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In light of the importance of culture for the autonomy, sense of identity, and self-respect of individuals, cultural minorities have a right that their cultures flourish. Since cultural minorities are frequently in a disadvantaged position in the cultural market-place, a commitment to equality implies that the state ought to take steps to assist these minorities in preserving their cultures. This Article examines the ways the mass media can assist cultural minorities in preserving their cultures. For instance, when the media present contents that relate to the cultures of minorities, individual members of the minority group are exposed to their culture; media designated for cultural groups facilitate dialogue between group members, thus enabling the cultural group to determine which parts of its culture to retain and which parts to change. With that said, contemporary media frequently provide insufficient cultural contents due to the influence of commercial operational logic. This Article examines why the motivation for profit leads to under-production of cultural materials for minorities and to insufficient inclusion of cultural minorities in the public discourse. It is argued that the inequality caused by the media—which provide minorities with too little of the cultural contents so pertinent to the realization of their right to culture—merits corrective intervention. The Article examines possible forms of State intervention with the media on behalf of cultural minorities, taking into consideration that such intervention is a sensitive issue, since it has ramifications concerning the scope of the freedom of the press. Accordingly, it is argued that the State ought to be permitted to create legislation which intervenes, mainly by means of subsidies and structural regulation, to improve the manner in which the media fulfill their roles in a multicultural democracy. In contrast, there should be sparse use of conditionality in the issue of licenses for media operators.

Violence in the media mostly refers to the use of explicit scenes of violence
seen on film and television screens as well as in the cyberspace of
interactive digital games. Everlasting questioning about the negative
effects of the media of mass communication was especially evident in the
time of expansion of television and the ?narcotic role? of the television
image, when violence became one of the most commercial areas from which the
media got the topics of their cultural content. The arrival of the new ways
of communication by means of digital media has opened another page in the
consideration of the notion of violence in the media - cyberbullying.
Therefore, the subject of the paper is violence in the media and the
possible effects of traditional and social media on the global audience. By
presenting some of the theoretical considerations and empirical research on
the effects of the media, the aim of this paper is to answer the question of
how much the connection there is between the media and violence with special
reference to digital abuse as a long-term exposure to violence on social
networks. By using the descriptive-explanatory method and the method of
theoretical analysis, by connecting theoretical knowledge and empirical
data, the paper, within the scope of the research, presents the overview of
theoretical premises related to the action of violence in the media.
Likewise, the examples from the field of the effects of violence in
traditional and digital media were reviewed in order to realize the
phenomenon of violence and its connection with the media. The research
results indicated the connection between the effects of traditional and
digital violence and the particular danger of different methods of
cyberbullying considering the characteristics of this phenomenon. Beginning
with the assertion that the media greately influences the recipients with
their aggressive content, by applying a literature review, the models of
aggression in the traditional media were pointed out, as well as the methods
by which cyberbullyingis done by means of text or video messages that
insult, harass, threaten. The answer to the question of the connection
between the media and violence required theoretical reflections and the
presentation of empirical research in order to realize the effects of
violent communication, and especially to shed light on digital abuse on
social networks. Recent analyses of cyberbullyingrarely rely on the previous
research and do not tend to connect mutually in order to provide a general
picture, so it is difficult to get a whole picture of the state of violent
content in digital media. Nevertheless, even though there are opinions about
the media as being the sole culprits of violence in society, even though
completely opposite opinions are pointed out, the latest researches
unequivocally prove that the theory about the ineffectiveness of media
violence is not sustainable.

The link between mass media systems and politics is widely acknowledged and has been confirmed by a significant amount of research. However, the degree of this tie and the forms that it can take vary significantly according to different national contexts. By conducting a comparative analysis that is centred on three cases in the United Kingdom, Germany and Italy, this study addresses the overlap between media and politics from a dual perspective: the politicization of public service broadcasting and the permeability of the political system for media-related personalities or practitioners. The data show that the natural connection between political and media systems is never completely absent, although profound differences can be detected in the extent and in the implications that these connections can have for the entire system.

Introduction. The paper presents a cultural analysis of the main models of media city: technological, economic and socio-cultural, revealing its function as a stable socio-cultural system and focused on the aspects of the dominant culture. Particular attention is paid to the sociocultural model of a media city, which is most important for constructing a cultural theory of a media city.Methodology and sources. Methodologically, the work is based on a culturalphilosophical analysis of the projects of futurologists, forecasters, designers, set out in cultural texts (articles, architectural projects, urban plans, etc.), cases of introducing media technologies into the urban environment and research literature.Results and discussion. The model of "media city" at the present stage is actively used by developers, governments, corporations in various variations and is fixed in the mass consciousness as a cultural form that associates development, success and prosperity with the use of media technologies in everyday urban life. All projects of a media city contain, to one degree or another, a description of its three main models – technological (based on the belief that media technologies can solve the most complex problems of the urban environment), economic (offering new economic models and solutions based on the analysis of the most diverse, as a rule, big data) and sociocultural (considering media technology as a key factor in improving the quality of life). Thus, the result of the study is the cultural-philosophical specificity of each of the models of the media city.Conclusion. The sociocultural model of a media city forms a new cultural and anthropological basis for a new urban culture – a culture based on the use of network media devices in everyday practices that affect almost every aspect of the life of a city dweller, and, first of all, his cultural communications and transactions, which comprise the cultural experience of an individual or what we call culture.

This article is a critical examination of how capitalism has adapted to the explosion of websites devoted to user-generated content (commonly referred to as social media or Web 2.0). The author proceeds by reviewing how Marx applies the concepts of alienation and exploitation to his paradigmatic example (i.e., the factory); the author then attempts to extend the logic of both concepts to determine what they might reveal about the structural conditions of social media. A difference of prime importance between the two case studies is that factory work is wage labor coerced by economic necessity, whereas use of social networking sites is apparently voluntary and done freely. The author concludes by arguing that social media users are subject to levels of exploitation relatively consistent with industrial capitalism, whereas the structural conditions of the digital economy link profitability to a reduction in the intensity of alienation. Finally, he infers that social media is not economically beneficial to most users.

"Winner of the Clifford G. Christians Award for Research in Media Ethics, Michael Bugeja's Living Media Ethics posits that moral convergence is essential to address the complex issues of our high-tech media environment. As such the book departs from and yet complements traditional pedagogy in media ethics. Bugeja covers advertising, public relations and major branches of journalism, as well as major schools of philosophical thought and historical events that have shaped current media practices. Examining topics including responsibility, truth, falsehood, temptation, bias, fairness, and power, chapters encourage readers to develop a personal code of ethics that they can turn to throughout their careers. Each chapter includes exercises, as well as journal writing and creative assignments, designed to build, test, and enhance individual value systems. Unlike other texts, this media ethics book ends with an assignment to create a digital portfolio with personal ethics code aligned with a desired media position or company"--