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This book contains the thoughts of officials of international organizations and NGOs, member of judicial bodies, and academics on the role of international organizations and the settlement of contentious cases before international judicial bodies. The timely work will undoubtedly be of interest to practitioners and scholars who are involved in issues related to cases before international judicial bodies. Published under the Transnational Publishers imprint

"Revisionism in International Relations" published on by Oxford University Press.

Die Europäische Union ist durch ihr weltwirtschaftliches Gewicht, ihr europäisches und internationales Beziehungsnetz und als Gravitationszentrum europäischer Integration längst zu einem wichtigen Akteur in der Globalisierung und Regionalisierung geworden. Sie ist ein »notwendiger Partner« und kann die ihr verfügbaren Instrumente auch wirkungsvoll einsetzen. Im Vorfeld des Konvents »Zur Zukunft Europas«, der die Aufmerksamkeit auf die inneren Konsolidierungsprobleme der EU zieht, zeigen die Beiträge verschiedener Autoren zu den Außenbeziehungen der EU deren zunehmende internationale Bedeutung auf sowie die Erwartungen, die von der Außenwelt in die europäische Einigung gesetzt werden. Angesprochen werden unter anderem das Problem der Kohärenz der supranationalen und intergouvernementalen außenpolitischen Handlungsmöglichkeiten, die Anpassung der gemeinsamen Handelspolitik an die Anforderungen der WTO und die Politik der EU im Bereich der Konfliktprävention. Bemerkenswert ist insbesondere auch, daß angelsächsische Autoren die Chancen europäischer Integration für die Euro-Atlantische Partnerschaft wieder stärker thematisieren. (Autorenreferat)

The purpose of this paper is to review the growth of the franchising sector in Australia, assess the current situation and examine the challenges it faces as it moves into the 21st century. The growth of business format franchising is examined from the early 1970's when some of the largest U.S. franchisors established themselves in Australia, through the 1980's when a great number of Australian franchises were commenced and understanding of franchising was growing, until the current situation where the maturity of the sector is evident and increasingly local franchisors are extending their expansion internationally. The current situation is examined, discussing distribution of franchise systems, their performance, the growing trend to international expansion and the changing attitude of government. The roles of franchisors and franchisees are examined, with attention given to data on their plans, behaviour, opinions and concerns. Finally the problems in Australian franchising as identified by a government Franchising Task Force are discussed, together with its conclusions and recommendations which include a scheme for self-regulation by the franchising sector and attention to education and training. Franchising in Australia has achieved considerable growth and maturity. It has developed its own characteristics and now stands independent of the international participants. Instead, it is turning its attention to international expansion while continuing to develop actively its systems within Australia.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication Page -- Contents -- Introduction: the status quo -- 1 The emergence of international corporate personhood -- I. Definitions and distinctions -- a. Definitions -- b. Distinctions -- II. The corporate trinity: state, Church, company -- III. A brief history of corporate personhood in three phases -- a. The Magistrate Charter Phase: pre-1850 -- b. The public charter phase: 1850-1945 -- c. The personhood phase: post-1945 -- IV. Three conceptions of the ICP -- a. Para-individualist -- b. Para-statist -- c. Para-institutionalist -- V. Three incarnations of the ICP -- a. The organic or 'real entity' theory -- b. The positivist or concession theory -- c. The proxy or institutional theory -- VI. The separation of ownership and control -- VII. Discussion: a person composed of persons -- 2 The international corporate person in international law: judge-made law -- I. Preface to the next two chapters -- II. The ICP in international tribunals -- i. Subjectivity of the corporation -- ii. Substantive rights -- iii. Criminal liability of corporations -- iv. Alien Tort Statute -- v. Human rights -- vi. Environment -- vii. Intellectual property -- viii. Clean hands and corruption -- ix. Importing rights through the New York Convention -- III. Conceptualizing judge-made ICP obligations: erga omnes v. jus cogens -- a. Erga omnes -- b. Jus cogens -- 3 The international corporate person in international law: texts and practices -- I. Exclusivity and the text -- II. The ICP in international legal texts and practices -- a. Business and Human Rights -- i. The European Convention on Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights -- ii. The protect, respect, and remedy framework -- iii. The OEIGWG draft binding instrument -- iv. The Hague Rules on Business and Human Rights arbitration.

Cet article vise à questionner le diagnostic fréquemment avancé de « dépolitisation » de la régulation internationale assurée par les organisations internationales (OI), thème qui a rarement fait l'objet d'une réflexion approfondie. Basée sur une revue de la littérature de sociologie, de science politique et d'anthropologie relative aux OI, la démarche consiste donc à systématiser la réflexion sur la dialectique politisation/dépolitisation dans les OI. Les principaux vecteurs de la dépolitisation sont identifiés : le recours au registre éthique et normatif, la neutralisation politique de leur discours, et la mobilisation d'une expertise multiforme à des fins d'autolégitimation apolitique. Sont également analysées les contraintes qui jouent en faveur de la dépolitisation de l'action des OI : contraintes décisionnelles et diplomatiques liées à la structure intergouvernementale de leurs instances de décision, contraintes administratives et culturelles inhérentes à la bureaucratie des OI. Enfin, le concept de dépolitisation est discuté pour ses insuffisances : son incapacité à rendre compte du discours politisé de certaines OI et des effets de politisation ou de repolitisation induits aussi bien par les normes éthiques véhiculées que par l'expertise mobilisée.