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Public international legal research -- Treaty research and treaty implementation -- The use of travaux preparatoires for international legal research -- Customary international law -- General principles accepted as law -- Teachings of highly qualified publicists as subsidiary sources-- World judicial decisions -- Secondary sources -- Use of finding aids, arrangement of the law, and search techniques -- Planning and recording research -- Cultural competencies

Abstract
The historic Nuremberg trial represented a first step toward an adequate response by the international society to grave crimes under international law committed by individuals in position of governmental authority. This article discusses three particular ways in which the Nuremberg trial has advanced international justice. From a normative perspective, it has helped crystallise the principle of individual criminal responsibility for crimes under international law. Furthermore, the Nuremberg tribunal's extraordinary jurisdiction paved the way for domestic and international courts' jurisdiction over crimes under international law, while instigating the evolution of relevant law concerning immunity from jurisdiction. Finally, in associating international crimes with the maintenance of international peace and security, it allowed the UN system of collective security to consider situations involving the commission of those crimes as a threat to international peace and security, preventing impunity and promoting the efficacy of international humanitarian law.

As you know, in public international law there is no hierarchy of sources of law. However, in practice, there are controversial situations when legal relations are subject to legal regulation of various sources of law. This is especially acute in the case of international custom and an international treaty.The purpose of the scientific article is to study the problems of the relationship and interaction of the international treaty and international custom in various aspects of their existence, namely: in aspects of their occurrence, observance and application.The article focuses on the legal analysis of the relationship between the international treaty and international custom in the judicial practice of the International Court of Justice of the United Nations. The analysis is subject, in particular, to the case of the continental shelf of the North Sea (1969), as well as the case of military and paramilitary activities in Nicaragua and against Nicaragua (1986).Based on the analyzed materials, the author of the article came to the conclusion that, firstly, an international treaty may contain customary norms, that have already existed and were in effect even before its conclusion. Secondly, the international treaty may be the last stage in the process of forming the customary norm. And thirdly, an international treaty may propose new legal norms that, due to further practice of subjects of international law, can be the basis for the creation of a new international custom.Moreover, it can be concluded that international customs and international treaties can exist and operate in parallel. However, even if the contractual and customary norm are identical in content, and the subjects of international law who are in disputed legal relations are connected, both by one and the second source of law, then from the point of view of applying these identical norms, they exist independently from each other. ; Як відомо, у міжнародному публічному праві відсутня ієрархія джерел права. Однак в практиці виникають спірні ...

Observable data on the relative share of transnational versus national transactions in trade, travel, University studies, mail, & telephone calls reveal a common pattern. (1) The absolute levels of such activities has increased since 1900. (2) In developed countries the international share of these activities remained constant or declined after peaking. (3) Although in such areas as science & technology international transactions have become a necessity, & in other respects an important consumer good, they cannot expand indefinitely. Limiting factors include social mobilization which increases national preoccupations, communications overloads of all kinds, & greater perceived relevance of & ease of dealing with domestic matters. The outcome is a paradox: today's world is less interdependent & international than it was 50 or 100 years ago, & yet sensitivity in some sectors to the need for international communications has increased. 2 Tables, 5 Figures. HA.

The present survey aims to explore the role of state practice in the context of modern international law. Not only is the process of interpretation giving concrete content to the conventional disposition, but a practice in the implementation of the treaty that go beyond the boundaries of the same, modifying it and therefore (re) acquiring a "normative" relief in the proper sense. Work on the formation of customs, on the other hand, starts in 2012 on the basis of the work of Special Rapporteur Michael Wood. In particular, these conclusions, which contains conclusions 4 to 8, refers specifically to the theme of "general practice", which must be accompanied by the acceptance as a right in order to produce the customary norm, according to the dual classic scheme. The main role for the creation of a customary rule is attributed to the practice of the States. In particular, the International Law Commission (ILC) proposes a non-exhaustive list of behaviors that can be used as a praxis, among which there is no coincidence that the practice "in connection with treaties" further proves the affinity between the two projects. The investigation phase is now also concluded with regard to the identification of the custom, and the report of the ILC of 2016 includes a commentary of these 16 Conclusions, submitted to the States at first reading. Our analysis and its purpose of this work is to identify the main hypotheses of states responsibility in connection with organizations activities, adopting the perspective of system protection established by the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) on which the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) supervises

"Obwohl es aufgrund verschiedener methodischer Probleme schwierig ist, exakte Aussagen über die Stellung des deutschen Maschinenbaus im Betrachtungszeitraum zu machen, läßt sich doch folgendes feststellen: Deutschland hatte zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts im Werkzeugmaschinenbau eine Stellung inne, die zwar bei Universalfräsmaschinen oder automatischen Revolverdrehbänken noch deutlich hinter den führenden Produzenten in den USA zurücklag, auf Spezialgebieten aber durchaus konkurrenzfähig und den übrigen Industriestaaten sogar überlegen war. Im Kraftmaschinenbau nahm Deutschland eine international führende Position ein, die sich nicht zuletzt auf den hohen Stand des deutschen technischen Ausbildungswesens gründete. Neben diesem wird man als Gründe für die relativ günstige Position des deutschen Maschinenbaus die teilweise aggressiven Marketingmethoden deutscher Fabrikanten und Händler, ein vergleichsweise niedriges Lohnniveau und eine geringe Streikhäufigkeit, die staatliche Wirtschaftspolitik sowie Art und Umfang der Industriefinanzierung nennen müssen. Der relativ beschränkte Inlandsmarkt sowie die unterschiedlichen Wünsche der Abnehmer in den Exportländern sind Hauptursachen dafür, daß bei Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkrieges Serienfertigung untypisch war." (Autorenreferat)

This book provides a precise concept of international human rights law, its development and the tangible meaning of civil and political rights, economic and social rights.

Artificially created islands are a contemporary reality, created and used for military and nonmilitary purposes. Analysis of such islands has largely been limited to their status under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) regime. Their position under general international law, however, remains unclear. In particular, the question of whether artificial islands can constitute sovereign territory remains unanswered. This Article analyzes the concept of territory in international law in the context of artificial islands, and argues that neither the doctrine of territory nor the strictures of UNCLOS prevent artificial islands from constituting territory capable of sovereign appropriation. This is further confirmed by examining state practice relating to artificial islands. The Article argues that artificial islands can be considered territory if they meet certain criteria: albeit territory not generating a territorial sea. Understanding artificial islands as capable of constituting territory allows for a more comprehensive and consistent positioning of such islands in regards to other general international law doctrines. The Article demonstrates this through the application of the doctrine of the unlawful acquisition of territory to artificial islands.

The international law of human rights is a set of standards that each day increases the sphere of protection of our rights. But, how does one build a space of this nature? The response includes various actors: families and victims reporting and crying for justice, Human rights defenders, legal practitioners, government officials, international civil servants, academics, independent experts, among others.