesoras universitarias perciben mayores necesidades formativas y tienen una actitud más positiva hacia la formación que los profesores. Asimismo, el profesorado de menor edad, con menos años de experiencia como docente universitario y de categorías profesionales más inestables considera que tiene mayores necesidades formativas y actitudes más positivas hacia la formación. En cuanto al centro al que se encuentra adscrito el profesorado, el profesorado de Ciencias de la Educación presenta actitudes más positivas hacia la formación, pero no percibe más necesidades formativas. Por otra parte, el profesorado de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación asistente a los cursos formativos del Subprograma de Formación en Centros se siente satisfecho con la formación recibida, percibe que ha adquirido los aprendizajes de manera sustancial y los ha transferido al aula moderadamente. A partir de este diagnóstico, se plantean dos tipologías de diseño de la formación docente universitaria: la macroplanificación y la microplanificación. La primera dibuja una hoja de ruta en la que se encuadran las actuaciones formativas a desarrollar en todo el contexto universitario. Principalmente, la oferta formativa se ha organizado según la etapa en el desarrollo profesional del profesorado universitario (formación previa, formación inicial, formación permanente en enseñanza disciplinar y formación de formadores) y la formación transversal a todo el profesorado (metodologías activas de aprendizaje, docencia en inglés, TIC y e-learning, perspectiva de género, atención a la diversidad y educación inclusiva e investigación educativa). La segunda (microplanificación) dibuja un plan de formación dirigido a la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación como ejemplo de una mayor concreción formativa contextualizada. Se trata del diseño de una estructura interna y de un modelo de gestión de la formación que permite la autonomía del centro en esta materia. La investigación no ha estado exenta de limitaciones. En relación con el estudio de necesidades y actitudes hacia la formación, los elevados coeficientes de consistencia interna en dos de las seis dimensiones empíricas resultantes de los análisis factoriales exploratorios pueden indicar cierta redundancia en los ítems que las componen, o bien en la operatividad de un efecto de halo que habría hecho basar muchas de las respuestas en la impresión general sobre la necesidad de formación. En investigaciones futuras, será interesante diseñar un proceso de diagnóstico de necesidades docentes formativas que añada otras técnicas y consulte a otros agentes universitarios. Una opción es comprobar si las carencias docentes del profesorado universitario coinciden con la evaluación de la calidad de la docencia que realiza el alumnado. Otra es la evaluación de la calidad docente a través de procesos de observación por pares. También sería interesante tener en cuenta diversos agentes institucionales a la hora de la detección de las carencias docentes como las personas responsables de la unidad de calidad, los equipos decanales, los coordinadores y coordinadoras de titulación o los directores y directoras de departamentos que ofrecen una visión global de la docencia y de las estrategias futuras para su mejora. Ante la diversidad de agentes que puede ser tenidos en cuenta en las investigaciones, resulta necesario combinar técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas como las entrevistas y los grupos de discusión. Por otra parte, el estudio sobre la evaluación del Subprograma de Formación de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación se basó en las percepciones del profesorado para determinar el aprendizaje adquirido y la transferencia al aula. Resultaría interesante determinar en investigaciones futuras los aprendizajes reales adquiridos, la valoración de la transferencia realizada y el impacto que esta tiene en el rendimiento académico del alumnado. Por último, la mayor parte de las universidades españolas se encuentran en una fase de implementación de políticas y prácticas de formación del profesorado como parte de su responsabilidad con la calidad docente, si bien apenas se ha adoptado una propuesta que armonice las actuaciones de todos los actores (administración central, comunidades autónomas, universidades y centros que las integran) de manera sistemática. A partir de este supuesto, la tesis presenta una propuesta de institucionalización de la formación docente universitaria con criterios que apoyan y guían el trabajo de cada uno de los actores. ; The challenges posed by the knowledge society and the creation of the European Higher Education Area, at the end of the 1990s, result in the ultimate need for changes in university teaching. Consequently, university teaching training is considered as a priority in European policies for the modernisation of higher education systems. In 2012, the High Level Group on the Modernisation of Higher Education identified compulsory pedagogical training for university professors as one of the main guidelines to be adopted by universities. More recently, in 2017, the European Commission published the Renewed EU Agenda for Higher Education, which highlighted, once again, the importance of pedagogical training of professors as a priority action for the improvement of the quality of education. Simultaneously, several competence-based profiles for the design of teaching training programmes have been proposed, in the light of new teaching approaches. Several teaching competences are to be developed by professors, namely planning competencies, methodological competencies, communicative competence, interpersonal competence, competencies for effective mentoring, assessment competence, ethical competence and innovation competence. When viewed from a pragmatic perspective, training planning and management involves decision taking in relation to the teaching training model and the institutionalisation process to follow (detecting training needs, training levels, training modalities, training strategies and training assessment). In this context, Spanish universities have full autonomy for the development of teaching training programmes when they so consider. The most successful teaching training proposals are those in which a technocrat, and expert in university teaching training, listens carefully to what professors have to say. Offering a contextualised pedagogical training plan for the professors in the University of Córdoba involves a study of the needs and attitudes manifested by them (objective 1 of the present doctoral dissertation). In addition, this plan aimed at the whole team of university professors of the institution takes the Faculty of Education as its starting point. In order to develop its design (objective 3 of this doctoral dissertation), an assessment of the teaching training sub-programme in that faculty took place (objective 2 of this doctoral dissertation). This assessment was done by taking into account a number of elements, such as the levels of satisfaction of professors participating in the training activities, the assessment of the perception of their learning outcomes and the transfer of the contents learnt to their classes. Quantitative or analytical empirical research, specifically an ex post facto non-experimental research design, was used in order to achieve the first objective. The data collection method selected was the survey method, and the instrument used was the Survey on Training Needs and Attitudes towards Training. In order to reach the second objective, a mixed methods design combining quantitative and qualitative approaches was used. On the one hand, a rationalist approach aimed at the empirical quantification of expectations towards training, the satisfaction degree of professors with regard to the training received and their training outcomes was chosen. The instruments used were the Questionnaire on Expectations and Initial Competence Level and the Questionnaire on the Perceptions of Training and Acquired Competence Level. On the other hand, the second part of this study is set within the qualitative paradigm, through the analysis of the interviews on the transfer of the contents acquired during the training to the classes. In this case, the instrument used was the Interview Protocol on the Transfer of the Learning Outcomes from the Teaching Training Activities of the Teaching Training Sub-programme of the Faculty of Education. The data reveals that professors consider they need very little or only some training on relational competences (mentoring, teamwork and interpersonal relationships), whereas they acknowledge their need for some training on teaching competences (planning, methodology, assessment and innovation). Teaching professionals also claim that they need some or extensive training on linguistic competences and their competences for teaching in English. As regards their attitudes, they are moderately positive towards mentoring and training commitment, while they are even more positive in relation to pedagogical training. Nevertheless, the attitudes towards teaching training are more favourable than the extent to which training needs are acknowledged. Besides, when it comes to variance between groups, female professors perceive greater training needs and have a more positive attitude towards training than male professors. In the same way, younger professors, who have had shorter university careers and occupy lower ranks, consider they have greater training needs and exhibit positive attitudes towards training. In relation to their associated centre, professors at the Faculty of Education exhibit more positive attitudes towards training than the rest, although they do not perceive greater training needs. Moreover, the professors at the Faculty of Education who have attended the training courses by the Faculty Training Sub-programme express a high degree of satisfaction with regard to the training received and perceive they have acquired new contents and have been able to transfer them to their classes moderately. Based on this diagnosis, two typologies for the design of university teaching training arise: macro level planning and micro level planning. The former consists in the design of training practices to be developed in the whole university context. The training programmes offered have been mainly organised in relation to two issues. One of them corresponds to the different stages in the career development of professors (previous training, initial training, continuous training on subject-related teaching and training of trainers). The second type of programmes consists of crossdisciplinary training actions aimed at the whole teaching staff (active learning methodologies, teaching in English, ICTs and e-learning, gender perspective, attention to diversity and inclusive education and educational research). The latter teaching training typology (micro level planning) draws on a training plan aimed at professors in the Faculty of Education, as an example of a contextualised training programme. It consists in the development of an internal structure and a model for training management that provides the Faculty with autonomy in this matter. The present research has met some limitations. The study of the training needs and attitudes towards training is characterised by high coefficients of internal consistency in two of the six empirical dimensions derived from the exploratory factor analysis of the variables. This might indicate some redundancy in the items included in such dimensions, or the existence of a halo effect that might have based many responses on the overall impression of a need for training. A relevant point for future research will be determining teaching weaknesses by means of the use of other techniques, and consulting other university professionals. One possible option would be to check whether the weaknesses of faculty teaching performance with the points identified by students in their assessment of the quality of teaching. Another interesting line of research would be the assessment of the quality of teaching through peer review processes. It would also be interesting to take into account other institutional actors when identifying teaching weaknesses. Some other professionals, such as the ones in charge of the quality unit and decanal teams, degree coordinators and heads of departments, also offer a global vision of teaching practices and future strategies for their improvement. Given the diversity of agents that can be taken into account in research projects, it is necessary to combine both quantitative and qualitative techniques, such as interviews and discussion groups. Furthermore, the research on the assessment of the Training Sub-programme in the Faculty of Education only used the professors' perceptions in order to determine the learning outcomes of the training activities and their transfer to their classes. Future research should focus on the real learning outcomes of training programmes, as well as the evaluation of the transfer and its impact in the students' learning. Lastly, it is worth mentioning that most Spanish universities are currently implementing teaching training practices and policies as part of their commitment with quality education. However, universities still lack proposals capable of harmonising the actions by different actors (central administration, autonomous regions, universities and faculties) in a systematic way. Based on this groundwork, this dissertation presents a proposal for the institutionalisation of university teaching training, including several criteria aimed at supporting and guiding the actions of the different participating actors.
At DiGRA 2013 (Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA), the Indie Game Studies panel and dedicated issue of the journal Loading…, curated by Prof Bart Simon, brought the emerging forms of independent game development to the attention of game scholars (Parker 2014). Five years later, the indie scene has become richer and varied, and has been adapting to mutating contexts of production and distribution. Festivals, incubators for start-ups and small companies, workshops and mentoring schemes, have been proliferating in the USA, Canada, Australia, Northern Europe, and the United Kingdom. Numerous independent companies have been founded in the geographical areas where the video game industry was already solid, and a significant presence is establishing in parts of the world that have been traditionally distant from the main hubs of video game development. While the differences (economic, managerial, ideological) with the mainstream productions have always been contested, the recent proliferation of independent companies has further confused the boundaries that appeared to separate the independent territories from the 'official' video game industry. In 2013 the trade association TIGA estimated that in the United Kingdom '83% of all studios that started up in 2011 and 2012 were independent (as opposed to publisher owned)' (TIGA 2013). It has been estimated that, in 2014, 95% of video game companies in the United Kingdom were micro or small businesses, according to NESTA (2014) and the British government (GOV.uk 2014). In Australia, independent companies now form the 'backbone' of game development (Apperley and Golding 2015, 61; Banks and Cunningham 2016). In 2013, a survey involving 2,500 North American game developers revealed that 53% of them identified as 'indie' (GDC 2013), and a subsequent survey by IGDA revealed that 48% of US game developers self-identified as independent (IGDA 2014). Independence is no longer a marginal or alternative mode of production, if it ever was, but the most common type of organization within the video game industry. It appears that almost every game developer is now partially or temporarily 'indie' within their career, and the trend is expected to grow, consistently with the recent developments of the cinema, music, and fashion industries (Hesmondhalgh 2013, McRobbie 2016). The workshop will explore the current state, meanings, and values associated with independence in video game culture, through a series of contributions and findings that analyse the domain from different perspectives, disciplines and geographical specificities. What is at stake, in 2018, when making claims of autonomy, self-management, and creative control? Are indie games helping improve the diversity deficit in game makers and audiences? Is there still room for independence, in a production context where short-term contracts, individualism, and financial risks are considered necessary to be involved in game development? The workshop picks up where the 2013 DiGRA panel left off, bringing together the most current research and theorizing on the topic of "indie game studies." Speakers, including some of from the original panel in Atlanta, will present and compare research in a series of short (approx. 15 minutes) presentations. The presentation will culminate in a discussion, to which participants will be invited to contribute, identifying patterns, controversies and gaps, with a view toward continuing towards further collaboration, research, publication and dissemination. Speakers' contributions: Indie Game Studies – 5 years later Paolo Ruffino (Lecturer in Media Studies, University of Lincoln, UK) Ruffino will introduce the workshop. Drawing on Felan Parker's proposal of 'indie game studies', the workshop gathers some of the international scholars who are currently doing research on independent game development (Parker 2014). This presentation looks at the various approaches to the study of independence. It also questions the reasons for doing research on this topic in this particular historical moment, while developers are starting to organise in local/global unions and networks of mutual assistance. It also draws on regionally specific studies regarding the meaning and values of independence, with a view on mapping the contemporary topics and questions of academic research in the field. Game Production Studies: Theory, Method and Practice Casey O'Donnell (Associate Professor in the Department of Media and Information at Michigan State University, USA) Dr. O'Donnell's addition to this workshop is rooted in a deep interest and care for game production studies, beginning with his early dissertation work with AAA game developers and subsequently working in a variety of fields doing research on game production in the educational, crowdsourcing and "indie" communities. O'Donnell's focus will be on the theories, methods and practices of performing indie game production studies. Game Production Studies explore the wide array of processes, practices, texts, technologies and aspects that take place in and surrounding the game production process. This process is often referred to generally as "game development," which while rooted in the practice of making games actually constitutes a wide variety of tasks, disciplinary perspectives, processes, people and institutions. Indiepocalypse Nadav Lipkin (Assistant Professor of Media, Communication and Technology at La Roche College, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) In his 2013 article for Loading…, Lipkin went about defining independent games. A fear at the heart of that discussion was that larger corporations would co-opt the indie movement by producing games that look indie without being independent from dominant production practices. Since then, subsequent research suggests a different concern is perhaps more worthy of examination. For this workshop, Lipkin will discuss the Indiepocalypse and focus on how the biggest threat to independents is not the mainstream but each other. Overproduction, a glamorization of insecure and unpaid labor, and mainstream distribution partners (especially Steam) who have contradictory financial interests need to be better understood. By examining these conditions, Lipkin intends to connect the games industry more closely to examinations of other creative industries plagued by similarly poor labor and economic conditions. Some notes on the indiefication of game development Olli Sotamaa (Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Game Lab, School of Information Sciences at University of Tampere, Finland) This presentation will draw on my study of the Finnish game development scene that has been going on for almost a decade now. While Finland arguably is a small node in the global circuits of game production, well known hit games like Rovio's Angry Birds and Supercell's Clash of Clans have attracted attention worldwide. Following Garda & Grabarczyk (2016), I consider it important to highlight how the notions of independent games are always connected to given time and place. Accordingly, I examine how independence and 'indie' get a particular meaning in a North-European game development scene defined by small domestic market and early focus on mobile games. Drawing from diverse examples ranging from Housemarque, an independent studio founded in 1995 and a nominee for the Best Indie Studio in Develop Awards 2018, to Arvi Teikari, the designer of IGF 2018 winner Baba is You, this presentation explores the different understandings of indie in an environment that has never hosted a strong AAA industry. As at least some of the game development practices look increasingly similar, it is clear that we need to take a closer look at the production networks (Tyni 2017) and cultural intermediaries (Parker, Whitson & Simon 2018) and explore how they differ between individual games and companies. The other side of the spectrum – how indies saved VR Paweł Grabarczyk (Post-Doc at ITU Copenhagen, Denmark) As has been pointed out (Juul 2015, Garda & Grabarczyk 2016) pixel art and low (or at least relatively humble) production values have become the de facto aesthetic standard for contemporary independent games. Indie games can typically be run on modest computers as they do not require expensive graphics cards or fast processors. The result of this common association is that independent games with relatively high production values are sometimes dubbed as "AAA indie" (Hellblade Senua's Sacrifice can be a good example of this). Contrary to this VR technologies are typically associated with expensive, high end machines because they require both: the purchase of a relatively powerful computer and the purchase of the headset itself. On the face of it, VR games and indie aesthetics could not be further apart. It is thus very surprising that this expensive technology attracted a substantial number of independent developers (for example, there are currently 1864 games tagged as "independent" "VR" games on the Steam platform). More importantly, many of the most successful VR games belong to the indie category (Job Simulator, SuperHot VR, Beat Saber). I believe that this phenomenon demands further study, because it escapes some of the existing classifications and conceptualizations of independent games market (the move from retro-aesthetics being the most obvious reason for this). I argue that there are three reasons why independent developers were attracted to VR platforms. The first reason is the move from pixel art to low poly art which has been visible in many recent games (and which made the transition from "flat" games to VR games possible). The second reason is the spirit of innovation which permeates both communities (indie developers and VR developers). The third, most intriguing factor is that VR games created an economic niche which resulted from the lack of so called "AAA" games being developed specifically for VR. Project:INDIE Dr Celia Pearce (Associate Professor of Game Design at Northeastern University, USA) Over the past decade, indie games have grown at such a rapid rate that by 2014 roughly half of game developers identified as indie. This explosion is the outcome of a bottom-up, complex, emergent process representing the convergence of a variety of visible and invisible factors, including: emerging technologies, new publication and funding models, game academia, festivals and exhibitions, accessible creation tools, peer-learning and creative communities (e.g. game jams, co-working spaces), as well changes in government and popular perception of games. Project:INDIE is an initiative and consortium formed to develop an overview of the indie ecosystem, mapping the complex interrelationships and influences between its constituent parts. We will do this by aggregating existing research on indie games, identifying gaps and setting research agendas, and conducting comparative analysis on datasets from key players to understand the synergies between various contributing factors to the growth and commercial success of indie and artgames. Independent game industry in Melbourne, Australia Dr Brendan Keogh (Digital Media Research Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Australia) Like other countries beyond North America and Japan, Australia has an emerging, grassroots videogame industry consisting primarily of small teams of independent studios creating original IP in precarious conditions. In Australia, this independent game industry has centred on Melbourne, Victoria, where state funding and the support of institutions such as the State Library of Victoria and the Australian Centre of the Moving Image have encouraged the growth of a robust and diverse ecology of videogame makers. Crucially, within this ecology are two interlocking but distinct independent scenes with different practices and approaches. This talk will present preliminary findings from interview research conducted with 40 videogame makers and cultural institutions in Melbourne to highlight the specific tensions, experiences, skills, and identities across these two Melbourne indie game scenes to draw attention to the need to account for a variety of scales of formal and informal creative labour practices within local videogame development fields. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION Paweł Grabarczyk is a post-doc researcher at IT University of Copenhagen and adjunct professor at University of Lodz. His research focuses mostly on the boundaries between philosophy and game studies: specifically philosophy of language (ontology of games and conceptual analysis) and philosophy of mind (forms of representation in games and virtual reality). He is also interested in the study of modern and historical trends in games (indie games, shareware games) and demoscene. He is the president of Centre for Philosophical Research and an editor-in-chief of Replay: The Polish Journal of Game Studies. Brendan Keogh is an Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Research Fellow currently conducting research into Australian videogame makers and skills transfer. He is the author of A Play of Bodies: How We Perceive Videogames and Killing is Harmless: A Critical Reading of Spec Ops The Line. Nadav Lipkin is an Assistant Professor of Media, Communication and Technology at La Roche College in Pittsburgh. His dissertation, "Agents at work: Decision making capacity and creative labor in network society," explores agency for creative professionals through a cross-industry analysis and a case study of the independent game development community in New York City. His research focuses on independent media production both in and beyond the games industry. Currently, he is examining the responses of YouTube content producers to changes in the platform's content policies. Casey O'Donnell is an Associate Professor in the Department of Media and Information at Michigan State University. His research examines the creative collaborative work of videogame design and development. This research examines the cultural and collaborative dynamics that occur in both professional "AAA" organizations and formal and informal "independent" game development communities. His first book, "Developer's Dilemma" is published by MIT Press. Casey is an active game developer, releasing "Osy," in 2011, "Against the Gradient," in 2012, "GLITcH" in 2013 and "Kerem B'Yavneh," in 2016. His work has been funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Institute of Health (NIH). Celia Pearce is an award-winning game designer, researcher, writer and curator. She currently holds a position as Associate Professor of Game Design at Northeastern University. She is the author or co-author of numerous of books and papers, including Communities of Play (MIT Press), Ethnography and Virtual Worlds (Princeton) and IndieCade@10: A Decade of Innovation (CMU ETC Press-In Progress), which chronicles the history of IndieCade, the festival she co-founded. Her recent game credits include Fracture, co-designed for the Blinks Platform, and eBee, which won the 2016 award for Innovation in Tabletop Game Design at Boston Festival of Indie Games. Paolo Ruffino is Lecturer in Media Studies at University of Lincoln, UK, and artist with the collective IOCOSE. Ruffino is the author of Future Gaming: Creative Interventions in Video Game Culture (Goldsmiths and MIT Press), and editor and co-author of numerous publications on games cultures, gamification, and game art. He has been researching in the areas of digital culture, media and cultural studies, media art, and semiotics. Ruffino is President of DiGRA Italia and board member of British DiGRA. Olli Sotamaa is an Associate Professor of game cultures studies at the University of Tampere. His publications cover co-production, user-generated content, game industry analysis & game studies methods. Sotamaa is the co-director of University of Tampere Game Research Lab and a team leader at the Centre of Excellence in Game Culture Studies (2018-2025). His current research interests include game production studies, creative labour and game policy. BIBLIOGRAPHY Apperley, T. and Golding, D. 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