Suchergebnisse

In India the women's movement and the government have done much to ameliorate women's education and to build the gender gap. However, it is argued that India still has much gender inequalities embedded in society and, as a consequence, in education and that there is much work to be done in terms of implementation. An alternative form of education, the Mahila Samakhya Program, was launched in India in 1988 for the education and empowerment of women in rural areas and disadvantaged communities in order to achieve equality. The Mahila Sanghas or women's collectives were created to provide a space for women and girls to meet, reflect, ask questions and express their thoughts. This article argues for the implementation of an empowering education, apart from the formal education, to help women and girls overcome inequalities especially in education. It aims to prove how this empowering education increases education for poor women in rural areas, especially for girls. It examines the quality and results of the existing Mahila Samakhya program analyzing the empowering process. The case study will be the Indian state of Bihar and two theories of empowerment will be applied

Enviromental problems due to activities of exploration and exploitation of natural resources for energy and utilization of energy as source of fuel become importance issue in Indonesia. Therefore an alternative for utilization of natural resources as energy is desperately needed. One of the potential resources is utilization of manure as energy alternative and fertilizer. Society of Sindangbarang village, Sub district Jalaksana of Kuningan District generally is farmer and husbandary with main activities on goat cattle. Social guidance was conducted to utilize manure as sources for energy and liquid fertilizer. The social guidance activieties were divided into three steps, i.e. identification, implementation and evaluation. Implemention was main step to install digester for processing goat manure to make biogas. The results indicated that goat manure as biogas could be made as fuel energy for cooking and organic fertilizer as alternative for agriculture activities. It is concluded that a large positive affect will be gained if all goat farmers do the same way and this avtivities is also to support government policy for alternative energy, organic agriculture and improving environmental life condition

The aeronautical industry is a powerful force for progress in our modern global society. Industrial activities in this industry started to accelerate in the beginning of the 20th century, and the number of aircraft in airspace for civil purposes started increasing. Consequently, the industry and the personnel associated with aircraft were required to be regulated to ensure the safety and reliability of the product. Currently, various categories of personnel related to operations, airworthiness, and maintenance of aircraft are licensed by statute. Government authorities consider registration or licensing an instrument for controlling and regulating the professionals. This paper is primarily focused on licensing and approval of different categories of aeronautical engineers. It discusses the importance of the licensing of engineers in the aeronautical industry and presents a critical review of various licensing standards and practices, including the standard recommended by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO). This paper also argues that the license issued by a contracting state of the ICAO must be fully convertible in another state, because it is granted by a member state in conformance with the standards recommended by the ICAO.

The aeronautical industry is a powerful force for progress in our modern global society. Industrial activities in this industry started to accelerate in the beginning of the 20th century, and the number of aircraft in airspace for civil purposes started increasing. Consequently, the industry and the personnel associated with aircraft were required to be regulated to ensure the safety and reliability of the product. Currently, various categories of personnel related to operations, airworthiness, and maintenance of aircraft are licensed by statute. Government authorities consider registration or licensing an instrument for controlling and regulating the professionals. This paper is primarily focused on licensing and approval of different categories of aeronautical engineers. It discusses the importance of the licensing of engineers in the aeronautical industry and presents a critical review of various licensing standards and practices, including the standard recommended by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO). This paper also argues that the license issued by a contracting state of the ICAO must be fully convertible in another state, because it is granted by a member state in conformance with the standards recommended by the ICAO. First published online: 29 Jun 2012

There is a paragraph is John Gerring's book with which I whole-heartedly agree. It is the last paragraph in the book proper, the conclusion of the Postscript: "We ought to begin with a recognition that social science constitutes an independent-although never entirely autonomous-realm of endeavor. The trick is to make social science speak to problems that we care about without sacrificing the rigor that qualifies it as a science. This is not an easy trick, but it is the trick of the trade" (p. 401). The distinctiveness of the social-scientific endeavor strikes me, as it apparently does Gerring, as the appropriate starting-point for any attempt to figure out what social science is and what it should be. In particular, social science needs to be distinguished from social activism or social policy, lest what we academics do become nothing but another forum within which the same political struggles present elsewhere in society can be fought out, perhaps with different weapons, but with same basic urgency and goal: victory, for one's preferred partisan perspective, whatever the cost.

Today, at the threshold of the XXI century, the question of ethnicity and the problem of racial inequality and discrimination are still among the principal challenges for a project of society where real equity and substantive democracy are a priority, This is registered after the struggles of independence which achieved the decolonization of Africa and the Caribbean, after the movement of civil rights and black power of the decades of 1960 and 1970 whose focus was in the USA but which had which had worlwide importance and historical influence and efter the worl conference against racism and other forms of discrimination celebrated in Durban, South SAfrica in 2001 and after celebrating the international year of Afro-descendants. What is the power of the diaspora, today, in the American from both a historical and global perspective? This implies reviewing our collective historical memory and the very definition of diaspora. There are two principal angles from where to direct this perpective, that together picture two interlaced histories, one of domination and oppression in relation with empowermrnt and liberation. ; Edicion N° 1

The public sphere uniting the Lithuanian institutions that supervise information dissemination in the public usually attracts private and commercial interest; therefore, with an increasing demand of civil society to participate in decision-making and implementation processes, it is necessary to define the factors that determine social involvement (participation) and e-participation. Non-governmental organizations are most active institutions implementing civil activities. In Lithuania, e-participation is usually considered as the provision of public services and e-commerce. In this article, e-participation is discussed as a communication framework enhancing participatory democracy and citizenship. According to this communicative aspect, e-participation is also analyzed as an integral part of the public sphere and as a dimension of information dissemination. The research analyses the expressions of non-governmental organizations' e-participation, which have never been studied in Lithuania. The research is focused on the following scientific problem: may the e-participation used for the implementation of third sector activities and the public sphere used for the consideration and announcement of urgent issues encourage active citizenship, establishment of participatory democracy and ensure public e-participation?

The paper focuses on the analysis of non-formal adult education in an organization. It discusses the legal and political documents that regulate adult learning. The role of the organizational and individual perspectives in adult education has been theoretically substantiated. In recent decades, the rapid development of innovations within the market forces organizations to react to the changes. Human capital has become vitally important as it transforms and controls other forms of organizational capital (i.e. material, financial, time, etc.). In order to successfully conduct their activities the organizations cannot resist either the improvement of the work of the employees or learning as such. Therefore, due to the development of knowledge society and active processes of globalization, adult people experience an urgent need to improve their professional qualification, expand the horizons of their knowledge and acquire new specialities to optimally match the changing conditions of life. For all that, could we consider the persons working in an organization being the progressive workers? Who is more motivated in such learning – an organization, or its employee? On the other hand, is learning always efficient? Such questions encouraged the author to extend the analysis given in the paper.

Despite the rise of Cambodia's GDP and other development indicators, continuing extreme poverty combined with very rapid conversion of traditional subsistence lands, forests, and waters into economic land concessions (ELCs) to national and transnational companies is leading to intensified land insecurity issues and other human rights problems that may destabilize the country. An elite sector of Cambodian society comprised of the heads of state, business, and the military is implicated as the central cause of ongoing poverty and land loss. This paper outlines the problematic nature of the ELC processes that began in the post-conflict era and continue today, and adapts Roy Rappaport's concepts of cognized/operational environments within a political and historical framework for analyzing the strategies of these elites, and compares their cognized environments with those of indigenous Kuoy peoples who are among those whose lands are threatened by ELCs, and suggests that the high-modern discourses of development adhered to by the elites is based on ultimate sacred postulates just as much as are the explicitly religious discourses of traditional Kuoy peoples.

We study different architectures for a photonic crystal in the microwave regime based on superconducting transmission lines interrupted by Josephson junctions, both in one and two dimensions. A study of the scattering properties of a single junction in the line shows that the junction behaves as a perfect mirror when the photon frequency matches the Josephson plasma frequency. We generalize our calculations to periodic arrangements of junctions, demonstrating that they can be used for tunable band engineering, forming what we call a quantum circuit crystal. Two applications are discussed in detail. In a two-dimensional structure we demonstrate the phenomenon of negative refraction. We finish by studying the creation of stationary entanglement between two superconducting qubits interacting through a disordered media. © 2012 American Physical Society. ; This work was supported by Spanish Governement projects FIS2008-01240, FIS2009-10061, FIS2009-12773-C02-01, and FIS2011-25167 cofinanced by FEDER funds; CAM research consortium QUITEMAD; Basque Government Grants No. IT472-10, and No. UPV/EHU UFI 11/55; and PROMISCE, SOLID, and CCQED European projects. ; Peer Reviewed

23 páginas, 5 tablas.-- Previous versions of this paper were presented at the annual meetings of the American Political Science Association in Washington, DC, in 2010, and of the Public Choice Society in San Antonio, TX, in 2011. ; Durable democracies display a huge variety of combinations of basic institutional formulas. A quantitative logical model shows that while there are multiple equilibrium sets of institutions, each involves some trade-off between the size of the country, the territorial structure of government and the electoral system. Specifically, the larger the country, the more important is federalism in comparison to proportional representation electoral rules for the durability of democratic institutions. The explanatory power of the model is positively tested on all current durable democratic countries. It is also illustrated with a few both fitting and deviant cases. A relevant implication is that the room for manipulation of the choice of institutions is large, but not unlimited, as the choices for a durable democracy are constrained by bounded trade-offs between the values of major institutional variables. ; Peer reviewed

International audience ; The Unruly Tongue in Early Modern England is a scholarly edition of three early modern treatises on the unruly tongue: Jean de Marconville, A Treatise of the Good and Evell Tounge (ca.1592), William Perkins, A Direction for the Government of the Tongue according to Gods worde (1595), and George Webbe, The Araignement of an unruly Tongue (1619). "The tongue can no man tame" says the Bible (James 3:8), and yet these texts try to tame the tongues of men and tell them how they should rule this little but essential organ and avoid swearing, blaspheming, cursing, lying, flattering, railing, slandering, quarrelling, babbling, jesting, or mocking. This volume excavates the biblical and classical sources in which these early modern texts are embedded and gives a panorama of the sins of the tongue that the Elizabethan society both cultivates and strives to contain. Vienne-Guerrin provides the reader with early modern images of what Erasmus described as a "slippery" and "ambivalent" organ that is both sweet and sour, a source of life and death.

This article argued that in a pluralistic and complex society such as Nigeria the invocation of Shari'ah (Islamic law) does not augur well for the survival of democracy. The traditional belief of every Muslim is that fundamentalism has been and must continue to be rooted in the concept of theocracy upon which the medieval institution of the Caliphate actually rested. Muslim political leaders challenge the agitation for a secular state in Nigeria as an inspiration by Christian theology based on Western European thought. This article argued that political and social progress in Nigeria is unrealistic without the separation of religion and politics. It was identified in this article that the separation of religion and politics does not go down well with Islamic eschatology and cosmology, because Islam's main theological drive is toward an Islamic world empire. The solution offered in this article was that emphasis should be on ensuring that any legal framework or constitutional arrangement should be one that safeguards the interests of all citizens. ; http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ids.v46i2.70 ; http://www.inluceverbi.org.za/index.php/skriflig/article/viewFile/70/774

U radu se objašnjava značaj povjerenja i razmatra značaj izgradnje povjerenja kao uvjeta stabilnosti europskog jugoistoka. Izdvojen je pojam povjerenja, a za teorijsku metodu koristila se Fukuyamina metoda povjerenja. Naglasak je stavljen na potrebu izgradnje demokratske kulture. U zatvorenom društvu ne može se biti spontan, kao što se ne može otvoriti a da se nema povjerenje u najbližoj životnoj i radnoj okolini. Jedan od zaključaka je da se termini otvorenost, spontanost i povjerenje ne mogu suprotstavljati. Oni su komplementarni i značajni za održavanje prijateljstva, sloge i sklada ; This paper explains the importance of trust and discusses the importance of building trust as the stability conditions in Southeast Europe. Set aside the notion of trust, and the theoretical methods used to Fukuyama's method of confidence. Emphasisis placed on the need to build a democratic culture.In a closed society can not be spontaneous, as it can not be opened and that there is no confidence in the nearest environmental and working conditions. One conclusion is that the terms openness, spontaneity and confidence can not resist. They are complementary and important for the maintenance of friendship, unity and harmony.

This article discusses some preliminary findings of the English part of a European Commission Fundamental Rights and Citizenship funded project 23393BChildren23393Bs Voices23393B (2011- 2013) concerned with exploring and understanding children and young people23393Bs experiences of interethnic conflict and violence in primary and secondary schools. This is a comparative study of England, Slovenia, Cyprus, Austria and Italy and the English focus is on Islamophobia. The research comprises a review of literature, legislation and good practice in race equality in England3B a quantitative study of 8 primary schools (year 52F6) and 8 Secondary schools2Fsixth form centres (year 122F13) in 4 regions of England3B a qualitative study of pupils and adults in 4 schools in one region and interview material from semi structured interviews with a range of 23393Bexperts23393B in the area. The article outlines some of the research findings from the first quantitative stage of the research. It argues that in schools with a strong citizenship ethos, where different religions are respected and where there are strong institutional processes and procedures against discriminatory practices, Islamophobia and conflict are not likely to be an issue, however, the same cannot be said for the wider society.