Suchergebnisse

The concept of reciprocity is ambiguous. A distinction should be made between specific and diffuse reciprocity, which have different virtues and liabilities. Neither provides a perfect formula for mutually beneficial cooperation in international relations. Certain institutional innovations, particularly in international trade, can be understood as ways to capture some of the benefits of each while guarding against their distinctive liabilities. (Original abstract--Amended)

Zwischen 2010 und dem Ausbruch der Covid-19-Pandemie wurden in der europäischen Öffentlichkeit wenige Themen so kontrovers diskutiert wie die Verhandlungen um TTIP und CETA. Die in diesen Freihandelsabkommen vorgesehenen Investitionskapitel gehörten zu den umstrittensten Themen in der öffentlichen Diskussion. Nachdem die Verhandlungen um TTIP vorerst gescheitert waren, konnten die Verhandlungen um CETA zwischen der EU und Kanada erfolgreich abgeschlossen werden.Dieses Freihandels- und Investitionsabkommens hat das Potenzial, den internationalen Investitionsschutz der Zukunft massiv zu prägen und neue Standards in diesem Bereich des internationalen Wirtschaftsrechts vorzugeben. Potenziell gilt dies auch für andere megaregionale Abkommen wie CPTPP und RCEP. Die Beschränkung staatlicher Souveränität ist sowohl im Zusammenhang mit megaregionalen Freihandels- und Investitionsabkommen als auch im klassischen Investitionsrecht oft Gegenstand von Kritik.Mit der vorliegenden Untersuchung wird analysiert, inwiefern Kritik in Bezug auf eine unverhältnismäßige Einschränkung staatlicher Souveränität durch das internationale Investitionsrecht tatsächlich angebracht ist.Ein Schwerpunkt wird auf die Investitionskapitel der jüngsten megaregionalen Freihandels- und Investitionsabkommen gelegt. Dazu werden die derzeitigen Schwächen des internationalen Investitionsrechts behandelt, um anschließend auf mögliche Lösungsansätze einzugehen, die zum Teil bereits umgesetzt werden.Weiterführend wird untersucht, welche Perspektiven und Chancen sich durch Investitionskapitel in megaregionalen Freihandelsabkommen ergeben und vorangetrieben werden können

Zwischen 2010 und dem Ausbruch der Covid-19-Pandemie wurden in der europäischen Öffentlichkeit wenige Themen so kontrovers diskutiert wie die Verhandlungen um TTIP und CETA. Die in diesen Freihandelsabkommen vorgesehenen Investitionskapitel gehörten zu den umstrittensten Themen in der öffentlichen Diskussion. Nachdem die Verhandlungen um TTIP vorerst gescheitert waren, konnten die Verhandlungen um CETA zwischen der EU und Kanada erfolgreich abgeschlossen werden.Dieses Freihandels- und Investitionsabkommens hat das Potenzial, den internationalen Investitionsschutz der Zukunft massiv zu prägen und neue Standards in diesem Bereich des internationalen Wirtschaftsrechts vorzugeben. Potenziell gilt dies auch für andere megaregionale Abkommen wie CPTPP und RCEP. Die Beschränkung staatlicher Souveränität ist sowohl im Zusammenhang mit megaregionalen Freihandels- und Investitionsabkommen als auch im klassischen Investitionsrecht oft Gegenstand von Kritik.Mit der vorliegenden Untersuchung wird analysiert, inwiefern Kritik in Bezug auf eine unverhältnismäßige Einschränkung staatlicher Souveränität durch das internationale Investitionsrecht tatsächlich angebracht ist.Ein Schwerpunkt wird auf die Investitionskapitel der jüngsten megaregionalen Freihandels- und Investitionsabkommen gelegt. Dazu werden die derzeitigen Schwächen des internationalen Investitionsrechts behandelt, um anschließend auf mögliche Lösungsansätze einzugehen, die zum Teil bereits umgesetzt werden.Weiterführend wird untersucht, welche Perspektiven und Chancen sich durch Investitionskapitel in megaregionalen Freihandelsabkommen ergeben und vorangetrieben werden können

Verzeichnis von ca. 5600 personen-, institutionen- und produktbezogenen Adreßbüchern, Ortsnamensverzeichnissen, Almanachen, biographischen Nachschlagewerken, Staatshandbüchern u.ä.; da ein Sachregister fehlt ist der Zugang trotz ausführlicher Feingliederung etwas mühsam. (SWP-Hck)

Um die ökologische Effektivität der im Juni 1992 vereinbarten Klimarahmenkonvention und ihrer zukünftige Protokolle sicherzustellen, ist eine Kontrolle der Vertragstreue der Vertragsparteien (Verifikation) nötig. Eine wirksame Verifikation i. e. S. ist aber in dem sich abzeichnenden Klimaregime gegenwärtig und wahrscheinlich auf absehbare Zeit nicht durchzusetzen. Die Hindernisse einer wirksamen Vertragsüberprüfung sind erstens die mangelnde Verifikationseignung der meisten Verifikationsobjekte und zweitens die mangelnde Akzeptanz durch die Vertragsparteien. Ausgangsthese der vorliegenden Analyse ist, daß die unzureichende Akzeptanz als Hindernis von Klimaverifikation durch eine Vorbereitung von Verifikation in den bereits arbeitenden Umweltmeßnetzen umgangen werden kann. Es gibt mehrere Umweltbeobachtungsmeßnetze, die sich mit den Medien Luft und Atmosphäre befassen. Sie sind in ihrer gegenwärtige Gestalt nicht für die Übernahme von Verifikationsaufgaben in der Klimapolitik geeignet. Einzelne Elemente hingegen sind durchaus brauchbar, andere müssen modifiziert oder ausgebaut werden. $\textbf{Technische, organisatorische und wirtschaftliche Aspekte}$ Die $\textbf{Nutzung bestehender LuftmeBnetze spart Ressourcen}$. Denn es kann auf bestehende Einrichtungen sowie auf vorhandene Arbeitskraft und Expertise in Internationalen Organisationen zurückgegriffen werden. Damit werden laufende Kosten und Investitionskosten gespart. Außerdem ist in dem Maße, in dem bestehende Einrichtungen schon genutzt werden können, Zeit gewonnen, die sonst die Anlaufphase von Meßsystemen kennzeichnet. [.]

This comment will demonstrate how discrepancies among product li- ability standards and different interpretations of their application have cre- ated fear and uncertainty in the pharmaceutical industry. This fear has caused distortions in the market, increased costs for both manufacturers and consumers, and chilled the research and development of new products. To combat these problems, this comment proposes that the United States, the European Union, and Japan work together to create a new international, uniform system of product liability for pharmaceutical products. Harmo- nizing the standard of liability for pharmaceuticals among these regimes has proven inadequate to stop inconsistency and uncertainty. This comment proposes the creation of an International Drug Administration (IDA), com- prised of members from different countries that would serve as an interna- tional regulatory agency promulgating registration and development requirements for new drugs on the international market. A special subset of the IDA would serve as an administrative tribunal for liability cases. The IDA tribunal would provide a uniform system of product liability, compen- sating consumers for injury but not punishing manufacturers without fault. Part II of this comment will introduce the current liability standards for pharmaceutical products in the United States, the European Union, and Ja- pan, and will explain how these standards developed and how they differ from each other. Part I will then illustrate how these differences translate into uncertainty and how that uncertainty negatively affects the pharmaceu- tical market. Part IV will introduce the concept of international regulation of the pharmaceutical industry through an IDA. Finally, Part V will explain how this IDA would act as an administrative tribunal for pharmaceutical product liability claims. This system would eliminate inconsistency and uncertainty in product liability and provide a better, more uniform system of product liability for the pharmaceutical industry.

The first comprehensive examination of restraint in international politics, considered across a range of psychological, social, political, and institutional contexts as a political process, device, and strategy. Surveying how restraint has been understood in international relations and political theory, with focus given to Aristotle and Machiavelli, Steele utilises Carl Jung's theories of complexes and the libido to broaden the conceptual definition of restraint as a phenomenon that is not only individual and inward-looking, but also relational and societal. Exploring its development, uses, expressions and challenges through history and in contemporary times, this book analyses the politics of restraint in processes of security, political economy, foreign policy and global public health. Situating restraint alongside similar concepts such as moderation, containment, and constraint, Steele asks against what, and from what, are we restraining ourselves, who authorizes restraint, and what are the risks and rewards (both ethical and practical). Steele concludes with a balanced political and normative argument for restraint going forward.

From gunboats to BITs : the evolution of modern international investment law / O. Thomas Johnson, Jr. and Jonathan Gimblett -- Report on manufactures (1791)(excerpt) / Alexander Hamilton -- The defence (1795)(Nos. XIII (excerpt), XIV, XV, XVIII, XIX, XX, XXI, XXII, and XXXVI) / Alexander Hamilton -- Third annual message (1903)(excerpt) / Theodore Roosevelt -- The basis of protection to citizens residing abroad / Elihu Root -- Address before the Pan American Conference on Arbitration and Conciliation (1928) / Calvin Coolidge -- The Hull Formula (1938) / exchange of letters between Cordell Hull and the Mexican government -- Special message to the Congress recommending point 4 legislation (1949) / Harry. S. Truman -- Annual address (World Bank) (1963)(excerpt) / George D. Woods --Statement announcing United States policy on economic assistance and investment security in developing nations (1972) / Richard M. Nixon -- Fourth annual report to the Congress on United States Foreign Policy (1973) / Richard M. Nixon -- Statement on international investment policy (1983) / Ronald Reagan -- Statement on international trade and investment policy (2007) / George W. Bush -- Statement by the president on United States commitment to open investment policy (2011) / Barack Obama -- U.S. Inbound foreign direct investment (2011) / Executive Office of the President, Council of Economic Advisers -- The definitive Treaty of Peace (1783) / the Government of the United States of America -- Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation between Great Britain and the United States (Jay Treaty) (concluded 1794; entered into force 1796) / the government of the United States of America and Great Britain -- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Rights (1923)(excerpts) / the government of the United States of America and Germany -- Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1953) / the government of the United States of America and Japan -- Treaty with Argentina concerning the reciprocal encouragement and protection of investment (including message of the President of the United States transmitting the treaty to the Senate) / the government of the United States of America and Argentina -- North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (1994)(excerpts and Chapter 11) / the government of Canada, the government of the United Mexican States and the government of the United States of America -- U.S. Model Bilateral Investment Treaty (2004) / the government of the United States of America -- United States-Peru Trade Promotion Treaty (environmental and labor side agreements) (signed 2006; entered into force 2009) / the government of the United States of America and Peru -- U.S. Model Bilateral Investment Treaty (2012) / the government of the United States of America -- Limitations on coercive protection / Edwin Borchard -- The "minimum standard" of the treatment of aliens / Edwin Borchard -- Property-protection provisions in United States commercial treaties / Robert R. Wilson -- Treaties for the encouragement and protection of foreign investment : present United States practice / Herman Walker, Jr. -- Responsibility of states for injuries to the economic interests of aliens / Louis B. Sohn and R.R. Baxter -- What constitutes a taking of property under international law?/ G.C. Christie -- "Constructive takings" under international law : a modest foray into the problem of "creeping expropriation" / Burns H. Weston -- The charter of economic rights and duties of states and the deprivation of foreign-owned wealth / Burns H. Weston -- The breakdown of the control mechanism in ICSID arbitration / W. Michael Reisman -- Arbitration without privity / Jan Paulsson -- Investment liberalization and economic development : the role of bilateral investment treaties / Kenneth J. Vandevelde -- Why LDCs sign treaties that hurt them : explaining the popularity of bilateral investment treaties / Andrew T. Guzman -- The once and future foreign investment regime / Jose E. Alvarez -- Public vs. private enforcement of international economic law : of standing and remedy / Alan O. Sykes -- Do BITs really work : an evaluation of bilateral investment treaties and their grand bargain / Jeswald W. Salacuse & Nicholas P. Sullivan -- Empirically evaluating claims about investment treaty arbitration / Susan D. Franck -- Investor-state arbitration as governance : fair and equitable treatment, proportionality, and the emerging global administrative law / Benedict Kingsbury and Stephan Schill

The global economy has in recent years been characterized among other things by large imbalances between countries and regions, capital flow volatility, and large reserve accumulation by several countries, in some cases well beyond any reasonable measure of reserve adequacy. The global imbalances were most clearly reflected in large current account deficits in the US and large current account surpluses in many emerging market economies in Asia and elsewhere. The surpluses were in at least some cases the result of aggressive export oriented policies and limited exchange rate flexibility. Persistent large imbalances are themselves a potential source of disruptive developments, and the policies of the largest reserve accumulators are likely to have played a role in creating the conditions that brought about the global financial crisis. The report of a high level EU group of experts concluded among other things that ―credit expansion in the US was financed by massive capital inflows from the major emerging countries with external surpluses, notably China. By pegging their currencies to the dollar, China and other economies such as Saudi Arabia in practice imported loose US monetary policy, thus allowing global imbalances to build up. Current account surpluses in these countries were recycled into US government securities and other lower-risk assets, depressing their yields and encouraging other investors to search for higher yields from more risky assets. In this environment of plentiful liquidity and low returns, investors actively sought higher yields and went searching for opportunities. Risk became mis-priced.

The global economy has in recent years been characterized among other things by large imbalances between countries and regions, capital flow volatility, and large reserve accumulation by several countries, in some cases well beyond any reasonable measure of reserve adequacy. The global imbalances were most clearly reflected in large current account deficits in the US and large current account surpluses in many emerging market economies in Asia and elsewhere. The surpluses were in at least some cases the result of aggressive export oriented policies and limited exchange rate flexibility. Persistent large imbalances are themselves a potential source of disruptive developments, and the policies of the largest reserve accumulators are likely to have played a role in creating the conditions that brought about the global financial crisis. The report of a high level EU group of experts concluded among other things that -credit expansion in the US was financed by massive capital inflows from the major emerging countries with external surpluses, notably China. By pegging their currencies to the dollar, China and other economies such as Saudi Arabia in practice imported loose US monetary policy, thus allowing global imbalances to build up. Current account surpluses in these countries were recycled into US government securities and other lower-risk assets, depressing their yields and encouraging other investors to search for higher yields from more risky assets. In this environment of plentiful liquidity and low returns, investors actively sought higher yields and went searching for opportunities. Risk became mis-priced.