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Local authorities increasingly use 'trading' language to describe and debate inter and intra-departmental working relations. This article explores the meanings given to this contested language in context, drawing on case studies of internal trading in two authorities. The objective of this interpretative exercise in economic discourse is to explore the extent to which a dominant discourse of internal 'trading' exists within the two authorities, and its association with identifiable patterns of economic behaviour. The article identifies four discourses of internal 'exchange', of which two, labelled the 'trading' and the 'public business' discourses, are widely shared and attempt to ally social and public concern with devolved financial management to business-like behaviour. Each of these two discourses was identified with distinct policies and preferred behaviour in internal working relations. Neither was 'winning': we are a long way from the solidifying of a single new internal economic culture in local government through the language of trade.

The article establish the relevance of the approach which focuses on the theory of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall. The opening section surveys recent overseas evidence on profit rates and offers a theoretical account of the tendency for profit rates to fall. This provides a background to a tentative examination of Australian evidence and the attention paid to the issue by some mainstream economists. At appropriate points we suggest some political implications arising from the theory.

This innovative book analyses the role played by real estate markets in global financial stability and examines the fragile link between the two. Through what transmission channels do housing market cycles influence broader economic systems? How has the Global Financial Crisis shifted our view and understanding of these linkages? This detailed book answers these questions in an international comparative perspective. Specific topics covered include macroeconomic transmission channels of the housing cycle, the role of housing in the finance system, construction financing as a cycle amplifier, and various related public policy issues such as the policy remedies needed to deal with housing and mortgage-driven crises. Eminent scholars in the field provide insightful and original contributions, which will appeal to academics in the areas of macroeconomics, policy analysis and financial regulation. Practitioners involved in real estate and the mortgage market will also find it to be of interest.

Abstract
The article wanted to find out if elections in the Philippines are economically motivated. Using 2019 gubernatorial election results, a logit model with inflation rate, unemployment rate, provincial revenue, and poverty incidence for the economic variables and party affiliation with the President and membership in a political family as the political variables was tested to explain the probability of an incumbent governor to be re-elected. The marginal effects tell us that a change in the unemployment rate decreases the predicted probability of a governor being reelected but interestingly, a change in the poverty incidence rates has the opposite effect.

With a review of the executive branch and congressional actions, this book provides the purposes and history of U.S. participation in the multilateral development banks and the relationship between process and goals in the formulation and application of U.S. Foreign policy.

Asia-Pacific (AP) region is the world's most important region today from the viewpoint of long-term economic growth. It is also the extremely important cite of rivalries or partnerships - or both - between China and the United States. The strong expansion of trade, investment and other economic ties within the AP region has stimulated the process of economic integration. The network of bilateral and regional free trade agreements has increased dramatically in recent years, linking virtually all major trading countries in the region, with one exception: either the US or China have not become members of the free trade arrangements involving the other country. The paper examines the scope, principles and characteristics of economic relations and cooperation in the AP region. The issue of whether Asian efforts for regional integration have been compatible with an open multilateral trading system at the global level is also addressed. The paper also assesses changes in the dynamics of regional integration and its future prospects. In this sense, in the Asia Pacific there are now two tracks which lead to the formation of a Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP): Asian, based on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and trans-pacific, based on Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP).

The NSF has supported early forms of scientific cyberinfrastructure from the 1960s. Since about 2000, however, new cyberinfrastructure (CI) initiatives have gathered momentum, guided by an increasingly comprehensive vision of CI as a principal agent of change for a new era of large-scale, distributed, data-intensive, collaborative science in virtually every domain. EarthCube, as a large-scale international CI project provides a fertile ground for the observation of the negotiation and policy work necessary to facilitate distant collaboration and the accumulation, provision and sharing of scientific knowledge and resources (data, tools, models). As a collaborative design process drawing from both the policy and scientific worlds, EarthCube is a site where the complex relationships and negotiations between governance and particular visions of novel science are particularly evident as well as being a microcosm of the co-constructive processes that produce relevant knowledge for both policy and science. This writing explores the relationship of policy work and the production of scientific knowledge, and provides an account of the complex interactions between regulatory, legislative, and organizational work with knowledge production practices in the geosciences through the lens of research funding and cyberinfrastructure development both historically and ethnographically.