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AbstractGender scholars have developed a significant body of scholarship on the reproduction of gender inequality in work organizations. However, the vast majority of that research has been conducted in non‐profit organizations or in employer‐owned businesses. In this article, we review the existing literature on gender in worker‐owned businesses. We begin by defining three distinctly different types of worker‐owned businesses: companies with employee stock ownership plans, worker cooperatives, and communes. Next we review the limited research on gender inequality in each of these organizational forms. The current literature finds that women benefit from working in these alternative organizations, but gender disparities nevertheless persist due to occupational segregation and the devaluation of domestic work. Exceptions are those organizations with strong ties to feminism and those with formal power‐sharing policies. Granted the scarcity of research on this topic, however, these conclusions are tentative. We conclude with a discussion of areas for further research.

Des interviews qualitatives de 95 femmes mariées ayant entre 18 et 45 ans ont été menées afin d'étudier les points de vue de ces dernières sur le mariage, les enfants, le travail et les politiques familiales. Nous avons comparé les opinions des femmes plus traditionnelles avec celles des femmes favorisant l'égalité des sexes, et nous avons pu constater que plusieurs idées étaient partagées, notamment sur le mariage et les enfants. Étaient à l'origine de divergences les stratégies familiales régissant l'opportunité du mariage et des naissances ainsi que la priorité accordée aux questions familiales par rapport aux autres aspects de la vie. Ceci nous porte à croire qu'il faut considérer deux éléments lorsqu'il s'agit de mieux comprendre le mariage et la procreation, soit la hiérarchie sexuelle et les points de vue des particuliers sur le roLle des hommes et des femmes dans notre société.Based on open‐ended interviews with 95 married women aged 18 to 45, the authors explore basic orientations toward marriage, children, work and family policy. While women with more traditional gender role orientations are contrasted with those who hold more egalitarian views, there are striking similarities among the women in the sample. In particular, marriage and children are clearly preferred. The differences relate to the family strategies associated with the timing of marriage and births and the priority given to family questions in comparison to other aspects of life. This leads the authors to conclude that both gender structures in society and gender role orientations of individuals are important in understanding marriage and childbearing.

Abstract

Gender ideology has quickly developed as a response to fostering human rights, especially in the case of gender equality. Gender policy thus became a political and ideological instrument that subjects human rights to another contest – a new form of crusade pursued by anti-gender movements which advocate traditional and conservative ideologies against gender equality and gender theories. In this paper, we seek to track and map the recent development of anti-gender movements and their mobilisation. We apply critical discourse analysis to several doctrines of antigenderism in order to understand the global popularity and mass appeal of these movements.

"Written by a host of internationally renowned experts, this substantially revised new edition provides an important overview of gender and feminism today. The 4th edition combines classic and new work, looking at intersectionality, masculinity theory and the environment, whilst offering insightful comparisons of global examples. "--

Discrimination has been documented against women in Muslim-majority countries. Constitutions differ among Muslim-majority countries. By using women's rights indicators and exploiting cross-country variation, we find that discrimination against women is more pronounced in countries where Islam is the source of legislation. Constitutions changed in only four Muslim-majority countries since 1980. We discuss anecdotal evidence to what extent women's rights changed as a consequence of new constitutions. Empirical studies should thus distinguish between types of Muslim-majority countries.

Based on interviews with female combat soldiers, we explore what role conceptions of femininity and masculinity play for female Danish combat soldiers' experiences and behaviour in the military community. We find that female combat soldiers' status and ability to fulfil their potential as soldiers are determined by their capability to navigate expectations linked to their gender and their position as soldiers, respectively. Female combat soldiers must break down negative expectations linked to their gender while simultaneously and continuously navigating the limitations of forms of femininity accepted in the Danish Military.

This review essay asserts that Aaron Kamugisha's 2019 Beyond Coloniality: Citizenship and Freedom in the Caribbean Intellectual Tradition, for all its brilliance, does not do justice to the thought of C. L. R. James, especially in relation to gender. After claiming that Kamugisha mostly misses the emancipatory and at times radical aspects of James's feminist thinking, which was developed most fully during his years in the United States (1938–52), the author allows that the omission appears to be not deliberate but an unintended consequence of Kamugisha's faithful following of the dominant North Atlantic interpretation of the "American James." In particular, the author sees Kamugisha as seeming to accept without question the hegemonic Americanist assumption that James took a romantic excursion in the United States, and thus Beyond Coloniality neglects the deeply gendered analysis at the heart of James's 1950 manuscript that eventually found publication in 1993 as American Civilization. Although James certainly never got out of "gender jail" in his lifetime, American Civilization betrayed his hopeful vision of escape. This essay proposes to Kamugisha that a careful and independent reading of this text could have revealed James as a far more sophisticated failure than the virtually helpless figure drawn in Beyond Coloniality.

Gender Responsive Budget (GRB)-Initiativen setzen an dem Kritikpunkt an, dass die öffentlichen Haushalte die unterschiedlichen Rollen, Verantwortlichkeiten und Potenziale von Frauen und Männern und die verschiedenartigen Auswirkungen der Politik auf die Geschlechter nicht berücksichtigen. Eine solche geschlechtersensible Kritik an öffentlichen Budgets gibt es im internationalen Rahmen bereits seit 1984. Als ersten Schritt zur Veränderung einer Frauen benachteiligenden budgetären Allokation empfehlen GRB-Initiativen Budgetinzidenzanalysen. Gefragt werden soll, wer staatliche Leistungen empfängt (Ausgabeninzidenz), wer in welchem Maße über Steuern und Abgaben zum öffentlichen Haushalt beiträgt (Einnahmeninzidenz) und wer per Saldo öffentliche Leistungen zahlt und bezieht (Budgetinzidenz). Die Sparpolitik in der Bundesrepublik setzt dagegen mit ihrer Devise "Ausgabenkürzung ohne Aufgabenkürzung" wie selbstverständlich weiterhin auf die weiblich geprägte unbezahlte Arbeit. Das Potenzial des GBR-Ansatzes liegt gerade darin, frauenorientierte Politik von den Rändern (Sozial- und Kulturszene) ins Zentrum der politischen Macht, in den Bereich von Haushalt und Steuern zu verlagern. (ICE2)

In this groundbreaking book, thirty authors highlight how our experiences are shaped by a deeply entrenched gender binary. Nuanced storytellers break away from mainstream portrayals of gender diversity, cutting across lines of age, race, ethnicity, ability, class, religion, family, and relationships.

In an important contribution to postcolonial, gender, and Eurasian ethnic studies, Madina Tlostanova examines Central Asia and the Caucasus to trace the genealogy of feminism in those regions following the dissolution of the USSR. The forms it takes, she finds, resist interpretation through the lenses of both Western feminist theory and woman of color feminism. Tlostanova argues that Eurasian borderland feminism must chart a third path sensitive to the region's own unique past.

Die Autorin versucht im vorliegenden Beitrag, die Bundeswehr nach der Wende im Kontext von race, class und gender im nationalen und internationalen Zusammenhang zu beleuchten. Zunächst geht es um die Folgen der deutschen Einheit für die Funktion und Legitimation der Bundeswehr. Der zweite Schritt beschäftigt sich mit Sexismus und Bundeswehr, wobei es der Autorin primär um die Funktion des Sexismus und erst in zweiter Linie um seine Erscheinungsformen geht. Im dritten Schritt wird die Kategorie Rasse erörtert und die Funktion von ethnischen Hierarchisierungen im Militär und für die Militarisierungsstrategien erläutert. Abschließend wird versucht zu zeigen, auf welche Weise diese Dominanz- und Abgrenzungsstrategien insgesamt auch gegeneinander militärisch funktionalisiert werden (können). Insgesamt fungiert die Bundeswehr eher als eine Einrichtung, die den hierarchischen Geschlechterdualismus und ethnozentristische Orientierungen radikalisiert. (ICA)

This book investigates masculinity/ies in relation to world politics. Explaining the gender is both an asymmetrical binary and a hierarchy, the book shows how masculinization works via 'nested hierarchies' of domination and subordination and explores the imbrication of masculinities with the nation-state and great power politics.

Gender is now recognized as a fundamental organizing principle for economic as well as social life, and related research has grown at an unprecedented pace in the recent decades across branches of economics. This volume takes stock of this research, proposes novel analytical frameworks and outlines further research directions

The article deals with gender inequality in the economic, political and social spheres of Ukraine and the key reasons for gender imbalance in the observation and realization of gender rights. The topicality of the article is predetermined by the necessity of the systemic solution to the problem of gender equality in Ukraine that is declared in the country's constitution as the pivotal principle of safeguarding legal rights and freedoms of people in a democratic state.The authors have made an analysis of the Ukrainian norms and laws in force as well as some ratified international treaties in the sphere of gender equality insurance. The current state of realization of the main directions of social policy of Ukraine in the sphere of gender equality has been determined on the basis of the World Economic Forum and in particular the analysis of the index of gender discrepancy in certain spheres of human activity as well as the gender monitoring of the representation of candidates in the special election of people's deputies of Ukraine in 2014 and 2019. The impact of gender discrimination against women on the social economic development of the world countries and their national wealth level has been considered.The study has allowed revealing a positive tendency in the realization of women's right to participate and be represented in the economic and political spheres of Ukrainian activity and offering further necessary state measures in the social policy pertaining to the eradication of gender asymmetry in the Ukrainian society. The need of redirecting the government gender policy to more effective measures for overcoming gender inequality, gender segregation and multiple forms of discrimination against women under the conditions of the severe economic, political and social upheavals in Ukraine has been pointed to. The authors have come to the conclusion that the development of the political and juridical concept of eradication of gender discrimination against women in Ukraine is the pledge of sustainable development ...