Suchergebnisse

Anders als legale Märkte sind illegale Märkte in der marktsoziologischen Forschung bislang kaum beachtet worden. Hier knüpft das Working Paper an: Es gibt einen Überblick über die wissenschaftliche Literatur zu illegalen Märkten mit dem Ziel, ihre Erforschung voranzutreiben. Auf der Basis einer eigenen Klassifikation werden die Ergebnisse kriminologischer, soziologischer, politikwissenschaftlicher, anthropologischer, wirtschaftswissenschaftlicher und weiterer Studien zu einzelnen illegalen Märkten vorgestellt. Davon ausgehend werden ihre strukturellen, organisatorischen und prozessualen Merkmale aus einer wirtschaftssoziologischen Perspektive zusammengefasst. Der Bericht schlägt Themenbereiche für eine zukünftige Erforschung illegaler Märkte vor, deren Ergebnisse auch zum allgemeinen Verständnis von Märkten beitragen sollen. ; This research report gives an overview of the academic literature on illegal markets. Compared to legal markets, the sociology of markets has largely neglected illegal markets and the report therefore encourages their investigation. Results are presented from studies in criminology, sociology, political science, anthropology, economics, and other disciplines and a typology of illegal markets is developed. The literature review is used as a basis to summarize, from an economic sociological perspective, the characteristics of illegal markets with regard to market structure, organization, and processes. The report suggests areas of future research whose results would add to the general understanding of markets.

Inquiry learning is a pedagogical approach that focuses on the processes and skills required to conduct research. It is a pedagogical approach that has been demonstrated to have positive learning outcomes. McMaster University has been committed to this form of learning for more than ten years in three of the faculties on campus (i.e., Humanities, Science and Social Sciences). This commitment has been in the creation of stand-alone, small class size first year inquiry classes. The current research, involving document analysis of 545 course outlines from the Faculty of Social Sciences demonstrates that inquiry learning is concentrated in first and fourth year primarily with modest amounts in second and third year courses. Results reveal cross-discipline variation. Some disciplines exhibit higher levels of inquiry (i.e., Social Work, Labour Studies and Political Science) than others (i.e., Gerontology, Geography and Anthropology). Although inquiry was more likely to occur in small classes there were examples of inquiry learning in classes with more than 250 students.

This historical and archaeological study of USS Narcissus assesses how political and economic pressures experienced by the United States Navy during the American Civil War directly affected the Union's naval strategy and thus the decision to purchase specific types of vessels for use in the blockade. The results of this analysis validate the theory that the functional design and economic value of the screw-propelled tugboat led to the purposeful purchase of these vessels to serve as shallow-water blockade vessels and support craft. The archaeological investigation allowed archaeologists to identify this tugboat as the USS Narcissus. Specific measurements of the engine and hull remains allowed researchers to conclude that this type of vessel had an economical propulsion system and shallow draft that would have been best suited for a blockade ship in shallow water. Finally, an analysis of the historical and archaeological evidence enabled the author to suggest possible explanations for the catastrophic explosion that led to the demise of USS Narcissus. ; 2011-12-01 ; M.A. ; Department of Anthropology ; Masters

peer-reviewed ; Peggy Levitt is Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology at Wellesley College. She is also a Research Fellow at the Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations and the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard University, where she co-directs the Transnational Studies Initiative. Peggy's latest book, God Needs No Passport, is about how immigrants are changing the American religious landscape and was published by The New Press in June 2007. Peggy is also co-editor with Sanjeev Khagram of The Transnational Studies Reader: Intersections and Innovations (Routledge, 2007). It lays the foundation for the new field of Transnational Studies and includes seminal readings from anthropology, sociology, political science, history, economics and cultural studies. Peggy is now working on a project which explores how global ideas about women's rights are used locally in Peru, China, India and the United States. She is also beginning a study of how national artistic and cultural institutions change when nations 'go transnational'.

At the time when the journal Sustainability [1] was launched, as a chemist and a scientist, I started to believe that social sciences may be more important to make humans sustainable. The broad journal title Social Sciences presents the opportunity for all social science scholars to have integrated consideration regarding the sustainability of humanity, because I am sure that science and technology alone cannot help. Science and technology may have in fact been contributing to accelerate the depletion of nonrenewable natural resources and putting human sustainability at risk since the industrial revolution about 150 years ago. I hope all intellectuals studying anthropology, archaeology, administration, communication, criminology, economics, education, government, linguistics, international relations, politics, sociology and, in some contexts, geography, history, law, and psychology publish with us to seek a solution to sustain humanity. Sustainability itself will also be a main topic of the journal Social Sciences. In addition to this integrated forum for social sciences, more topic specific journals, such as the already publishing Societies [2], will be launched. [.]

Brazil's cultural phenomena of "African origin" are understood to characterize a specific ethnic group, that of the Blacks, who are also distinguished by their specific phenotype, that is their "race". This article will examine the way in which these conceptual shifts take place, starting with what we consider to be an emblematic example of the African presence in Brazil: the quilombolas (maroon communities) whose territorial rights are guaranteed by the 1988 Constitution. The first part of the article shows how Brazilian anthropology chose to construct a flexible theoretical model for the quilombos that is related to the project of producing tools for the political emancipation of subaltern populations. In the second part we show how this program leads paradoxically to the attribution of identity. The object of the anthropologists -- to make the official category of quilombo easier to understand -- is in effect at the basis of the conflation of the notions of ethnicity and race, manifest in the recurrent use of the compound adjective "ethno-racial". Adapted from the source document.

Review of:Empirical Futures: Anthropologists and Historians Engage the Work of Sidney W. Mintz. George Baca, A isha Khan & Stephan Palmié (eds.). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009. v + 232 pp. (Paper US$ 24.95)Three Ancient Colonies: Caribbean Themes and Variations. Sidney W. Mintz. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2010. xiv + 257 pp. (Cloth US$ 27.95)[First paragraph]There can be no doubt about the importance of U.S. anthropologist Sidney Mintz in the development of Caribbean Studies. His work has influenced both the historiography and anthropology of Caribbean slavery and the emergence of Caribbean peasant societies. Now two books have been published that interrogate the significance of his work. The first is an anthology that tries to build on Mintz's ideas – as I will argue below, in a circumspect and not fully convincing way. In the second Mintz describes and compares thesocieties of Jamaica, Haiti, and Puerto Rico, and looks back on his work that started in the 1940s.

In the 1960s and 1970s, the social science associations (anthropology, sociology, economics, political science, and history) were faced by a string of academic freedom controversies. I review debates at association meetings and the reports and policy statements of committees on ethics and political discrimination. The ethics committees dealt with the involvement of association members with nonuniversity patrons, in the wake of revelations about Project Camelot. The committees on political discrimination examined allegations that university administrations were discriminating against radical scholars for their advocacy against the war in Vietnam and other revolutionary causes of the time. I argue that in both instances social scientists sought to accommodate the new roles of universities in American society by developing codes of conduct for social scientists that were voluntary and nonenforceable. Implied in the response of social science associations was that threats to academic freedom arose in social scientists' misguided behavior and not by fault of the new institutional setting of the university in the 1960s.

AbstractScholarly research about gated communities is a recently established field of study, because the significant proliferation of these communities has occurred in the last couple of decades. In this article, I argue that the seminal work of Blakely and Snyder (1997, Fortress America: Gated communities in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.) gave the first impetus and the initial research directions in gated communities' study. The subsequent research established it as a true interdisciplinary urban field and produced important knowledge across several different academic disciplines: sociology, political science, anthropology, urban policy and planning, geography, and legal studies. The article discusses this first phase of theoretical and empirical work, based mostly on qualitative and secondary data sources. A new methodological shift is proposed, which should determine the second phase of research based on hypotheses testing and collection of systematic empirical evidence. Such evidence is essential to understand the wider impact of gated communities on larger urban areas and society as a whole.

Kalaricikitsa, a unique traditional medicinal praxis, practised in a kalari or arena where young men and women learn kalarippayattu, martial arts of Kerala, employs various massage therapies for healing and wellness in which the human body plays a significant role. Though the human body has been a subject of study in various disciplines including philosophy, anthropology, sociology, history, and religion, scholars of religion have not explored kalaricikitsa from a Hindu religious perspective. Based on fieldwork, this essay explicates the connection between religion and healing in kalaricikitsa and augments current discourses of the body from a Hindu devotional perspective. Divided into two sections, first it discusses the tensions, traditions, and treatments of kalaricikitsa within its historical framework, second it explicates the role of the human body as a nexus of the divine and human enterprise in kalaricikitsa. I suggest that kalaricikitsa attempts to restore and maintain equilibrium of the physical and religious through the human body as a space transcending the dichotomy between the microcosm and the macrocosm, the divine and human.

Influenced by the anthropology of sport, this article examines leisure spaces of sport as critical venues in the formation of South Asian American 'self ' and 'selves' in opposition to, as well as in relation to, various 'Others'. I use ethnographic research conducted with North American Indo-Pak Basketball leagues, primarily in Atlanta, Georgia, to demonstrate how South Asian American masculinity emerges in relation to ideas of 'Blackness'. In addition, participation in Indo-Pak Basketball for South Asian American men allows for creative practices that facilitate the collapse of 'South Asian-ness' and 'American-ness' (Maira, 2002) while contesting dominant paradigms of race and gender. Through analysis of Indo-Pak Basketball and related expressive practices, I illustrate the processes of identity formation and consumption as critical to citizenship in the US national fabric. I also argue that the subversive potential in basketball masculinity and its respective pleasures are limited by its relation to a 'hegemonic masculinity' (Connell, 1995), as well as by the consumptive logic of late capitalism through which racialized, heterosexist, patriarchal formulations of community emerge.

AbstractThe paper investigates if a living system according to Miller's living systems theory is a viable system according to Beer's viable systems theory and vice versa. Miller's and Beer's theories are briefly reviewed and translated into one cybernetic approach. The comparison of their functional and structural commonalties and differences shows: Miller's theory allows simple structures, below the scope of Beer's approach, which are nevertheless viable, as examples from biology, anthropology and economy show. Beer's viable systems can be derived form Miller's living systems theory, i.e. Beer deals only with issues of viability that emerge with complex living systems. Short considerations of large social units suggest that their structures are not unequivocally determined and may be viable while deviating from Beer's approach, too. Yet such structures can be derived from Miller's theory. It is concluded that Miller's living systems theory covers viability more completely than Beer's viable systems theory. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

AbstractAfter the crisis of 1998, which was followed by a periode labeled as 'reformasi', Indonesia having entered a transitional phase from authoritarianrule toward a new democratic system. In transitional phase emerged outbursts of ethnic and religious violences in various regions of the archipelago.This articles tries to analyze multicultural studies in a period of the new order. In education perspective, the outbursts of ethnic and religious violences after 'reformasi', showed that the new order was failure to make harmony by created the instruction of religious, civic skill, and military instructional as labeled 'kewiraan'. Recently time, history, could be formulated to be multicultural studies. The curriculum of historyhave been modified and transformed to the multicultural studies by used the burhani technical system. The burhani technical system usually used to analyze religious texts. The themes of curriculum history, and then modify, to produce the themes of multicultural studies by consider the social sciences (sociology, politics, and economics) and humanity sciences (anthropology and religion).Key words: authoritarian, democratic, violence, multicultural studies, and burhani technical system

A major research problem in anthropology is the origin of the state and its bureaucratic form of governance. Of particular importance for evaluating theories of state origins are cases of primary state formation, whereby a first-generation state evolves without contact with any preexisting states. A general model of this process, the territorial-expansion model, is presented and assessed with archaeological data from six areas where primary states emerged in antiquity: Mesoamerica, Peru, Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and China. In each case, the evidence shows a close correspondence in time between the first appearance of state institutions and the earliest expansion of the state's political-economic control to regions lying more than a day's round-trip from the capital. Although additional research will add detail and clarity to the empirical record, the results to date are consistent with the territorial-expansion model, which argues that the success of such long-distance expansion not only demanded the bureaucratization of central authority but also helped provide the resources necessary to underwrite this administrative transformation.

In Postnational Musical Identities, Ignacio Corona and Alejandro Madrid bring together twelve scholars working with (primarily) popular music in (primarily) Mexico and Latin America to consider the relationship between music, identity, and globalization. Assuming that identity is inherent to human subjectivity, the editors analyze the relationship between ethnic and national musical identifications and the globalizing processes that might rearrange, reinscribe, or call into question such correlations. Corona and Madrid layout their frames for thinking about globalization and music (i.e., "The Idea of the Postnational," "Music Scholarship in Times of Postnationality," and "The Collapse of Grand Narratives in Popular Music") in the introductory chapter, "The Postnational Turn in Music Scholarship and Music Marketing." They rely heavily on cultural studies and postmodernist scholars such as Stuart Hall (1996) and Frederick Jameson (1998), on pop music scholars drawing on these tradition such as Tony Mitchell (1996); on Appadurai's (1990) basic charter for an anthropology of globalization (his famous "-scapes" framework); and on Hardt and Negri's (2000) vision of the "postnational," neoliberal political-economic order.