Suchergebnisse

Purpose
Despite touting the value of green practices, many firms struggle to respond appropriately to the diverse environmental issues. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the external and internal pressures interplay to influence top management championship, which, in turn, fosters the company's green culture and the adoption of green practices. It thus helps to explain Chinese firms' diversity with respect to the adoption of green practices.


Design/methodology/approach
A conceptual model is developed that summarizes the interplay of external and internal pressures, top management championship, green culture and the adoption of green practices. Data from 148 Chinese manufacturing firms were collected and a structural equation model was used for statistical analysis.


Findings
Government policy that provides incentives to adopt green practices and overseas customers' green demand has significant positive influences on top management championship, while resources pressure has a significant negative effect. Government command and control policy, domestic customers' green demand and organizational inertia do not impact top management championship. Furthermore, top management championship is positively correlated to both green culture and green practices, and green culture contributes to implementing green practices.


Practical implications
The findings help us understand which external and internal factors inspire or force top management to adopt green practices, and how they do so. Moreover, managers must also be aware of the bridging role of green culture. The findings will be valuable to policy makers in forming and enforcing "stick" or "carrot" environmental policies.


Originality/value
Leveraging a multi-theoretic approach, the authors' research builds on insights from the institutional theory, natural resource-based view (NRBV) and upper echelons perspective, so as to increase the authors' understanding on how firms adopt green practices to respond to environmental sustainability pressures. The institutional theory and the NRBV are leveraged in this study to recognize that firms perceive not only external institutional pressure for environmental management but also the internal pressure from resource constraints and capability to change. Upper echelons perspective is integrated into this study to explain the leadership role that top management serves in the management of the organization's response to dynamic changes in the institutional environment and cultivate green culture within organization.

The Ogoni movement has become a key example of civil resistance in postcolonial Africa, yet women's role in the movement has been largely suppressed. Since the early 1990s, the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP) has organized against the Nigerian government and multinational corporations' oil drilling activities in Ogoni. This study explains how and why the Ogoni women of Nigeria (1990-2017) joined their community in calling attention to the exploitation of their people at the hands of the Nigerian government and multinational oil companies, while documenting how and why they became key players in nonviolent campaigns in the Niger Delta in seeking correctives and justice. I not only examine women's contribution to the movement by looking at the issues that has drawn women into the movement but also seek to understand how those issues are reflected in the campaigns that they waged. Furthermore, I investigate how Ogoni women continue to participate in both Nigeria and the diaspora since many of them migrated to the United States following the federal government's violent repression of their organizing. For this ethnographic study, I collected data by conducting interviews, focus groups, participant observations, and archival data search in both Nigeria and the United States. Gender-sensitive theoretical frameworks and methodologies including Critical Race Grounded Theory, decolonial feminism, Black feminism, and localization theory guide my study. My findings reveal that women participated in the Ogoni movement using nonviolent methods including singing, dancing, and prayer that enabled them to evade scrutiny from military forces. Their methods reclaimed the types of spiritual leadership for which women had traditionally received formal training before colonialism. Furthermore, women transformed the movement's organizing platform by including women's issues such as women and girls' education. As immigrants in the US, Ogoni women continue to draw upon spiritual practices to maintain connections among each other that facilitate their survival in a new land and their transnational organizing. My research suggests that women's contributions in this mixed-gender social movement has been drastically understated as their participation and methods supported longevity for the movement which, in turn, paved the way for making meaningful gains for women and for the movement as a whole. By examining African women transnationally, this research methodologically corrects the continued separation of immigrant and African studies in contemporary scholarship.

In this paper we study the causes of the origin of the crisis 2008-2009, from three theoretical positions. First, economic history, whose approach helps to contextualize the change of model from a Benefactor State to a Neoliberal State. Historians consider that the dynamics of the neoliberal period refers to a long-horizon event according to post-crisis actions and because there are no viable alternative paths against the theory that strives for freedom at all costs.Second, from conventional economic theory the main cause of the crisis was the lack of market mechanisms to regulate economic activity; position that is opposed to a heterodox approach: State must intervene in economic processes. Finally, the Marxist Political Economy studies the facts from a relatively recent category, financialization, where the accumulation model is based on finance. The financial sector extends to almost all sectors of economic life and this overwhelming penetration has contributed to the fragility of the system. The objective is to make a reading of the different approaches, together, to better understand the phenomenon under study. ; En este trabajo se estudian las causas del origen de la crisis 2008-2009, desde tres posiciones teóricas. Primero, la historia económica, cuyo enfoque ayuda a contextualizar el cambio de modelo de un Estado Benefactor a un Estado Neoliberal. Los historiadores consideran que la dinámica del periodo neoliberal se refiere a un evento de largo horizonte de acuerdo a las acciones post crisis y porque no existen caminos alternativos viables contra la teoría que pugna la libertad a ultranza. Segundo, desde la teoría económica convencional la principal causa de la crisis fue la falta de mecanismos de mercado para regular la actividad económica; posición que se contrapone con un enfoque heterodoxo: el Estado debe intervenir en los procesos económicos. Finalmente, la Economía Política Marxista estudia los hechos desde una categoría relativamente reciente, la financiarización, donde el modelo de acumulación se basa en las finanzas. El sector financiero se extiende a casi todos los sectores de la vida económica y esa penetración tan abrumadora ha contribuido a la fragilidad del sistema. El objetivo es hacer una lectura de los distintos enfoques, en conjunto, para comprender de manera más adecuada el fenómeno en estudio.

The synoptic character of the American Constitution has created favorable conditions for varied interpretations that were hotbeds of controversy and conflicts. The explanation of the U.S. Constitution is a problem of constitutional theory, constitutional doctrine, constitutional history, as well as political theory. The proponents of constitutional interpretation labeled as the living constitution are of the opinion that the Constitution should be treated as a legal act with a dynamic meaning depending on the time of interpretation. Originalism is perceived as the main alternative to the living constitution interpretation. Contemporary American scholars emphasize that there is no dichotomy between the proponents of living constitutionalism and the supporters of originalism. ; U američkoj znanstvenoj literaturi do današnjih se dana vodi živa rasprava o tome jesu li autori američkog Ustava svjesno namjeravali kreirati oblik demokratske vlasti ili nisu. Odgovor se, naime, čini vrlo kompleksnim. Iako su pristupi stvaranju novih političkih struktura bili različiti, ideje utemeljitelja Ustava potvrđene su u praksi. Oni su pritom izabrali politički sustav i sustav vlasti temeljen na pisanom ustavu. Rješenja sadržana u njemu odraz su onodobnih potreba i političke situacije, a njime su određeni daljnji razvoj i struktura američke federalne zajednice i vlasti kao i američke politike. Tumačenje Ustava SAD-a problem je kojim se bave ustavna teorija, ustavna doktrina, ustavna povijest i politička teorija. Zagovornici metode ustavnog tumačenja nazvane "živi ustav" (living constitution) smatraju da Ustav treba shvatiti kao pravni akt s dinamičkim značenjem koje ovisi o vremenu njegova tumačenja. Glavna alternativa toj metodi je "originalizam" (originalism), prema kojem bi se Ustav smjelo mijenjati samo amandmanima. Prema zastupnicima te metode, teorija "živog ustava", prema kojoj Ustav treba tumačiti u skladu s potrebama vremena i trenutačnim stavovima, sam Ustav i njegove odredbe čini više podložnima sudskim manipulacijama. Oni posebno kritiziraju sudski aktivizam te smatraju da ne bismo trebali uzimati da pravo govori ono što bismo mi htjeli da kaže. Važno je pritom uočiti da suvremeni američki znanstvenici smatraju da ipak ne postoji tako značajna dihotomija između stavova zagovornika dviju metoda. Problem sadržaja i dosega ustavnih amandmana predmet je političkih i pravnih rasprava praktički od trenutka kada je Ustav proglašen. Riječ je o višerazinskom pitanju o kojem se raspravlja u radu, no bitno je istaknuti da se danas ipak preferiraju izmjene Ustava novim oblicima tumačenja i drugim neformalnim načinima.

For nobody is a secret that we live complex societies whose political and cultural sphere is dominated by the discourse of equality and freedom. Equality is assumed as an incontrovertible universal budget and is expressed, among other things, in an equal system of individual liberties and an equal consideration of each and every one before the law. Nevertheless, this conquest of the modern world is seen today with reluctance by those who, far from claiming equality, are betting on difference. This is, without a doubt, one of the most pressing problems faced by the current political and legal theory, and the great challenge for the constitutional theory of the 21st century. The problem surrounding the right of social, cultural and ethnic minorities in the current democratic and constitutional states, although it is one of the oldest problems of humanity, has become evident after the realization that the current social reality ( political, economic, cultural, psychological, historical, anthropological) is heteromorphic and pluralistic, which demands to be reinterpreted from antithetical ideas such as: universalism or particularism, integration or emancipation, equality or difference, individualism or collectivism. ; Para nadie es un secreto que vivimos sociedades complejas cuya esfera política y cultural está dominada por el discurso de la igualdad y la libertad. La igualdad se asume como un presupuesto universal incontrovertible y se expresa, entre otras cosas, en un igual sistema de libertades individuales y una igual consideración de todos y cada uno ante la ley. No obstante ello, esa conquista del mundo moderno es vista hoy con reparo por aquellos que lejos de reivindicar la igualdad le apuestan a la diferencia. Éste es, sin lugar a dudas, uno de los problemas más acuciantes a los que se enfrenta la teoría política y jurídica actual, y el gran desafío para la teoría constitucional del siglo XXI. El problema en torno al derecho de las minorías sociales, culturales y étnicas en las Estados democráticos y constitucionales actuales, aunque es uno de los problemas más antiguos de la humanidad, se ha puesto en evidencia luego de la constatación de que la realidad social actual (política, económica, cultural, psicológica, histórica, antropológica) es heteromorfa y pluralista, que exige ser reinterpretada a partir de ideas antitética tales y como: universalismo o particularismo, integración o emancipación, igualdad o diferencia, individualismo o colectivismo.

Bu makalede diaspora teorisinin iki temel yaklaşımı tanıtılmakta ve bunlardan biri olan 'modern diaspora yaklaşımı' analiz edilmektedir. Modern diaspora yaklaşımı, diasporanın küreselleşme ve ulus-aşırılaşma olguları ile etkileşimli biçimde kazandığı yeni anlam üzerinden biçimlenmekte ve kültürlerarasılık, diyalojik toplumsallık, gelişimci bireycilik gibi bir takım unsurlara vurgu yapmaktadır. Bu bakımdan modern yaklaşım için diaspora, liberal sistemlerdeki demokratikleşme sorununa ilişkin bir konudur. Çalışma, modern yaklaşımın açımlanabilmesi amacıyla diasporanın kavramsallığına odaklanarak onu meydana getiren temel parametreleri ele almakta, klasik yaklaşımla mukayeseli şekilde modern yaklaşımdaki ana izleği gözler önüne sermeye çalışılmaktadır. Göçten ayrı bir disiplin olarak tanımlanan diaspora çalışmaları, dünyada 1980'li yıllardan beri gündemde olmasına karşın, Türkiye'de çok yetkin bir kısım araştırmacı ve akademisyen dışında, gereken ilgiyi görememiştir. Diaspora, Türkiye'de halen göçün kapsamı içerisindeki bir konu olarak düşünülmekte ve farklı bir disiplinin paradigmaları altında değerlendirilmeye mahkûm edilmektedir. Çalışma, diasporanın Türkiye'de eksik kaldığı düşünülen teorik bağlamına yönelik bir açıklama getirmeyi, modern yaklaşımların Türkiye orijinli çalışmalar açısından ne denli önemli ve işlevsel olduğunu ortaya koyabilmeyi amaçlamaktadır.ENGLISH ABSTRACTDiaspora Theory and The Importance of Diaspora From The Aspect of International Relations In this article, diaspora theory and it's two main current is introduce and that one of them 'modern approach' is analysed. Modern approach is formed over the gains new meaning in an interactive manner with the facts globalization and transnationalism and emphasis to some factors such as interculturalism, dialogical sociality, individualism. So, the diaspora for the modern approach is a matter of democratization in the liberal system. Therefore this study focusing on diaspora by questioning of what and how of it self, discuss the basic parameters that form it and try to explain the main theme of modern approach in comparison with the classical approach. The diaspora studies as a seperate discipline from migration is on the agenda in the world since 1980's but in Turkey expect for some very compenent researchers and academics it did not aroused the interest required. In this sense, it is considered as a subject within the scope of the current migration and is doomed to be evaluated under a different disciplinary paradigms in Turkey. The study aims to give an explaination for theoretical contex considered to be missing in Turkey, and revealed how modern approach importent and functional in the terms of Turkey origined studies.

В статье сопоставляется концепция культурно-исторических типов Н. Я. Данилевского с реалиями современного мира по четырем направлениям: заимствования между различными культурно-историческими типами; сравнения коренных черт славянского и западного типов; соотношения общечеловеческого и всечеловеческого; последствий национального самоотречения. Н. Я. Данилевский считал, что политические и экономические формы, выработанные одним народом, собственно только для одного этого народа и годятся и не могут считаться уместными и благодетельными для всех других народов. Существует опасность уничтожения культурно-исторического типа при перенесении в него черт, присущих другому культурно-историческому типу. Она тем больше, чем удаленней друг от друга взаимодействующие типы. Коренной чертой германо-романского типа Н. Я. Данилевский определил насильственность, а коренной чертой славянского типа терпимость. Поэтому европейцы рассматривают славян как нечто чужое и чуждое им, и так будет всегда. Концепция Н. Я. Данилевского подтверждается социально-политической действительностью полутора веков, прошедших с ее создания. Для всей глобальной культурной системы существует опасность, связанная с доминированием какого-либо одного культурно-исторического типа, объявляемого общечеловеческим. ; In our article, we provide a comparison between the theory of cultural-historical types as developed by N.Ya. Danilevsky and the reality of our contemporary world in four aspects: borrowings made by various cultural-historical types; basic traits of Slavic and Western types; the correlation between the universal and the panhuman; and the consequences of national self-renunciation. Danilevsky believed that one cultural-historical type can borrow from another its achievements in sciences, technology and industry, but a transfer of economic and political forms can be disastrous for the borrower, as they work only for the type that originally developed them. Should such a transfer happen, the recipient type can be destroyed. This danger increases with the cultural distance between the two types. According to Danilevsky, the basic trait of Romance-Germanic type is violence, while the Slavic type is determined by tolerance. This is why Europeans see Slavs as both foreign and alien. N.Ya. Danilevsky's theory of cultural-historical types has been proved true by sociopolitical developments of the last 150 years. The domination of one cultural-historical type, which is thus declared universal, threatens the whole global cultural system.

The following article appeared in Journal of Chemical Physics 139.21 (2013): 214113 and may be found at http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jcp/139/21/10.1063/1.4834696 ; The Stokes-Einstein relation for the self-diffusion coefficient of a spherical particle suspended in an incompressible fluid is an asymptotic result in the limit of large Schmidt number, that is, when momentum diffuses much faster than the particle. When the Schmidt number is moderate, which happens in most particle methods for hydrodynamics, deviations from the Stokes-Einstein prediction are expected. We study these corrections computationally using a recently developed minimally resolved method for coupling particles to an incompressible fluctuating fluid in both two and three dimensions. We find that for moderate Schmidt numbers the diffusion coefficient is reduced relative to the Stokes-Einstein prediction by an amount inversely proportional to the Schmidt number in both two and three dimensions. We find, however, that the Einstein formula is obeyed at all Schmidt numbers, consistent with linear response theory. The mismatch arises because thermal fluctuations affect the drag coefficient for a particle due to the nonlinear nature of the fluid-particle coupling. The numerical data are in good agreement with an approximate self-consistent theory, which can be used to estimate finite-Schmidt number corrections in a variety of methods. Our results indicate that the corrections to the Stokes-Einstein formula come primarily from the fact that the particle itself diffuses together with the momentum. Our study separates effects coming from corrections to no-slip hydrodynamics from those of finite separation of time scales, allowing for a better understanding of widely observed deviations from the Stokes-Einstein prediction in particle methods such as molecular dynamics ; A. Donev was supported in part by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under Grant No. FA9550- 12-1-0356. R. Delgado-Buscalioni and F. Balboa acknowledge funding from the Spanish Government FIS2010-22047- C05 and from the Comunidad de Madrid MODELICO-CM (S2009/ESP-1691). Collaboration between A. Donev and R. Delgado-Buscalioni was fostered at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics in Santa Barbara, California, and supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. NSF PHY05-51164

Das Verschlechterungsverbot ist bei der Gewässerbewirtschaftung von den Mitgliedstaaten zu berücksichtigen, da die geplanten Vorhaben und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Wasserkörper nicht dagegen verstoßen dürfen. Die diesbezügliche Auslegung löste und löst nach wie vor sowohl in Deutschland als auch in Österreich erhebliche Debatten aus. In Österreich wird die Meinung vertreten, dass nur nachteilige Veränderungen eines Wasserkörpers, die auch in dem von der Wasserrahmenrichtlinie (WRRL bzw RL 2000/60/EG) vorgegebenen Zustandsklassensystem einen Wechsel einer Güteklasse bewirken, als "Verschlechterungen" zu qualifizieren sind. Diese Meinung hat ebenso Eingang in die Judikatur gefunden. Allerdings besteht Uneinigkeit, ob auch lokale Beeinträchtigungen eine "Verschlechterung" in diesem Sinne auslösen sowie ob Kompensationsmaßnahmen zulässig sind. In Deutschland werden unterschiedliche Meinungen vertreten, ab wann eine "Verschlechterung" vorliegt. Die eine Ansicht geht bei jeglichen nachteiligen Veränderungen von einer Verschlechterung aus (Status-quo-Theorie), die andere sieht diesen Tatbestand erst als erfüllt wenn, wie in Österreich, ein Zustandsklassenwechsel erfolgt. Dazwischen finden sich Auffassungen, die eine sog "Erheblichkeitsschwelle" bzw "Relevanzschwelle" heranziehen, um nicht alle Beeinträchtigungen als Verschlechterung zu qualifizieren. In der deutschen Judikatur wird ebenso die Status-quo-Theorie vertreten; aufgrund von Unsicherheiten hat das BVerwG entschieden, diesbezüglich den EuGH zu befragen. Im Sommer 2013 hat es vier das Verschlechterungsverbot der WRRL betreffende Fragen vorgelegt. Der Generalanwalt Jääskinen hat seine Schlussanträge erlassen. Die Entscheidung bleibt abzuwarten. ; The member states have to consider the so-called 'prohibition of deterioration' when managing their water resources, because planned measures and their effects on water bodies may not contravene. Interpretations of the aforementioned prohibition of deterioration cause lively debates in Germany and Austria. Austrian experts are of the opinion that only adverse changes of a water body, which cause a quality shift as classified in the Water Framework Directive (WFD 2000/60/EC), can be defined a deterioration. This opinion also found its entrance into the judicature. However, disagreement exists over whether local interference results in deterioration as well or if compensating measures are permissible.In Germany, opinions differ on when deterioration is at hand. The status quo theory implies that any kind of adverse changes should be defined a deterioration, whereas others, as in Austria, assume that a quality shift has to occur. Furthermore, there are opinions that take into account so-called 'materiality thresholds' respectively 'relevance thresholds' so that not each interference is to be defined a deterioration. In German judicature, the status quo theory is represented as well; however, the Federal Administrative Court of Germany decided to consult with the European Court of Justice due to the ambiguities in that matter. Thus, in summer 2013, it proposed four questions regarding the prohibition of deterioration as stated in the WFD. The Advocate General Jääskinen has issued his opinion; a final decision is still pending. ; vorgelegt von Chiara Rockenschaub ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassungen in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2015 ; (VLID)370617

Facilities managers have traditionally relied on forecasting approaches using the stock condition survey to predict maintenance and refurbishment needs against changing user requirements. However, the authors have previously shown that such an approach, whilst effective for short term planning, is unable to cope with the uncertainty and complex data sets required to develop long term plans (> 10 years), in particular the impact of future climate change (physical and legislative). This paper will present back casting as an alternative approach to support long term built asset management planning. Background: Back casting has been applied to sustainable transport management, energy planning and community climate change adaptation projects. The process in principle envisions a future state (end-point) set by stakeholders. Alternative 'paths of approach' are identified by looking backwards from the future state to the present. Each path is examined in turn to identify interventions (physical and/or operational) required in order for that path to achieve the end-goal. The stakeholder's review each path and select the most appropriate for achieving the desired (end-point). This path is then integrated into the facilities (built asset) management strategy. Approach: The researchers worked with various stakeholders as part of an action research team to identify climate change adaptations that may be required to ensure the continued performance of the building and integrate these into a 60 year facilities management plan. Results: The paper superimposes back casting theory onto the adaptation process and explains how the theory supported long term facilities management planning. The paper also explains how the approach was used to provide confidence for the building owner to invest in the planned refurbishment of their built asset to improve its future performance and sustainability. Practical implications: The paper demonstrates the application of this approach through a case study example of a newly constructed £75 m educational building. A similar approach could be applied to other building types. Research limitations: This paper presents a theoretical model which needs to be validated using longitudinal data sets. Originality/value: This is the first paper to suggest the potential of back casting to inform long term built asset management strategies. Originality/value: This is the first paper to suggest the potential of back casting to inform long term built asset management strategies.

Organizações civis desempenham, de modo crescente, funções de representação política. A análise das condições de legitimidade das novas práticas de representação é crucial para a inovação e teoria democráticas. A partir da accountability, assumida como componente sine qua non da representação democrática e como estratégia de pesquisa, este artigo (i) examina empiricamente (com base em resultados de surveys) as noções de representação existentes no seio das organizações civis que assumem funções de representação na Cidade do México e em São Paulo, e (ii) avalia seus mecanismos internos de accountability e suas funções de controle sobre o poder público do ponto de vista da teoria democrática.

Este trabajo examina la teoría sobre guerras civiles y resolución de conflictos con el fin de contestar la pregunta: ¿por qué fracasan o progresan los procesos de paz? Se miraron los procesos de paz en Colombia en los últimos cinco años cuando comenzó y fracasó el proceso de paz con las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, FARC y comenzaron con las Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, AUC. La teoría revela la relevancia de factores económicos, políticos, participación externa y militares para explicar por que fallan o prosperan los procesos de paz. Por su parte, el fracaso de las negociaciones con las FARC puede explicarse por razones de estrategia militar, el rol de la violencia durante la negociación y la falta de participación internacional. De otro lado, evitando todos los puntos sensibles de la negociación inicial, las AUC ganaron apoyo de la opinión publica y la confianza del gobierno para iniciar los diálogos. De esta forma, tenemos dos procesos recientes en Colombia para analizar: uno que fallo y el otro que esta progresando. El análisis de estos procesos puede ayudarnos a contestar la pregunta inicial de este trabajo. ; This paper examines the theory of civil war and conflict resolution to answer the question, why peace processes fail or move forward? I will look at peace processes in Colombia in the last five years when negotiation started and then broke with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia –FARC- and began with the United Self-Defence Forces of Colombia –AUC-. The theory revels the relevance of economic, political, external participation and military factor to explain why some peace processes fail while others succeed. For instance, the failure of the first peace dialogue with the left-wing guerrilla FARC can be explained by the military strategy, the role of violence during the talks and lack of international participation. By contrast, by avoiding all sensitive points of the first peace dialogue, AUC won a significant public support and the government confidence to begin talks. We have thus two recent peace processes in Colombia to analyse: one failed and one moving forward. Their analysis will help us to answer the opening question of this paper

The content of the Ukrainian national idea in the era of transition from industrial to post-industrial(informational) type of society is revealed. It is demonstrated that in the transition to a post-industrial society, thenational idea as a product of an industrial society requires a significant transformation. In a post-industrial society,the national idea should be focused on the production of post-economic values and active social regulation, themaximum use of the creative (creative) potential of members of the national community, the formation of anew type of family and new forms of social partnership, the increasing role of knowledge (scientific and parascientific)and changes in the education system. It is determined that the national idea, taking into account theetymology of the components of this construct, acts as a key idea in understanding the nature of the nation andthe prospects for its development.It is determined that the national idea must be understood in the context of the special conditions of lifeof the people throughout its history. It reflects the deep level of national consciousness, advocates all forms ofreflection of the nation (person) over issues of the essence of the national community and the meaning of itsexistence. Throughout its history, Ukraine has sought to build its own state on a democratic, legal and socialbasis and, having gained independence in 1991, these value dominants were entrenched at the constitutionallevel. At the present stage of nation-building, the key direction in the formation of a national idea is to determinethe optimal model that should underpin state-building – ethno-cultural or civic.It is proved that the Ukrainian national idea, having passed the difficult historical path of aging and formation,today requires substantial modernization, adaptation to the realities of the transitional society, civilizational,geopolitical, economic challenges of the 21st century. The national idea should take into account the changesthat occur in the social and economic structure of society, and incorporate into the body of the nation-buildingstrategy those goals and ways to achieve them that actualize post-material values, pay attention to the needsof self-development and self-improvement of the individual. The formula of the Ukrainian national idea isproposed, which consists of strategic and operational-tactical components, designed for different time periods– short, medium and long term. The strategic components of the modern Ukrainian national idea include theslogans 'Ukraine is a conciliar, European, decent state and a nation', 'Equality of all citizens before the law,freedom of life strategies, respect for the national and cultural traditions of the Ukrainian people and ethniccommunities living on its territory', 'Democracy in all spheres of public life, the embodiment of moral standardsin social relations'. The operational-tactical components of the modern Ukrainian national idea include theslogans 'Knowledge, information, movement (action)'.

The importance of the right to education as a fundamental right and an instrument of democracy is underlined by the latest documents of the European Union (EU). Legally consecrated the right to education both at the level of national law of member States, in constitutional texts and at the level of international law, is with the documentation of the European Union that results in emphasizing the importance of education for the whole Democratic and economic system. The right to education, as well as the right to vocational and continuing training – long life education –, as mentioned, deserve the attention of the most recent documents of the European Union which, many of them although they do not possess the dignity of legislative acts, shape Member States ' guidance in their performance. Thus valued, the right to education arises as a conditioning factor in the most varied subjects. Educational systems, possibly using the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs), will be facilitators and promoters of the acquisition of competences, namely knowledge, skills and attitudes, essential to the exercise of Democratic ideals. However, it raises the problem of access to these same technologies and its possible use in training to articulate, participate and shape, in the future of a Europe characterised by democracy, solidarity and inclusion. And what contribution can the aforementioned ICT ensure for a more effective realising of the constitutionally recognised right? The discussion is still recent. Digital technology enriches learning in a variety of ways and offers learning opportunities but how to guide it? The value of the rule of law is maintained today as a priority. But it turns out that, in it, the realization of the right to education is not yet achieved in its fullness. It will also be through the policy of education and training that the common values and the general principles of law remain. The focus of intervention by the State and the international community has also been a necessity and priority. The research intends to focus on the legislative documents which devote the question of valorising the use of ICT in achieving this right. The theoretical-academic penchant is consolidated through systematic normative interpretation and has as pure intent the expansion of knowledge in research in a qualitative and exploratory approach without presenting quantitative data, the aim is to bring to discussion and debate the role, value and capacity of the use of ICT in enforcing a positive right that depends on the state's actions for its implementation. Being certain of the importance of education as a vehicle of promoter of democratic values and for the realization of other public policies, the adequacy of the teaching system to new technological demands arises as a challenge and a Need for which there is still a long way to go, which is the way of the mere documentary consecration by the institutions of the European Union.

В статье сквозь призму истории исследований деятельности Российского общества по изучению Крыма анализируются актуальные тенденции современного развития историографии крымоведения. Критическому анализу подвергаются отдельные исследовательские концепции, демонстрируется тенденциозность ряда публикаций, констатируется значительная напряженность в коллективе крымских историков, намечаются перспективы дальнейших штудий. ; The problem of an objective historiographical coverage of scientific studying history, culture, and science in the Crimea is one of the hottest research topics both for provincial group of historians, and for their colleagues from other regions of the Russian Federation and all former Soviet Union. Scale of the projects, which are carried out by the previous generations of scientists, public organizations and state institutions shows the scrupulous analysis of a huge scientific and creative heritage which can''t be made 'here and now.' In my article, using bibliographical and textual methods, I represent a brief review and an essay on comparative analysis of the Crimean historiographers' researches in Crimean regional studies in history since early 1990s. I show integration of the Crimean historians into scientific space of the Russian Federation considerably shaded problems, which or were deliberately suppressed for a number of years, or were accurately retouched both in certain political reasons, and in rather doubtful corporate interests. This picture reminds in general the state of the Crimean local history movement in the 1920s-1930s, when the term 'Crimean local history' (or 'Crimean regional studies') was used in a scientific context for the first time. Case study of historiography of Russian Society for Study of Crimea (1922-1932; since 1927 was renamed as 'Society for Study of Crimea') allows me to prove that researches have been reviewed are covered adequately all trends and mistakes typical for Crimean regional studies in history in whole. Thus, the most typical problem of contemporary researches is academic unconscientiousness that takes the form of (i) lack of knowledge of archival documents and/or methodology of historical research; (ii) wittingly ideologically biased approach; (iii) substitution of notions; (iv) replacement of scientific argumentation with self-promotion. Since the history and scientific heritage of the Russian Society for Study of Crimea was object of my research interest, it is the obvious fact for me that current trends of a Crimean local history of nowadays has some close parallels with its previous stage including sometimes comical coincidence of characters and roles of several 'characters'. Analysis of real situation in an actual historiography of Crimean regional studies allows me to conclude that researches on the contribution of the Russian Society for Study of Crimea in the development of regional studies in the Crimean Autonomous SSR continue to be promising and knowledge consumptive. However, those researchers who want to create quality work in the field of Crimean regional studies will be forced to pass every time between the Scylla of dilettantism and the Charybdis of the ideological and political preconception.