Suchergebnisse

The forms of decentralization, focusing on the main features and differences of these forms, are analyzed in thisarticle. It is shown that each type of decentralization - political, administrative, fiscal, and market - has differentcharacteristics, policy implications, and conditions for success. There are defined the main goals of decentralizationreforms and identified the tools for theirs achievement. Decentralization is considered as a sine qua non not only in thedevelopment of local self-government, but with regard to civil society as a whole and the greatest factor of social change.Decentralization can address poverty, gender inequality, environmental concerns, and the improvement of healthcare,education and access to technology. Moreover, decentralization does not only affect government and civil service, but isconditional on the involvement of community organizations, stakeholders in the private sector, international aidorganizations and citizens. The measurements of decentralization are analyzed too. Since, the standard measures fail totake into account the different degrees of decentralization and the true decision-making authority of sub-nationalinstitutions over revenues and expenditures, there are focusing on the search for more impartial and integrated evaluationindicators.

Despite to the ambiguity of the political processes, the fall of the communist system and the re-establishmentof the independence of Lithuania were closely related. Post – Communist transition in 1992–1996 has unexpectedlyreturned the former communists (Labour Democratic Party of Lithuania) to the Olympus of power. They,having controlled the Seimas (Parliament of Lithuania) and the Government, have performed the reasonable domestic and foreign policy, yet drawn – up by the program attitudes of Sàjûdis. The aims of one political party toimpose political dictate to all other political forces was not accepted by society. The complicated relations betweenruling majority and opposition have stimulated the political polarization of society as well as upgrow of the civicenmity, and so prevented social development of civic society.

The article discusses a successful rearrangement of the economy which was carried out in German FederalRepublic. It's "godfather" became Professor Liudwig Erhard whose personality combined whose theoretical knowledgeand an experience of a head leader of economy. Drastic reforms were performed on his initiative and underhis command. Thanks to these reforms defeated, ruined and disgraced during 10 postwar years Germany threw outideological stereotypes and all schemes of planned economy into the dump of history. Besides that it presented tothe world "an economic miracle" which made Germany a prosperous and powerful state.Socially orientated conception of market economy, always showing its best result during a short period of time,was raised into the rank of official GFR doctrine and become the basis of economic programmer or ChristianDemocrats Alliance.The article tells about the neoliberalism credo's founder – Freiburg's School.Particular attention is paid to Professor Walter Eucken and his social notions. Besides that it discusses thetransformational problem of classical liberalism and shows social guides produced by Erhard.The article pays attention to the role of the state in the terms of social market economy. It discusses the threatsof father state.The article presents Erhard's conception of "formed community" and discusses it's parallels with the opencommunity and legal state.

Seit den 1990er Jahren stossen viele der 2'842 Schweizer Gemeinden, bei der Erfüllung ihrer Aufgaben anLeistungsgrenzen. Als Antwort auf dieses Problem sind im Alpenland mit 7 Millionen Einwohnern durch dieGemeinden unterschiedliche Reformen eingeleitet worden. Der Beitrag fokussiert auf die interkommunaleZusammenarbeit (IKZ) und Gemeindezusammenschlüsse, welche in der Schweiz zu den am Häufigsten verbreitetenReformen gehören. Eine postalische Befragung aller Schweizer Gemeinden und 13 Fallstudien zeigen, dassGemeindezusammenschlüsse tendenziell in leistungsschwachen und in kleinen Gemeinden durchgeführt werden.IKZ ist hingegen bei allen Gemeindetypen verbreitet. Reformwillige Behörden, intensive soziale Kontakte zwischenden Einwohnern der Gemeinden, eine günstige topografische Lage und die Politik der übergeordneten Staatsebenenfördern die Reformfreudigkeit. Nach Zusammenschlüssen und Kooperationen steigt in der Regel dieDienstleistungsqualität. Hingegen findet nur selten eine Entlastung des Gemeindehaushaltes statt. Obwohl dieGemeinen in der Schweiz um einiges kleiner sind als in Litauen, lassen sich auch für den baltischen StaatSchlussfolgerungen ziehen

The Internet intelligence of the Lithuanian government and governmental information accessibility to the wider public are analysed and comparedwith the situation in the EU countries. Based around a standard for EU countries questionnaire, the different Internet activities of the Seimas, thePresident office and Lithuanian ministries are investigated and compared with findings of West European countries. The findings show, that the Seimasand the President office closely approach EU countries average level according to Internet intelligence. The analysis shows however most of Lithuanianministries poorly use Internet feedback from society.

The article covers the project management problems, which will be especially important for the Lithuanianpublic sector after joining the European Union and trying to use the Structural and Cohesion funds investmentssuccessfully. The article provides management principles of Structural and Cohesion funds, typical programmerstructure in national and regional levels, the features of preparation and implementation of programmers and projects.It is necessary to provide more intensive training on project management for all levels of Lithuanian publicadministration.

The design of exoskeletons is a popular and promising area of research both for restoring lost function and rehabilitation, and for augmentation in military and industrial applications. A major practical challenge to the comfort and usability for exoskeletons is the need to avoid misalignment of the exoskeletal joint with the underlying human joint. Alignment mismatches are difficult to prevent due to large inter-user variability, and can create large stresses on the attachment system and underlying human anatomy. Previous self-aligning systems have been proposed in literature, which can compensate for muscle forces, but leave large residual forces passed directly to the skeletal system. In this paper we propose a new mechanism to reduce misalignment complications. A decoupling approach is proposed which allows large forces to be carried by the exoskeletal system while allowing both the muscle and skeletal joint force presented to the user to be compensated to any desired degree. ; Biomechanical Engineering ; Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering

Marie Curie programme under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / Career Integration Grant n. PCIG10-GA-2011-303728 (CIG Grant NBHCHOICE, Neighbourhood choice, neighbourhood sorting, and neighbourhood effects). Studies of neighbourhood effects typically investigate the instantaneous effect of point-in-time measures of neighbourhood poverty on individual outcomes. It has been suggested that it is not solely the current neighbourhood, but also the neighbourhood history of an individual that is important in determining an individual's outcomes. Using a population of parental home-leavers in Stockholm, Sweden, this study investigates the effects of two temporal dimensions of exposure to neighbourhood environments on personal income later in life: the parental neighbourhood at the time of leaving the home and the cumulative exposure to poverty neighbourhoods in the subsequent 17 years. Using unique longitudinal Swedish register data and bespoke individual neighbourhoods, we are the first to employ a hybrid model, which combines both random and fixed effects approaches in a study of neighbourhood effects. We find independent and non-trivial effects on income of the parental neighbourhood and cumulative exposure to poverty concentration neighbourhoods. ; OTB ; Architecture and The Built Environment

Text is in Portuguese. Also available on the internet with the English translation. ; Taylor, G. , Middleton, C., & Goodrick, P. (November, 2015). Levando a política de comunicação para fora da cabine telefônica. Politics 22. (pages 27 - 30). Retrieved from: https://www.politics.org.br/sites/default/files/downloads/politics22.pdf

Comprend : Aperçus de l'évaluation à mi-parcours du plan de développement rural national / Bruno Vindel, Nicolas Gergely - L'évaluation de la politique de soutien à l'agroenvironnement : une politique à l'efficacité contrastée qui mérite clarification et amélioration / Laurent Barbut, Jean-François Baschet - L'évaluation du Contrat Territorial d'Exploitation (CTE) : un outil novateur pour favoriser la multifonctionnalité de l'agriculture et engager une redistribution des soutiens / Ghislaine Urbano, Dominique Vollet - L'évaluation de la politique de développement des zones rurales dans le cadre du règlement de développement rural (RDR) / Ghislaine Urbano, Lucille Carrouée ; Appartient à l'ensemble documentaire : BnSP000

Since formation of European Union (EU) it has had great changes and developed both by expanding and creating close mutual cooperation among the involved countries. New member states have joined the first six founder states, and now EU unifies 27 states. Greater changes have affected the set objectives and activity spheres: from the war industry – coal and steel sector – over-national control institutions the aim of which is to ensure stable peace in Europe, nowadays EU has become a union that comprise more than twenty common policy and activity spheres. The integration process of Europe has been continued by setting new objectives, meeting new challenges and looking for better solutions. EU budgetary funds provide support for wide scope of activities. This support regarding its scope may be changeable – starting from the whole covering of expanses and finishing with financial support of only some percents. The range of potential recipients of financial aid is also wide. Not only member states but also candidate states, separate municipalities, public organizations, private enterprises, universities and even separate individuals can be among them.In many with structural funds related documents it is highlighted, that the aim of EU structural funds is to eliminate the regional and social inequalities among EU member states and to improve economical and social cohesion throughout all Europe. Certainly these funds is a great benefit for EU peripheral countries like Ireland, Baltic states, and they can substantially promote development of these countries. Though one has to remember that a substantial financing also creates a risk and that inadequate use of these funds can stimulate regional inequality, social outcast, environmental degradation and corruption.Ireland is one of economically most developed, industrial, trade – oriented states, that until now has managed to use means of EU structural funds most successfully. The received finances from EU support funds have considerably favoured state's economical growth.During ...

Latvia is a small country and small open economy and its main and the most competitive recourses are highly educated society and well developed science based on the research, innovation and modern technologies. To create a well functioning innovation system as a part of knowledge-based economy several conditions has to be met to insure that all parts of national innovation system do effectively work together.Latvia is considered to be a country in transition between efficiency driven and innovation driven economy after Global Competitiveness report 2009-2010. This means that the development of the country soon would not be possible by improving productivity adopting existing technologies or making incremental improvements in other areas. Bigger and bigger role of country's competitiveness will be in its ability to innovate. This means sufficient investment in research and development, the presence of high-quality research institutions, extensive collaboration in research between universities and research institutes as well as technology transfer to the industry, and the protection of intellectual property. As one of the main obstacles that prohibit the scientific activities development in Latvia after restricted amount of funding is the lack of young scientists. The most significant reasons of ageing of scientific personnel are the insufficient number of doctoral students, brain drain of young scientists, the low percentage of research and development personnel (just 0.54% of the labour force in 2008 (Eurostat)). The aim of this article is to analyse if the problems that accrue in higher education and science because of lack of young human recourse inflow can be solved by interaction of state using the European Union (EU) structural funds assistance. During the programming period 2004-2006 the five main universities in Latvia implemented projects under the activity 'Improvement of quality and implementation of doctoral studies and post-doctoral research'. The aim of these projects was to improve the quality and ...