Suchergebnisse

Part I. Waste management: Innovation and Quality -- Chapter 1. Development of an innovative controlled drying technology for the recovery of waste from the wine chain in a circular-economy perspective -- Chapter 2. Reduction of food waste and donations of surplus food in retail stores: A survey proposal -- Chapter 3. Enhancement of waste from the agri-food chain as innovative ingredients for the formulation of functional foods and their impact in chronic kidney disease -- Part II. Waste management: Circular economy and sustainability -- Chapter 4. The study of variables that influence the implementation of a waste cycle tracking system: a literature review -- Chapter 5. Quantification of fugitive methane emissions from landfills: an open issue -- Chapter 6. Sustainable organic waste management in small communities: evidence from life cycle-based evaluations -- Chapter 7. Valorisation of by-product and industry waste for date palm fruit by recovering bioactive molecules and possible applications: a circular economy model -- Chapter 8. Valorisation of pomegranate waste and by-products for new models of circular economy -- Chapter 9. Carbon, Water and Energy Footprint. A sustainability assessment for fruit & vegetable losses in Italy -- Chapter 10. Green technologies and LCA for the analysis of bioactive compounds in wheat husk: an integrated study for sustainability assessment -- Chapter 11. Modelling the leather industry waste from the circular economy perspective. A depth-review -- Chapter 12. Application of the MFA methodology for the analysis of paper and cardboard waste in Italy and a focus on the waste management in Apulia -- Chapter 13. Material Flow Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment in a Regional Circular Economy Scenario -- Chapter 14. Closing the cycle by reusing treated wastewater: the role of Prato in the European debate on Circular Economy -- Part III. Circular economy and sustainability issues in several sectors: Energy.-Chapter 15. Natural gas supply in Italy: analysis and perspectives -- Chapter 16. The agro-photovoltaic sector as a possible implementation tool in Sicilian energy transition -- Chapter 17. Redevelopment of industrial brownfields through green hydrogen: evolution and criticalities -- Chapter 18. Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Costing of a unitized regenerative fuel cell stack: a preliminary study -- Part IV. Circular economy and sustainability issues in several sectors: Leather and textile -- Chapter 19. A Hypothesis of a Lean Warehouse Design for an Italian Textile-Apparel Company -- Chapter 20. Textile industry between past and future in the in the New Museum of Commodity Science -- Chapter 21. Production and consumption trends in the European textile sector and main sustainability challenges -- Chapter 22. The future of the Italian tanning industry considering the recent geopolitical crisis -- Chapter 23. Risk assessment and life cycle approach to optimize the sustainability performance of leather products -- Chapter 24. A combined economic-environmental assessment of an innovative chemical formulation for waterproofing applications in the leather manufacturing industry -- Part V. Circular economy and sustainability issues in several sectors: Mobility, Logistics and Transports -- Chapter 25. Mobility Environmental Profile in the Framework of a Research Project: The "CRESTING" Case -- Chapter 26. University students and mobility. A sustainability analysis -- Chapter 27. Life Cycle Costing in the maritime sector: the case of the extraordinary maintenance of a Roll-on/Roll-off ferry -- Chapter 28. The last-mile delivery process from a life cycle perspective -- Part VI. Circular economy and sustainability issues in several sectors: Technical materials and products -- Chapter 29. Concerns deriving from the sand business and potential substitutes for a sustainable construction sector -- Chapter 30. Reshoring and nearshoring of resources towards making the manufacturing chain of the Italian ceramic industry more resilient and sustainable -- Chapter 31. Definition of indicators relating to the extraction of minerals used in the ceramic sector for LCA -- Chapter 32. Personal Protective Equipment recycling scenarios for the production of reinforced bituminous conglomerates -- Chapter 33. Environmental performance and efficiency in the semiconductor fabrication sector -- Chapter 34. The recovery of materials and management at the end-of-life of ships. Models and strategies for a Critical Raw Materials Circular Market in Europe -- Part VII. Quality, circular economy, and sustainability: a miscellaneous of general facts -- Chapter 35. Entropic Limits of Circular Economy -- Chapter 36. Circular Bioeconomy: An analysis of operational principles and limits -- Chapter 37. Comparison and Contrast between Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Social Innovation -- Chapter 38. Transition to Social Organizational Life Cycle Assessment: connections with social responsibility tools -- Chapter 39. A new approach to improve sustainability: the role of Organizational Life Cycle Assessment (O-LCA) -- Chapter 40. The proposal for the new Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD): towards better environmental data in sustainability reporting -- Chapter 41. ESG indicators and SME: towards a simplified framework for sustainability reporting -- Chapter 42. Women entrepreneurship and new business models for a quality production of Aloe Vera in Jordan -- Chapter 43. Sustainability standards and certifications for the healthcare sector: A literature review on social, economic, and environmental indicators -- Chapter 44. ISO 9001 certification of the Specialization Schools of the Health Area of the University of Padova -- Chapter 45. European University Alliances and good quality assurance practice -- Chapter 46. The inclusion of gender diversity in Italian universities: main priorities and critical issues -- Chapter 47. Patent box as a tax relief tool for companies operating in circular economy context -- Chapter 48. Industrial symbiosis in Sicily: perspectives and criticalities .

The article provides a comprehensive critical analysis of key issues that are deeply salient to an examination of the relationship of Latinos, education and the Church. The status of Latinos and their educational participation in the United States is systematically presented through a critical theoretical lens that brings questions of historical, political, and economic inequalities and their consequences to the center of this interpretive interrogation. With this foundational piece in place, the article moves to the concept of cultural democracy as an important philosophical principle in our work to transform the education of Latino children within Catholic schools and beyond. The role and responsibility of the Church is linked here to proclamations offered by Pope Francis toward revolutionizing the labor of the Catholic Church and Catholic education in an effort to more effectively engage with the pedagogical needs of Latino communities. Moreover, the discussion employs a much needed critical philosophical lens that defies the presentation of recipes or prescriptions for how emancipatory education will look when achieved, but rather invites Catholic educators, scholars, and the leadership of the Church into deeper reflection and consideration of the culturally democratic dimension that must be integrated into Catholic Social Teaching, if we are to genuinely achieve the necessary structural changes required to ensure educational justice for all Latino students. Latinos, educación e Iglesia: hacia un futuro culturalmente democrático El presente artículo provee un análisis crítico comprensivo de los problemas clave en el examen de la relación entre latinos, educación e Iglesia. El estatus de los latinos y su participación educativa en los Estados Unidos se presenta sistemáticamente a través de un lente crítico teórico que pone sobre la mesa preguntas acerca de desigualdades históricas, políticas y económicas así como también sus consecuencias en el centro de la cuestión interpretativa. Con esta pieza fundacional colocada, el artículo pasa al concepto de democracia cultural en tanto que principio filosófico importante en nuestro trabajo para transformar la educación de los niños latinos en las escuelas católicas y más allá de estas. El papel y la responsabilidad de la Iglesia están vinculados a las proclamaciones pronunciadas por el Papa Francisco referentes a la revolución de la labor de la Iglesia Católica y la educación católica en un esfuerzo por participar de manera efectiva en las necesidades pedagógicas de las comunidades latinas. Más aún, la discusión emplea un lente crítico filosófico ampliamente necesario que desafía la presentación de recetas o soluciones sobre cómo será la educación emancipadora una vez alcanzada, por lo que también invita a los educadores católicos, académicos y al liderazgo de la Iglesia a una reflexión profunda y a tomar en consideración la dimensión culturalmente democrática que debe integrarse en la enseñanza social católica, si pretendemos conseguir los cambios estructurales imprescindibles para asegurar justicia educativa para todos los estudiantes latinos. Les Latino-américains, l'enseignement et l'Église : vers un avenir culturellement démocratique Cet article présente une analyse critique complète des questions cruciales qui se détachent fortement lorsque l'on examine les relations entre les Latino-américains, l'enseignement et l'Église. Le statut des Latinos et leur participation au système éducatif des États-Unis sont systématiquement présentés sous le prisme d'une théorie critique qui soulève des questions liées aux inégalités historiques, politiques et économiques et leurs incidences, et les place au centre de cette interrogation interprétative. Une fois établi ce point fondamental, l'article traite du concept de démocratie culturelle constituant un important principe philosophique du travail que nous accomplissons pour transformer l'enseignement des enfants latino-américains dans les écoles catholiques et ailleurs. Le rôle et la responsabilité de l'Église sont ici liés aux proclamations du pape François visant à révolutionner l'œuvre de l'Église et de l'enseignement catholiques en s'efforçant de mieux s'adapter aux besoins pédagogiques des communautés latino-américaines. D'autre part, l'exposé part d'une optique philosophique critique bien nécessaire qui s'oppose à la présentation de recettes ou de recommandations sur l'aspect que prendra, après sa réalisation, un enseignement qui apporte l'émancipation. Il invite plutôt les éducateurs, penseurs et responsables catholiques de l'Église à réfléchir davantage et à examiner en profondeur la dimension culturellement démocratique que la doctrine sociale catholique doit intégrer si nous voulons véritablement faire aboutir les changements structurels nécessaires pour que tous les élèves latino-américains reçoivent un enseignement basé sur la justice.

Surveillance for emergency events involving hazardous substances--United States, 1990-1992: "Problem/Condition: A review of existing reporting systems indicated that not enough information was being collected to determine the public health consequences of emergency events involving hazardous substances. Reporting Period Covered: January 1990 through December 1992. Description of System: State health departments in selected states collect and each quarter transmit information about the events, substances released, and the public health consequences of hazardous substance releases (i.e., morbidity, mortality, and evacuations) to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Five state health departments (Colorado, Iowa, Michigan, New Hampshire, and Wisconsin) began data collection on January 1, 1990. On January 1, 1992, the reporting state health departments included those from Colorado, Iowa, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Rhode Island, Washington, and Wisconsin. Results and Interpretation: During 1990-1992, 3,125 events were reported from participating states to ATSDR's Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) system. Of these events, 2,391 (77%) were fixed-facility events (i.e., occurred at stationary facilities), and 723 (23%) were transportation related. In 88% of events, a single chemical was released. The most frequently released hazardous substances were volatile organic compounds (18% of the total 4,034 substances released), herbicides (15%), acids (14%), and ammonias (11%). In 467 events (15% of all events), 1,446 persons were injured; 11 persons died as a result of these injuries. Respiratory irritation (37%) and eye irritation (23%) were the most frequently reported health effects. A total of 457 (15%) events resulted in evacuations; of these, 400 (88%) were ordered by an official (e.g., a police officer or firefighter" - p. 1 ; Dengue surveillance--United States, 1986-1992: "Problem/Condition: Dengue is an acute, mosquito-transmitted viral disease characterized by fever, headache, arthralgia, myalgia, rash, nausea, and vomiting. The worldwide incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) increased from the mid-1970s through 1992. Although dengue is not endemic to the 50 United States, it presents a risk to U.S. residents who visit dengue-endemic areas. Reporting Period Covered: 1986-1992. Description of System: Dengue surveillance in the 50 United States and the U.S. Virgin Islands relies on provider-initiated reports to state health departments. State health departments then submit clinical information and serum samples to CDC for diagnostic confirmation of disease among U.S. residents who become ill during or after travel to dengue-endemic areas and among residents of the U.S. Virgin Islands. In Puerto Rico, an active, laboratory-based surveillance program receives serum specimens from ambulatory and hospitalized patients throughout the island, clinical reports on hospitalized cases, and copies of death certificates that list dengue as a cause of death. Laboratory diagnosis relies on virus isolation or serologic diagnosis of disease (i.e., IgM or IgG antibodies against dengue viruses). Results: In 1986, the first indigenous transmission of dengue in the United States in 6 years occurred in Texas; from the time of that incident through 1992, however, no further endemic transmission was reported. During 1986-1992, CDC processed serum samples from 788 residents of 47 states and the District of Columbia. Among these 788 residents, 157 (20%) cases of dengue were diagnosed serologically or virologically. Of the 157 patients, 71 (45%) had visited Latin America or the Caribbean; 63 (40%), Asia and the Pacific; seven (4%), Africa; and nine (6%), several continents. All four dengue virus serotypes (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4) were isolated from travelers to Asia and the Pacific; however, travelers to the Americas acquired infections with only DEN-1, DEN-2, or DEN-4. Even though the number of laboratory-diagnosed dengue infections among travelers was small, severe and fatal disease was documented. In the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico, three serotypes (DEN-1, DEN-2, and DEN-4) circulated during 1986-1992. In Puerto Rico, disease transmission was characterized by a cyclical pattern, with peaks in incidence occurring during months with higher temperatures and humidity (usually from September through November). The highest incidence of laboratory-diagnosed disease (1.2 cases per 1,000 population) occurred among persons < 30 years of age; rates were similar for males and females." - p. 7 ; Surveillance for emergency events involving hazardous substances--United States, 1990-1992 / -- Dengue surveillance--United States, 1986-1992 / JoseÌ? G. Rigau-PeÌ?rez, Duane J. Gubler, A.Vance Vorndam, Gary G. Clark, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases ; "July 22, 1994." ; Also available via the World Wide Web. ; Includes bibliographical references.

Rintasyöpä on maailmanlaajuisesti naisten yleisin syöpätauti ja valtava kansanterveydellinen haaste. Vaikka rintasyövän syistä on tehty paljon tutkimusta, harvassa ovat isoihin aineistoihin perustuvat tutkimukset, joissa olisi kyetty selvittämään monien riskitekijöiden itsenäisiä vaikutuksia yhtä aikaa. Tämä väitöskirjakokonaisuus pyrkii konkretisoimaan, miten rintasyövän syitä on selvitettävissä eritasoisin tyypillisin tutkimusasetelmin. Tutkimus I etsii vihjeitä etiologisista syistä epäsuorien riski-indikaattoreiden avulla, mikä on tyypillistä tilanteissa, joissa yksilötason tietoja suorista riskitekijöistä ei ole saatavilla. Tutkimus II on esimerkki tilanteesta, jossa keskitytään yhden tekijän yhteyteen rintasyöpäriskiin. Tutkimus III puolestaan hyödyntää tietoja useista potentiaalisia riskitekijöistä mutta rajoittuu poikkeukselliseen väestöosaan eikä siten välttämättä tarjoa koko väestöön yleistettävissä olevia tuloksia. Tutkimus IV on viimein esimerkki asetelmasta, jossa on onnistuttu kokoamaan suomalaisista rekistereistä yksilötason tietoa useimmista rintasyövän keskeisistä riskitekijöistä ja selvittämään niiden itsenäiset vaikutukset tavalla, joka tuottaa väestökattavia ja jopa maailmanlaajuisiksi yleistettäviä tuloksia asioista, joita kukaan ei ole aiemmin pystynyt konkretisoimaan vastaavalla tavalla. Tutkimuksessa I tarkasteltiin rintasyöpäpotilaiden kuolleisuutta muihin syihin kuin rintasyöpään itseensä. Havaittiin lisääntynyttä kuolleisuutta verenkiertoelinten tauteihin samoin kuin maha-, keuhko- ja munasarjasyöpään. Pääasiallinen selitys näille havainnoille on, että rintasyövällä ja lisääntyneeseen kuolleisuuteen johtavilla taudeilla on samoja riskitekijöitä, esimerkiksi alkoholi, tupakointi ja hormonaaliset seikat. Rintasyövän riskiä lisäävät geenimutaatiot suurentavat todennäköisesti myös sydämen toimintahäiriöiden ja mahasyövän riskiä. Tutkimus II perustuu yhteispohjoismaisen NOCCA (Nordic Occupational Cancer) -tutkimuksen 7,5 miljoonan naisen aineistoon ja tarkastelee rintasyövän ilmaantuvuuden vaihtelua ammattiryhmien välillä. Sairastuvuus oli suurta sotilastyössä, hammaslääkäreillä ja lääkäreillä ja pienintä maanviljelys- ja puutyöammateissa. Riskivaihtelu oli samansuuntaista rintasyövän tärkeimmissä histologisissa alalajeissa, duktaalisessa ja lobulaarisessa rintasyövässä. Yleensä ammattien rintasyöpäriski pysyi samantasoisena väestön keskiarvoon verrattuna koko 45-vuotisen tarkastelujakson ajan, mutta esimerkiksi laboratoriotyöntekijöillä havaittiin riskin kohoaminen vasta jakson viimeisellä kolmanneksella. Tutkimuksessa III aineistona olivat vähintään viisi lasta synnyttäneet suomalaisnaiset, joita oli runsaat 47 000. Tutkimus selvitti synnytysten välisten ajanjaksojen pituuden merkitystä rintasyövän riskiin. Tiheät synnytykset pienensivät lobulaarisen rintasyövän riskiä mutta lisäsivät duktaalisen syövän riskiä. Tutkimus IV käytti aineistonaan vuosien 1994–2013 rintasyöpäpotilaita, joita oli reilut 19 000, ja heille poimittuja väestöverrokkeja, joita oli runsaat 96 000. Tutkimushenkilöille haettiin tiedot lasten synnytyksistä, vaihdevuosien hormonihoidoista, sosioekonomisesta asemasta ja ammattihistoriasta, ja selvitettiin monimuuttuja-analyysin keinoin rintasyövän vaaraan vaikuttavien tekijöiden riskikertoimet. Korkea sosioekonominen asema ja istumatyö lisäsivät riskiä. Vaihdevuosien hormonihoitoa saaneilla naisilla rintasyöpää todettiin tavanomaista useammin. Yli viisi vuotta kestänyt hormonihoito, joka sisälsi estradiolin ohella myös keltarauhashormia, yli kaksinkertaisti todettujen rintasyöpien määrän. Hormonikierukka lisäsi kaikentyyppisten rintasyöpien riskiä. Tutkimus IV onnistui myös mallintamaan synnytyksiin liittyvän rintasyövän ns. kaksoisvaikutusteorian, jonka mukaan välittömästi kunkin synnytyksen jälkeen riski kohoaa mutta ajan myötä synnytykset tuottavat suojavaikutuksen. Ensimmäisen synnytyksen jälkeen naisilla oli korkeimmillaan noin kaksinkertainen rintasyöpäriski samankaltaisiin synnyttämättömiin naisiin verrattuna, mutta 7–8 vuotta synnytyksen jälkeen synnyttäneiden riski laski synnyttämättömien naisten riskin alle. Koska lisäsynnytykset tuovat enenevää suojaa rintasyöpää vastaan, viidennen synnytyksen jälkeen synnytyksen jälkeinen riskin tilapäinen kohoaminen oli enää 20 prosentin luokkaa ja suojavaikutus alkoi jo 2–3 vuotta synnytyksen jälkeen. Tämä väitöskirja havainnollistaa, miten monet synnytyshistorian piirteet (lasten lukumäärä, ensisynnytysikä, viimeisen synnytyksen ikä, synnytystiheys), sosioekonominen asema, ammattiin liittyvät tekijät (erityisesti fyysinen aktiivisuus), elämäntapavalinnat ja vaihdevuosien hormonihoidot vaikuttavat suuresti rintasyöpäriskiin. Synnytyksiin liittyvä kaksoisvaikutusmalli kuvastaa sitä, että yhdenkin tekijän vaikutukset voivat olla monimutkaisia, ja lukuisten eri tekijöiden toinen toisiinsa kietoutuneiden vaikutusmekanismien ymmärtäminen vaatii suuria, laadukkaita tutkimusaineistoja ja edistyneitä tutkimusmenetelmiä. Tässä tutkimussarjassa pyrittiin osoittamaan esimerkein, miten tuloksia on löydettävissä jopa asetelmassa, jossa yksilötason tietoja riskitekijöistä ei ole lainkaan saatavilla. Pohjoismaissa, joissa on ollut hyvät mahdollisuudet yhdistellä rekisteripohjaisia tietoja tutkimusaineistoiksi, yksilötason muuttujia on hyvin saatavissa ja ryhmätason muuttujien käyttö on harvoin tarpeen. ; Female breast cancer is the leading cancer and a global public health problem. Although extensive research work has been done on epidemiology of breast cancer, a gap has been identified in implementing a multifactorial approach with many etiological factors simultaneously included in analyses of large study populations. This doctoral dissertation aimed to evaluate breast cancer risk with a series of typical study settings in etiological research, starting with the search for etiological clues of risk factors with indirect indicators (Study I in this thesis), then concentrating on one direct risk factor at a time (Study II) or a specific subset of the population (Study III). Finally, Study IV combines many relevant elements of the research question available from the registries in Finland. Study I of this thesis demonstrates the possibilities and difficulties in exploring and interpreting the etiology of breast cancer from the mortality pattern of breast cancer patients. We observed excess mortality for diseases of the circulatory system, as well as for cancers of the stomach, lung, and ovary. It is not plausible that this excess mortality would be to a large extent related to breast cancer or its treatment, and therefore the findings were interpreted as suggestions to joint etiology. Factors associated with causes of death among breast cancer patients, such as reproductive history, lifestyle factors including alcohol consumption, smoking, physical inactivity, and the use of hormonal therapy are also risk factors for breast cancer. Genetic mutations causing breast cancer may also increase risk of stomach cancer and cardiac dysfunction. Our findings indicated a possible joint etiology of breast cancer and cause of mortality among breast cancer patients. Study II is a population-based cohort study based on data from the Nordic Occupational Cancer (NOCCA) study incorporating five Nordic countries, namely Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. This study was applied to explore occupational variations in the incidence of female breast cancer in Nordic countries and included the follow up of 7.5 million females in the Nordic population. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of breast cancer was calculated for each of the 54 occupational categories expressed as the ratio of observed to the expected number of cases. The expected number of cases for each country was estimated by multiplying the incidence rates by the respective numbers of person years at risk in the NOCCA Study by country. Overall, the highest risk elevations were observed among military personnel, dentists and physicians, while the lowest risks were observed among gardeners, farmers, and woodworkers. Histologically, no substantial variation in the incidence of breast cancer was observed. Occupational groups such as welders, tobacco workers, and painters had elevated SIRs for breast cancer diagnosed at age <50 but not at older ages. Occupations such as farming, gardening, forestry, and driving had decreased SIRs of breast cancer in all observation periods (1961–1975, 1976–1990, and 1991– 2005) while, for example, laboratory workers showed an increased SIR only in the most recent period (1991–2005). In Study III, a nested case control design was applied on a cohort of 47,479 Finnish women with at least five childbirths. This study assessed the role of the length of birth intervals on the risk of breast cancer and reflected on distinct differentiation and functional roles of lobular and ductal cells, and different responses to hormonal exposure. Shorter birth intervals had a protective effect on the lobular breast among postmenopausal women, while an opposite effect was observed for lobular breast cancer among premenopausal women. Study IV explored the roles of numerous components of reproductive history, postmenopausal hormonal therapy (HT), socioeconomic position, and occupational history on the risk of breast cancer, stratified according to characteristics of breast cancer such as histology and age at diagnosis. The study included 19,253 cases of breast cancer between 1994 and 2013 and, 96,265 controls. High socio-economic status and occupational sedentariness were associated with elevated risk of breast cancer even after adjustment for the use of postmenopausal HT. Increasing age at first and last birth was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. In general, the use of HT was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Combined estradiol-progestin HT was more strongly associated with breast cancer risk (OR 1.15, 1.37 and 2.26 for <1 year, 1– <5 years and 5+ years of use, respectively) than estradiol- only therapy which only showed an elevated risk of breast cancer after long term use of 5+ years (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.10–1.27). LNG-IUS showed increased risk irrespective of the histology of the cancer. Study IV also confirmed the dual effect theory of pregnancy: increasing parity was protective against breast cancer in the long term, preceded by a short-term increase in risk. Our data allowed us to estimate the heights and durations of breast cancer risk peaks after each childbirth. Among premenopausal women for example, the transient increase in risk of breast cancer was two-fold immediately after the first birth as compared to nulliparous women, and the effect turned protective 7–8 years after the birth of the child. After the fifth birth, there was only a 20% excess risk peak, and a protective effect began within 2–3 years. This dissertation illustrates that the various components of the individual's reproductive history (number of children, age at first birth, age at last birth, birth intervals), socioeconomic status, occupational exposures, including occupational physical activity, and lifestyle factors such as postmenopausal HT selection, markedly affect the risk of breast cancer. Especially the possibility to model the dual effect theory of parity for all age groups as well as by age at diagnosis was a novel feature of this dissertation. We exemplified that in a situation where direct information on risk factors for breast cancer patients is not available, mortality patterns could be used as a surrogate to obtain information on possible etiology. In the Nordic countries, individual-level data on many risk factors can be found from various precise and complete registries, and hence the use of surrogate variables is not often needed. The use of the NOCCA job exposure matrix to estimate occupation-specific quantitative measure of physical activity is an example of combining aggregate level information of an occupational category with individual level information of durations of occupations held by the person.

Tese de doutoramento em Engenharia Informática, apresentada ao Departamento de Engenharia Informática da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra ; Atualmente a sociedade contemporânea tem ao seu dispor um sem numero de serviços que suportam toda a economia globalizada em que vivemos bem como o nosso modo de vida. Serviços como distribuição de energia, água, gás, redes de transportes, telecomunicações, a Internet, entre outros, são atualmente parte integrante da vida dos cidadãos e das empresas. Estes serviços estão de tal forma presentes nas nossas vidas que a sua relevância e o grau de dependência aos serviços, apenas é sentido aquando da sua indisponibilidade. Este tipo de serviço dos quais depende o nosso modo de vida, são fornecidos por infraestruturas críticas, assim referidas pois a sua falha ou quebra da qualidade do serviço prestado pode ter um grande impacto na sociedade ou economia de um País. Para além dos fenómenos da natureza e dos riscos inerentes à sua própria exploração, os riscos que estas infraestruturas correm têm vindo a aumentar ao atrair cada vez mais o interesse de grupos de hackers e terroristas, principalmente pela forte visibilidade e consequências que mesmo um pequeno ataque pode acarretar. De entre os problemas inerentes ao funcionamento das infraestruturas críticas destaca-se o fato da existência de dependências ou interdependências entre infraestruturas. Veja-se o exemplo do serviço de telecomunicações que está por natureza dependente do fornecimento de energia elétrica ou dos serviços bancários que estão dependentes de ambos. Mas não está atualmente o fornecimento de energia dependente dos serviços de telecomunicações e dos seus sistemas de informação? Destes exemplos torna-se visível que, para além da (inter)dependência que possa existir, é necessário analisar também os efeitos em cascata que podem surgir após a falha de uma infraestrutura. Com o objetivo de promover a segurança em infraestruturas críticas, vários governos, em conjunto com a comunidade científica, promovem esforços de investigação nesta área. Em particular, nas áreas da distribuição de energia e das telecomunicações. Ao nível da União Europeia, existe grande determinação para promover projetos nesta área, em particular, projetos que promovem a troca de informação entre infraestruturas, na forma de alertas de risco, prevenindo os Operadores das infraestruturas relativamente a um aumento de risco de perda ou quebra de qualidade do serviço fornecido. Esta troca permite que as infraestruturas possam aplicar atempadamente os seus planos de contingência ou recuperação, minimizando eventuais quebras de serviço e consequentemente reduzindo o indesejado efeito de falha em cascata. A motivação para o trabalho apresentado nesta tese, surgiu da identificação dos principais aspectos em aberto relativos à troca e gestão de alertas de risco entre infraestruturas críticas. Muitas das abordagens existentes relativas à segurança em infraestruturas críticas focam-se na obtenção de níveis de risco através do uso de modelos mais ou menos complexos das infraestruturas. Apesar de estes modelos permitirem uma base sólida para a monitorização do risco, não apresentam mecanismos para a sua troca, gestão e avaliação de qualidade. Este trabalho aborda o problema relacionado com a confiança, reputação e gestão de alertas de risco no seio das infraestruturas críticas. Nesse sentido é proposta a introdução de mecanismos que permitam gerir e aferir em cada instante, o grau de confiança atribuído a cada um dos alertas de risco recebidos ou calculados internamente, permitindo melhorar a sua precisão e consequentemente melhorar também a resiliência da infraestrutura critica quando confrontada com alertas de riscos imprecisos ou inconsistentes. Na tese é abordado o problema da segurança em infraestruturas críticas interdependentes e identificados os principais problemas inerentes à troca de informação de risco, em particular, a forma de efetuar a partilha de informação de uma forma segura, a gestão dessa mesma partilha e a avaliação da fiabilidade da informação envolvida na partilha. Propõe-se nesta tese, a aplicação de mecanismos de gestão baseados no paradigma de gestão por politicas para a gestão da partilha de alertas de risco entre infraestruturas críticas. Com o objetivo de melhorar a gestão da partilha e posterior interpretação dos alertas de risco, é proposta a introdução da análise de confiança e reputação na avaliação da fiabilidade da informação envolvida na partilha e na avaliação do comportamento das entidades envolvidas. As propostas apresentadas nesta tese são discutidas e aplicadas no âmbito do projeto Europeu MICIE (Tool for systemic risk analysis and secure mediation of data exchanged across linked CI information infrastructures), em particular, no que se refere à solução proposta para a gestão da partilha de alertas de risco, que em conjunto com os indicadores de confiança e reputação propostos, permitem melhorar a proteção de cada infraestrutura relativamente ao uso de informação menos confiável ou inconsistente. Apresenta-se também a adaptação dos conceitos propostos ao CI Security Model, um modelo de análise de risco em tempo real, no qual as falhas identificadas são atenuadas com a introdução da análise de confiança e reputação proposta nesta tese. Os resultados da avaliação das propostas apresentadas são discutidos com base em cenários de simulação bem como através de dados reais de uma infraestrutura crítica. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as propostas apresentadas satisfazem os objectivos definidos, nomeadamente, ao contribuir para o aumento da confiança que uma infraestrutura crítica tem relativamente à informação recebida em tempo real acerca dos serviços dos quais depende, ao permitir uma melhor gestão dessa mesma informação e também ao contribuir para o aumento da fiabilidade dos resultados provenientes dos modelos de risco em uso na infraestrutura. ; Currently, our society has at its disposal an uncountable number of services able to support the global economy and also our current way of life. Services such as power distribution, water, gas, transport networks, telecommunications, the Internet, among others, are now an integral part of the citizens' lives and businesses. These services play such a big role in our lives that their importance is only appreciated when they are unavailable. These types of services, that our lives so heavily depend on, are provided by Critical Infrastructures. They are referred to as ``Critical" due to the fact that in case of failure or breakdown in providing quality of service, the impact on society and the economy of a country can be enormous. Beyond the phenomena of nature and risks inherent to the infrastructure operation, the risks faced by these infrastructures have continuously increasing, by attracting interest from groups of hackers and terrorist groups. Primarily due to the strong visibility and consequences that may result even from a small successful attack. Among the problems inherent to the operation of Critical Infrastructures, it is possible to emphasise the existence of dependencies and interdependencies among infrastructures. For example, a telecommunications service is inherently dependent on the electricity supply or, for instance, banking services are dependent on both telecommunications and energy supply services. However, is it not the service that provides power supply actually dependent on telecommunications services and also on information systems? Based on these examples it becomes apparent that in addition to the (inter)dependence that may exist, it is also necessary to examine the cascading effects that may arise after the failure of a Critical Infrastructure. Critical Infrastructures security has been the subject of discussion by numerous governments with the support of the academia by promoting research efforts in these areas, in particular in areas such as power distribution and telecommunications. Furthermore, within the European Union, there is determination to promote projects in these areas, in particular the promotion of projects that foster the exchange of information, in the form of warnings, among infrastructures. These warnings allow the Critical Infrastructure to be informed and aware of the increasing risk of loss or reduction in quality of the service received. This exchange allows the infrastructure to timely implement their contingency and recovery plans to minimise any service breaks and consequently minimise the unwanted effect of a cascading failure. The motivation for the work presented in this thesis arose from the identification of the main open issues relating to the exchange and management of risk warnings among Critical Infrastructures. Many of the existing approaches to security in Critical Infrastructures are focused on obtaining risk levels through the use of models based on the infrastructure. Although these models allow a solid foundation for risk monitoring, they do not have mechanisms for exchange, management and assessment of its quality. This work addresses the problem related to trust, reputation and risk alerts management within Critical Infrastructures. Accordingly, it is proposed to introduce mechanisms to manage and measure at each instant, the degree of confidence assigned to each of the alerts received or computed internally. Allowing improvement of their accuracy and consequently improving the resilience of Critical Infrastructures when faced with inaccurate or inconsistent risk alerts. This thesis addresses the problem of interdependent Critical Infrastructure security and identifies the main problems related to risk information sharing. In particular, how to allow information sharing in a secure manner, the management of that sharing and how to assess the reliability of such information. This thesis proposes the application of Policy Based Management mechanisms for the management of the risk alert information shared among Critical Infrastructures. In order to improve the information sharing management and the further interpretation of the risk alerts, it is proposed to evaluate Trust and Reputation in order to assess the shared information and also to consider the behaviour of the entities involved. The proposals presented in this thesis are discussed and applied in the context of the European Project MICIE ({Tool for systemic risk analysis and secure mediation of data exchanged across linked CI information infrastructures). In particular with regard to the proposed solution for the management of shared risk alerts, which uses the Policy Based Management paradigm. By incorporating the proposed Trust and Reputation indicators it allows to improve the Critical Infrastructure protection considering the use of untrustworthy or inconsistent information. It is also proposed the adaptation of the presented concepts to the CI Security Model, a model for real time risk analysis evaluation, in which the identified shortcomings are addressed with the integration of the Trust and Reputation approach proposed in this thesis. The results of the proposals evaluation are discussed based on simulation scenarios as well as through real data of a Critical Infrastructure. The achieved results indicate that the proposed mechanisms meet the objectives such as, by contributing to the increase in confidence that a Critical Infrastructure has on the information received about the services on which it depends. To allow improvement in management of such information as well as contribution to increased reliability of results obtained from the risk models applied to the infrastructure. ; FCT - (SFRH BD/35772/2007)

Sekmīgai un ilglaicīgai organizācijas darbībai nepieciešamas fundamentālas zināšanas un izpratne par mārketinga vides kvalitāti. Mārketinga vides kvalitāti ietekmējošie faktori veido virkni nosacījumu, kas būtiski ietekmē organizācijas darbību. Organizācijai ir jāizprot un jāseko mārketinga vides kvalitātes prasību izmaiņām, lai veiksmīgi pielāgotos un spētu konkurēt apkārtējā vidē. Maģistra darba autore teorētiskajā daļā veic literatūras avotu analīzi par mārketinga vides kvalitātes būtību, to ietekmējošiem faktoriem, kā arī reputācijas nozīmi, un to ietekmi uz uzņēmējdarbības vides kvalitāti. Autore raksturo arī mārketinga vides kvalitātes īpatnības pašvaldību darbībā un to lomu uz iedzīvotāju dzīves kvalitāti. Praktiskajā daļā darba autore ar anketēšanas metodi veic mārketinga vides kvalitātes izpēti organizācijā "Latvijas Pašvaldību mācību centrs", vispusīgi analizējot mācību centra klientus un piegādātājus, kā arī personāla vadīšanas principus un konkurentus kā organizācijas darbības kvalitāti ietekmējošos faktorus. Autore ir izstrādājusi priekšlikumus organizācijas "Latvijas Pašvaldību mācību centrs" mārketinga vides kvalitātes pilnveidei. Darba uzdevumu veikšanai ir izmantotas pētīšanas, statistiskās analīzes metodes, kvalitātes funkciju izvietojuma metode (QFD), referatīvā materiālu analīze, veikta respondentu aptauja. Pētījums veikts 2006. gadā, statistikas rādītāju informatīvais materiāls ietver periodu no 1993. gada līdz 2006. gadam. Maģistra darbā veikto pētījumu var izmantot uzņēmējdarbībā, kā arī apgūstot tirgvedības kursu studijās, lai pilnveidotu zināšanas par mārketinga vides kvalitāti un to ietekmējošiem faktoriem. Maģistra darba kopējais lapu skaits - 100. Darbā ir 24 attēli un 9 tabulas. Darbs sastāv no anotācijas, ievada, četrām nodaļām, secinājumiem un priekšlikumiem, kopsavilkumiem svešvalodās, 48 izmantotās literatūras avotiem, pielikumiem. ; Fundamental knowledges and comprehension of marketing environment are needed for successful and long-term work of organisation. There are lines of conditions, that effects successful organisation business. To survive competition organization clearly has to understand and be aware of any changes in needs and demand requirements. Author of this master paper has done literature researches on nature of marketing environments, factors and reputation, its meaning and influence on enterprise environments factors form range of conditions, which substantially influence work of organization and quality of life. In practical part, author makes full – scale analysis on client group of "Local government training center of Latvia", factors effecting suppliers, personal management principles and competitors as factors having an impact on work of organisation. She has worked out a suggestion how to improve marketing environment quality in Center. The whole research has done in 2006, informative material work encloses period from year 1993 – 2006. The research that has been used for master paper work can be useful in Management Company, commercial management, and also studying a market management. This master paper consists of 100 pages. Tables and pictures have been used. Work contains annotation, introduction, 4 appendixes, conclusions and suggestions, summary in foreign languages, 48 literatures sources, and supplements.

This article makes an attempt to analyze the principle of subsidiarity in its two main manifestations, namely vertical and horizontal, to outline the principles of relations between the state and regions within the vertical subsidiarity, and features a collaboration of the government and civil society within the horizontal subsidiarity. Scientists identify two types, or two levels of the subsidiarity principle: vertical subsidiarity and horizontal subsidiarity. First, vertical subsidiarity (or territorial) concerning relations between the state and other levels of subnational government, such as regions and local authorities; second, horizontal subsidiarity (or functional) concerns the relationship between state and citizen (and civil society). Vertical subsidiarity expressed in the context of the distribution of administrative responsibilities to the appropriate higher level lower levels relative to the state structure, ie giving more powers to local government. However, state intervention has subsidiary-lower action against local authorities in cases of insolvency last cope on their own, ie higher organisms intervene only if the duties are less authority is insufficient to achieve the goals. Horizontal subsidiarity is within the relationship between power and freedom, and is based on the assumption that the concern for the common good and the needs of common interest community, able to solve community members (as individuals and citizens' associations) and role of government, in accordance horizontal subsidiarity comes to attracting features subsidiarity assistance, programming, coordination and possibly control. ; У даній статті здійснено спробу проаналізувати принцип субсидіарності в його двох основних вимірах, а саме – вертикальній та горизонтальній, окреслити засади відносин держави та регіонів у межах вертикальної субсидіарності та особливості співпраці державної влади та громадянського суспільства в межах горизонтальної субсидіарності. Науковці виділяють два типи або два рівні принципу субсидіарності: вертикальну і горизонтальну субсидіарність. Перша, вертикальна субсидіарність, стосується відносин між державою і іншими національними рівнями органів державного управління, таких як регіони та місцеві органи влади. Друга, горизонтальна субсидіарність, стосується відносин між державою і суспільством. Вертикальна субсидіарність виражається в контексті розподілу адміністративних функцій від більш високих рівнів державної влади до низьких, тобто йдеться про збільшення повноважень місцевого самоврядування. Проте, держава не виключається з системи субсидійних відносин «центр-регіони», держава зобов'язана втрутитися у випадку коли нижчі рівні місцевої влади неспроможні впоратися самостійно досягти поставлених цілей. Горизонтальна субсидіарність знаходиться у відносинах між владою і свободою, і ґрунтується на припущенні, що турбота про загальне благо і добробут становить спільний інтерес співтовариства, і саме співтовариство здатне самостійно вирішувати проблеми, з якими стикається, та дбати про суспільний добробут. Роль державних органів, відповідно до горизонтальної субсидіарності, направляється на залучення задля надання субсидіарної допомоги, програмування, координацію і, можливо, контролю. ; У даній статті здійснено спробу проаналізувати принцип субсидіарності в його двох основних вимірах, а саме – вертикальній та горизонтальній, окреслити засади відносин держави та регіонів у межах вертикальної субсидіарності та особливості співпраці державної влади та громадянського суспільства в межах горизонтальної субсидіарності. Науковці виділяють два типи або два рівні принципу субсидіарності: вертикальну і горизонтальну субсидіарність. Перша, вертикальна субсидіарність, стосується відносин між державою і іншими національними рівнями органів державного управління, таких як регіони та місцеві органи влади. Друга, горизонтальна субсидіарність, стосується відносин між державою і суспільством. Вертикальна субсидіарність виражається в контексті розподілу адміністративних функцій від більш високих рівнів державної влади до низьких, тобто йдеться про збільшення повноважень місцевого самоврядування. Проте, держава не виключається з системи субсидійних відносин «центр-регіони», держава зобов'язана втрутитися у випадку коли нижчі рівні місцевої влади неспроможні впоратися самостійно досягти поставлених цілей. Горизонтальна субсидіарність знаходиться у відносинах між владою і свободою, і ґрунтується на припущенні, що турбота про загальне благо і добробут становить спільний інтерес співтовариства, і саме співтовариство здатне самостійно вирішувати проблеми, з якими стикається, та дбати про суспільний добробут. Роль державних органів, відповідно до горизонтальної субсидіарності, направляється на залучення задля надання субсидіарної допомоги, програмування, координацію і, можливо, контролю.

The use of the image of Passion of Jesus Christ, his martyr's death, is not a special feature of the Ukrainian literature of the post-war period: over of course of history, it was a mainstream in different forms of art to various extents of interpretation: for instance, Dante and Milton, Van Gogh and Paul Gauguin, Adam Mickiewicz and Lesia Ukrainka, Vasyl Barka and, last but not least, Ivan Bahrianyi. Among such talented stars, Ivan Bahrianyi manifested as the light of Christian humanism, the watchman of Christian humanistic values in the world of totalitarian regimes, which turned the notion of human being, a man with a living soul, with the spark of the image of God, into nullity; in the era of metaphysical and existential fractures, in the era of degeneration of all human values, alienation and "death" of the content of existence. It is a goodreason why Bahrianyi based his social and political ideas on the Christian doctrine of human being. The primal questions of his works, how can an average person fight against turning himself into nothing? And his novel answered, «the power of the powerless» lies in the following the kenotic example of life of Jesus Christ. ; Использование образа страданий Христа, его мученической крестной смерти не является исключительно характерной чертой украинской литературы послевоенного периода: в разные эпохи он был магистральным, как в литературном так и в других формах искусства, с отличной судьбой интерпретации: здесь Данте и Мильтон, здесь ван Гог и Поль Гоген, Мицкевич и Леся Украинка (этот список настолько длинный, что стоит внимания отдельного диссертационного исследования), и конечно тут Василий Барка и Иван Багряный. Среди таких талантливых звезд, Багряный проявил себя как светило христианского гуманизма в мировом мраке тоталитарных режимов, что обратило на нет понятие человеческой самоценности: человека с живой душой, божьей искрой в ней; в эпоху метафизических и экзистенциальных изломов, в эпоху вырождения всего человеческого, отчуждения и потери смысла существования. На вопрос как обычному человеку не дать обратить себя на «дырку от бублика»? Багряный находит ответ: «сила безсильних» в кенотичном подражании Христу: страдать, чтобы сохранить божественный образ в человеке, утвердить веру в человека и идею, что «человек – величайшее из всех существ».Інтенционное использование религиозных мотивов, библейских метафорических единиц Багряным, раскрывает концептуальную сложность романа «Сад Гефсиманский» с богословской значимости, что требует не только морально-этического или политического осмысления, но и теологического. ; Використання образу страждань Христа, його мученицької хресної смерті не є виключно характерною рисою української літератури повоєнного періоду: у різні епохи він був магістральним, як в літературній так і в інших формах мистецтва, з відмінною долею інтерпретації: тут Данте і Мільтон, тут ван Гог і Поль Гоген, Міцкевич і Леся Українка (цей список настільки довгий, що вартує уваги окремого дисертаційного дослідження), і звичайно тут Василь Барка й Іван Багряний. Серед таких талановитих зірок, Багряний виявив себе як світило християнського гуманізму у світовому мороці тоталітарних режимів, що обернуло нанівець поняття людської самоцінності: людину з душею живою, божою іскрою у ній; в епоху метафізичних і екзистенційних зламів, в епоху виродження всього людського, відчуження і втрати змісту існування. На питання як пересічній людині не дати обернути себе «в дірку від бублика»? Багряний знаходить відповідь: «сила безсильних» у кенотичному наслідуванні Христа: страждати, щоб зберегти божественний образ в людині, ствердити віру в людину й ідею, що «людина – найвеличніша з усіх істот».Інтенційне використання релігійних мотивів, біблійних метафоричних одиниць Багряним, розкриває концептуальну складність роману «Сад Гетсиманський» з богословською значимістю, що потребує не лише морально-етичного чи політичного осмислення, але й теологічного.

Objetivos: Examinar el marco del debate en torno a la prohibición de la publicidad de tabaco en Europa, a raíz de la Directiva 98/43/CE y de la Propuesta de Directiva del 5/9/2001, el funcionamiento de los sistemas de autorregulación en el último lustro, y valorar su eficacia y pertinencia como potenciales herramientas para velar por la no lesión de la salud pública. Métodos: Análisis de contenido y de discurso de todos los manifiestos publicitarios aparecidos en los suplementos dominicales de los 3 semanales de mayor difusión (El País, El Mundo y ABC) entre enero de 1995 y enero de 2000 para valorar el respeto a las normas del Código de la Asociación Española de Tabaco referidas a la identidad de los modelos publicitarios, la reivindicación directa o indirecta de las propiedades terapéuticas del tabaco en los manifiestos publicitarios, la aparición de cigarrillos en los anuncios y la inserción de las leyendas de advertencia. Resultados: Tras examinar 910 inserciones y 369 anuncios, y después de hacer una descripción del discurso publicitario, se observa que escasos anuncios presentan argumentos racionales sobre elementos movilizadores para el receptor, como el precio (13%) o los componentes del producto (7%). Aunque hay un respeto generalizado por las normas del código de autorregulación, en los anuncios se detecta una serie de sutilezas creativas que permiten bordear dichas normas: 10 de los 369 manifiestos presentan a personajes famosos (sobre todo pilotos y artistas) y un tercio se sirve de «personajes icono» («Joe Camel» o «Marlboro Man»); algún manifiesto reivindica propiedades terapéuticas del tabaco y casi todos inducen a pensar que éste se asocia con el éxito social y el prohibiocio. Aunque no se presentan cigarrillos servidos, en un 18% de los anuncios aparecen objetos sustitutivos del tabaco en diversos lugares (12%), en la mano o en la boca, a pesar de la prohibición de mostrar el producto. Y un alto porcentaje de manifiestos no respeta las normas referentes a la leyenda de advertencia. Discusión: A la vista de las «sutilezas creativas» utilizadas por el sector que vulneran las normas autoimpuestas, se plantea la necesidad de controlar la fórmula del autocontrol cuando hay indicios de que un fallo en el sistema puede acarrear consecuencias de peligro para los ciudadanos. ; Objective: Against the background of the debate aroused by the tobacco advertising ban as a result of Directive 98/43/EC and of the Proposed Directive of 5/9/2001, we aimed to evaluate how self-regulation of tobacco advertising systems has worked in the last 5 years and to evaluate its effectiveness and relevance as a potential tool in public health prevention. Methods: We performed a content and discourse analysis of all advertisements appearing in the Sunday supplements of the three weekly newspapers with the widest circulation in Spain (El País, El Mundo, and ABC) between January 1995 and January 2000 to detect infractions of the norms of the selfregulation code of the Spanish Tobacco Association (Asociación Española de Tabaco [AET]) regarding: a) the identity of models used in advertising; b) direct or indirect claims for the therapeutic properties of smoking; c) depiction of cigarettes in advertisements, and d) printed warnings on advertisements. Results:We examined 910 banners and 369 advertisements. Very few advertisements displayed rational arguments on elements such as price (13%) or product components (7%). Although the AET's code was generally respected, the advertisements displayed a series of subtleties that allowed the industry to get around the code: 10 of the 369 advertisements reviewed depicted famous people (mainly pilots and artists) and one third of them used iconic personages (Joe Camel or Marlboro Man); one advertisement suggested the therapeutic properties of tobacco and almost all linked smoking with social success and leisure. Although cigarettes were not depicted, 18% of the advertisements showed substitutes for cigarettes in various places (12%) and a large percentage infringed the code's recommendations on printed warnings. Conclusions: The industry's use of creative subtleties infringing its self-imposed norms begs the question of how far self-regulation is viable when a failure in the system can have serious consequences for public health. ; Este trabajo ha sido realizado gracias a la financiación REF. P.B 98-0964 del proyecto «Comparación del discurso mediático (publicitario e informativo) sobre tabaco y alcohol: impacto sobre actitudes y consumo en la población universitaria», del Departamento de Sociología II de la Universidad de Alicante, financiado por el Plan de investigación del Instituto de Investigación en Drogodependencias de la Universidad Miguel Hernández.

A lot can happen in 22 minutes with the Bossier
City Council – at its most recent meeting, too much of it not good for
taxpayers in America's biggest small town.

The Council faced a short agenda last week, having
just met the week before with a holiday thrown in. Nonetheless, it managed to
revisit two contentious items from the past and managed to botch both.

One readdressed
the convoluted scheme to pay extra for crossing guards at city roads around two
schools. Each institution lies just outside of city limits, but city roads
access these. Until last year, the Bossier Parish School Board – with a budget substantially
larger than the city's – had school resource officers, who are sheriff's
deputies contracted to schools, direct traffic prior to and just after the
school day but decided to have SROs stay in schools during these times. Instead
of absorbing the costs, the Board cheekily billed both the city and parish for
these, both of whom knuckled under – even though in the city's case it didn't
pay up until three months after the school year started with the Board eating
several thousand dollars of cost until the city forked over.

At the time, City
Attorney Charles Jacobs alleged the only way the city could provide these extra
20 or so hours a week out of the about 8,000 for each of three shifts weekly
was to pay overtime, which would make it more expensive than the contracting. This
inability to schedule properly with so few hours out of so many either displays
insufficient will to do so or poor performance. Further, the city already pays
$100,000 annually to cover nine schools entirely within city limits for
crossing guards, so the necessity of paying more than twice as much seems doubtful.

However, supposedly the presumed need should have
disappeared. Jacobs said then plans were afoot to install traffic control
devices at the intersections in question, so that this would be a one-time deal
affecting only the 2022-23 academic year. Even so, the 2023 budget passed at
the same meeting included the $25,200 amount that appeared to cover AY 2023-24
as well.

Which turned out either as prophetic or
self-fulfilling, when last
week the Council had come before it the
same cooperative endeavor agreement for next AY, as apparently these plans
fell through, at least partially. Jacobs and Chief Administrative Office Amanda
Nottingham did say they thought before the AY concluded that, apparently through
efforts not undertaken by the city, the desired access would happen at W.T.
Lewis, which would mean less spent.

But not so at the other, Parkway. Nottingham, in response
to a question by Republican Councilor Chris Smith,
intimated that different access to the high school depended upon a state appropriation
that was not forthcoming, alleging that it had been a line item in an
appropriations bill that had been yanked by state House of Representatives leadership
to punish
area representatives who had tried to force redirection of surplus dollars
towards shoring up pensions and the state's primary savings account (and which
would have triggered tax cuts) rather than have these enable increased
continuing expenses and go towards more capital expenditures.

Yet there's no evidence that legislative leaders
ever considered such a request. No version of the state's general
appropriations bill, capital
outlay bill, or supplemental
appropriations bill contained such a line item. While several other items
in Bossier Parish representatives' districts did get pulled late in the
session, for this particular allegation the item never formally made it into
any version of any appropriations bill that would contain capital outlay items.
Possibly it was spoken of in conceptual terms, but Nottingham's
characterization of it was completely baseless. (This prompted Smith to make a curious
insinuation that GOP state Sen. Robert
Mills had a hand in torpedoing the phantom item, even though Parkway is far
outside of Mills' current district nor is within the boundaries of the one for
which Mills is running for reelection, and Democrat Councilor Bubba Williams
piped up that he agreed with Smith's assessment that the legislative delegation
"had failed" the city.)

Regardless, the city had months to plan for
realigning police forces to save up to $25,000 and failed to do so. This speaks to a
lack of will and indifference to taxpayers by Republican Mayor Tommy Chandler
and his administration.

That money wasted, the Council decided to set the
stage to give away more taxpayer resources. Minutes later, the Council resolved
to have the city hire an architect to design a new maintenance building at
Walbrook Park. Testimony revealed the existing facility was considered decrepit
and insufficient in need of upgrades.

It also revealed its origins as the place allowed Democrat
former Mayor George Dement's son to have his boxing club meet there. Since
then, it has transitioned into the space where Dixie League baseball has
offices. That organization for decades
has garnered preferential access, at taxpayer expense, to city recreational
facilities to the point that it can veto citizen use of these (Williams has
a long-time association with the organization).

Smith asked whether Dixie was charged rent, and
was told it wasn't. Subsequently, Smith's was the only vote against letting the
contract.

That lone dissent points the city where it needs
to go. Building a better facility is appropriate, but not granting its
rent-free status to a private but favored organization that it historically has
benefitted from such an arrangement. Officials argue allowing Dixie a gatekeeping
role over taxpayer facilities is compensated for by its upkeep of some playing diamonds,
but this is an unseemly and inappropriate arrangement. The city should assume responsibility
for all maintenance to and charge all organizations impartially for use of
facilities without cutting deals behind the scenes that invite abuse of
taxpayer resources.

Whether it's throwing away money onto other
governments or favored private interests, Bossier City needs to grow up from
its small-town mentality.

Недостатньо вивченими залишилися питання про функційні особливості повтору ключових слів у текстах публіцистичного стилю. З огляду на те, що такий повтор є типовим на шпальтах газетної періодики, вивчення його функційних особливостей у мові сучасних українських газет перебуває на часі. У статті розглянуто повтор ключових слів як один з основних засобів досягнення прагматичної мети газетного тексту. Виокремлено види повторів ключових слів та скласифіковано їх. Досліджено семантико-синтаксичні та функційні особливості повтору ключових слів на матеріалі текстів сучасної української газетної періодики. Виявлено, що у будь-якому реченнєвому контексті він є потужним засобом семантичної зв'язності. Виокремлено тенденції до використання трикратного тотожного повтору, антонімічного й синонімічного повтору ключових слів, поєднання лексичного повтору з синтаксичним паралелізмом. Серед функційних особливостей визначено вживання повтору задля виокремлення лексем з поглибленим змістовим навантаженням, сприяння зосередженню читача на змісті висловлення, впливу на емоційно-почуттєву і ментальну сфери сприймання тексту реципієнтом. Перспективу подальших наукових досліджень убачаємо у вивченні структурно-семантичних характеристик повтору на лексико-синтаксичному рівні мови українських газетних текстів. ; Repetition as one of the most powerful means of stylistic syntax has repeatedly appeared the object of scientific research of domestic and foreign linguists. Nevertheless, the question remained about the functional features of the repetition of key words in the texts of a journalistic style. Given the fact that such a repetition is typical on the pages of the newspaper periodicals, the study of its functional features in the language of modern Ukrainian newspapers is on time.In modern Ukrainian linguistics, the specific functioning of the repetition of key words was traced on the material of certain artistic texts [2] and in the texts-announcements [3].I. Sokolova defines the repetition of the key words as a means of attracting the attention of the recipient to the subject of the message, which helps the reader to comprehend information [3, 99-101]. N. Sovtis among the key characteristics of the keywords distinguishes "frequency, contextual predestination, informativeness, increased semantic activity" [2, 252]. The importance of the repetition of key words in the text drew attention V. Kukharenko, noting "if the word at one time in the artistic context acquires additional meanings (meanings), then when repeating this word in different contexts you can expect a certain accumulation of contextual stratifications" [1, 48- 49].In the language of the contemporary periodicals under study, we observe the repetition of the key words throughout the text, which ensures its semantic connectivity. Keywords, which are through the elements of a journalistic text, perform predominantly a truly representative pragmatic stylistic function.Expressive in the texts studied is a combination of synonymous (everywhere, everywhere, and in all) and antonymic (strange war, real war) of repetitions of key words. Aesthetic function is seen in the use of a keyword-symbol.Common in the language of the modern Ukrainian press is the antonymic retelling of the key words that contain semantic strain in the contextual difference between them. Antonymic repetition is based on the opposition of repetitive components, while reinforcing the basic idea of the text.One of the most widely used linguistic means that contributes to a thorough understanding of the text is the selection and repetition of two non-related keywords at a time. Repetitive lexical elements in such contexts permeate the essence of paraphrased unities, give them deep meaning, emphasize the importance of the letters set by the author. In the analyzed journalistic texts dominated by nominative repeating components (stone, passers-by, place of detention, witness, testimony, politics, propaganda), attributive (not alien, ancient, modern, cold, etc.) and predicate: (to destroy, be human, etc.). )In some cases, the repetition of key components occurs at the semantic level, since repetitive, in essence, are not lexemes, but the phrase and their synonymous correspondences, for example, "qualitative" spectator – a true connoisseur of theatrical art. Texts that have the simultaneous repetition of several key components are full of deep ideas and motives that express these repetitive components, often forming a system of artistic language in journalism, expressed by metaphors and allegories: not a cold witness, stone, etc.A special enhancement of the influence on the reader's perception of the text, which consists in the dynamic accumulation of the main idea of the statement, is a three-fold identical repetition of the key words, which emphasizes the importance of the meaning that the text acquires thanks to the repetitive word. In modern Ukrainian periodicals, such a repetition is a fairly widespread phenomenon, because it is used by journalists to emphasize specific elements of the text that contribute to a deeper understanding of the content of the statement or the emergence of appropriate impressions, which affects the emotional and sensory sphere of perception. The analyzed lexical-syntactic constructions contain mostly repetitive signs of different phenomena and processes (rarely – nominatives or predicates) and perform mostly informative function.Quite distinct in the texts studied is the repetition of keywords in conjunction with syntactic parallelism, which determines the focus of the reader on the content of the entire statement.The material of the texts explored gives grounds to assert that the repetition of the keywords is typical in the language of the modern Ukrainian press. In any scientific context, it is a powerful means of semantic connectivity. The tendency to use a triple identical repetition, antonymic and synonymic repetition of key words, the simultaneous selection of two key words within a single fragment of a text, a combination of lexical repetition with syntactic parallelism has been observed. Among the functional features, the use of repetition in order to distinguish lexemes with in-depth content load, promoting the focus of the reader on the content of expression, influence on the emotional-sensory and mental sphere of reception of the text by the recipient are determined.The prospect of further scientific research in the study of the structural and semantic characteristics of the repetition on the lexical-syntactical level of the language of Ukrainian newspaper texts is seen.

Following the passage of Measure 44, which raised the cigarette tax by $0.30 in 1996, Oregon created its comprehensive Tobacco Prevention and Education Program (TPEP) in 1997 funded by 10% of Measure 44 revenues. The Tobacco Free Coalition of Oregon (TOFCO) was a broad coalition of the voluntary health organizations and community partners that facilitated media advocacy and grassroots opportunities for clean indoor air policies and funding for TPEP. Successful tobacco control efforts in Oregon at the state and local levels were instrumental in reducing per capita cigarette consumption by 11.3% in two years (1997-1999). Local tobacco control coalitions were successful in passing (and defending) tobacco control policies from 1997 to 2001. The local ordinances in Corvallis (1998) and Eugene (2000) were regarded as model language for their 100% smokefree laws. In contrast, the Multnomah County smokefree workplace ordinance (1999) passed with a number of exemptions, including bars and bar areas of restaurants, and was later used as a model for the preemptive statewide smokefree workplace law. In Oregon, the tobacco industry spent a total of $3,145,553 on lobbying and campaign contributions to legislators, political parties, and constitutional officers from 1997 to 2006. Republican political action committees (PACs) received nearly five times more than Democratic PACs; tobacco companies spent more than four times more on Republicans than Democrats in the legislature. The tobacco industry attempted to hamper tobacco control efforts through several hospitality and retail organizations, but their most powerful ally was the Oregon Restaurant Association (ORA), which had one of the largest PACs in the state and was a major political player. With an increasing number of local clean indoor air ordinances, the tobacco industry fought tobacco control efforts at the state level, where they had an obvious advantage with campaign contributions and well-connected lobbyists. In 2001, tobacco industry lobbyists attacked TPEP with legislation that attacked TPEP's credibility, infrastructure, and success passing local clean indoor air ordinances. In this negative policy environment, the ORA cut a deal with the Democratic Governor to enact the Indoor Clean Air Act of 2001, which preempted local governments from passing stronger laws and exempted bars, bar areas of restaurants, bingo halls, and bowling alleys. These exemptions were not removed until 2007 and will not actually be removed until 2009. In another blow to tobacco control during the 2001 legislative session, TPEP was subject to "illegal lobbying" allegations, a tobacco industry tactic previously employed in California and elsewhere. The result of these claims was a "budget note" added to the TPEP appropriation by the Legislature that specifically restricted TPEP from lobbying for tobacco control ordinances and requiring local programs to advocate for passing tobacco control ordinances. Among tobacco control advocates, the 2001 budget note initiated a more cautious attitude that outlasted the budget note's applicability to the 2001-03 budget cycle. The passage of the preemptive state law in the same session further limited the advocate's ability to pass effective tobacco control policies. Oregon and 45 other states settled outstanding lawsuits against the four largest tobacco companies with the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) in 1998. Since the first payment in 1999, no money has been dedicated to tobacco prevention and education in Oregon as of 2007. Tobacco control advocates defeated two ballot measures in 2000 that would have dedicated either none or a minimal amount of the MSA's revenue stream to tobacco prevention and education. Until 2004, Oregon's cigarette tax was comprised of a permanent tax and a $0.10 temporary tax enacted in 1993 and dedicated to the Oregon Health Plan (OHP). The 10-cent tax was renewed every two years by the legislature. In 2002, Measure 20 increased the cigarette tax by $0.60 to a total of $1.28 to generate new revenue anticipated to fill budget shortfalls. Advocates were unable to secure a permanent percentage of the tax increase for tobacco control, but TPEP received a onetime transfer of $2 million. Oregon's cigarette tax fell to $1.18 in 2004 after the tobacco industry funded anti-tax group, Citizens for a Sound Economy, attached the extension of the $0.10 temporary tax to Measure 30, a revenue-raising measure that included unpopular personal income and corporate tax increases in the midst of a statewide recession. Measure 30 failed, and Oregon's cigarette tax decreased. Using the state's difficult budget shortfalls as a reason, legislators in the 2003 session completely defunded TPEP, shutting it down in March 2003. (Other programs funded by Measure 44 were cut, but only TPEP was shut down.) Some funding was reinstated in December 2003, with a biennial budget that was 34% of its 2001-03 budget and 17% of the CDC's minimum for state tobacco control programs. This disruption in funding had serious negative impacts on program staffing and continuity. TPEP operated on a severely reduced budget during the 2003-05 and 2005-07 bienniums because Measure 44 funds were diverted by the state legislature to pay for OHP. Since the significant reductions in TPEP's budget, per capita cigarette consumption declined at a much slower rate than before, and now appears to have plateaued. TOFCO has often been restrained by other political priorities of its member organizations, and tobacco control advocates have over-relied on contract lobbyists to set policy agendas and steer negotiations. Oregon may be entering a period of resurgence after several setbacks caused the program to fall out of the national spotlight. The tobacco control movement in Oregon needs strong leaders who are less cautious and can mobilize public support throughout the state, not just the metropolitan hubs.

The fight against corruption in Ukraine is giving rise to new ways of combating this phenomenon, new anti-corruption legislation is often being adopted and improved. Thus, among other things, in 2011 the Ukrainian parliament introduced criminal liability for illegal enrichment, and in 2014 – for declaring questionable information, supplementing the Criminal Code in accordance with Art. 368-2 and Art.366-1. However, despite their long-term duration in the structure of the criminal law mechanism for combating corruption, they have not become effective tools of anti-corruption struggle. Problems of application of Articles 366-1, 368-2 have been admitted from the very moment of their introduction in action as some serious defects in the construction of these norms were placed in the course of legislative process. In the end, based on the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, these articles expired. Given that the purpose of the article is to investigate the process of legislation and to establish the reasons for the adoption of deliberately ineffective rules on the declaration of inaccurate information and illicit enrichment. The scientific novelty is that the study indicates the inability of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, which includes the Institute of legislation, scientific and expert management, legal management, the department of relations with the judiciary, the control department and other units, to ensure quality at the appropriate level of results of legislative work. These "precautionary institutions" were unable to prevent the development, adoption of imperfect and knowingly unconstitutional laws, as evidenced by examples of the introduction of liability under Articles 366-1, 368-2 of the Criminal Code and the introduction of repeated manipulative changes, after the entry into force. ; Борьба с коррупцией в Украине порождает все новые способы противодействия этому явлению, часто принимается новое и совершенствуется действующее антикоррупционное законодательство. Так, среди прочего, в 2011 г. украинский парламент ввел уголовную ответственность за незаконное обогащение, а в 2014 – за декларирование недостоверной информации, дополнив УК соответственно статьями 368-2 и 366-1. Однако, несмотря на их длительное действие в структуре уголовно-правового механизма противодействия коррупции, они так и не стали эффективными инструментами на этом рубеже антикоррупционной борьбы. Проблемы с применением статей 366-1, 368-2 возникли с момента введения их в действие, так как в ходе законодательного процесса были допущены серьезные недостатки в конструкции этих норм. В конечном итоге, на основании решения Конституционного Суда Украины указанные статьи утратили силу. Цель статьи состоит в том, чтобы исследовать процесс законотворчества и установить причины принятия заведомо недейственных норм о декларировании недостоверной информации и незаконном обогащении. Научной новизной является то, что исследование указывает на неспособность Аппарата Верховной Рады Украины, в структуру которого входят институт законодательства, научно-экспертное управление, юридическое управление, отдел связей с органами правосудия, отдел контроля и другие подразделения, обеспечить на должном уровне качество результатов законодательной работы. Эти «институты-предохранители» оказались не в состоянии предотвращать разработку, принятие несовершенных и заведомо неконституционных законов, что подтверждается примерами внедрения ответственности, предусмотренной статьями 366-1, 368-2 УК, и внесения в них неоднократных манипулятивных изменений уже после вступления в силу. ; Боротьба з корупцією в Україні породжує усе нові способи протидії цьому явищу, часто приймається нове та удосконалюється чинне антикорупційне законодавство. Так, серед іншого, у 2011 р. український парламент запровадив кримінальну відповідальність за незаконне збагачення, а в 2014 – за декларування недостовірної інформації, доповнивши КК України відповідно статтями368-2 та 366-1. Однак, незважаючи на їх тривалу дію у структурі кримінально-правового механізму протидії корупції, вони так і не стали ефективними інструментами у антикорупційній боротьбі. Проблеми із застосуванням статей366-1, 368-2 виникли з моменту введення їх в дію, бо в ході законодавчого процесу були допущені серйозні вади у конструкції цих норм. У кінцевому результаті, на підставі рішення Конституційного Суду України зазначені статті втратили чинність. Мета статті полягає у тому, щоб дослідити процес законотворення і встановити причини прийняття завідомо недієвих норм про декларування недостовірної інформації і незаконне збагачення. Стаття вказує на нездатність Апарату Верховної Ради України, до структури якого входять інститут законодавства, науково-експертне управління, юридичне управління, відділ зав'язків з органами правосуддя, відділ контролю та інші підрозділи, забезпечити на належному рівні якість результатів законодавчої роботи. Ці «інститути-запобіжники» виявилися не в змозі запобігати розробленню, прийняттю недосконалих і завідомо неконституційних законів, що підтверджується прикладами запровадження відповідальності, передбаченої статтями 366-1, 368-2КК, та внесення до них неодноразових маніпулятивних змін уже після набрання чинності.

The fight against corruption in Ukraine is giving rise to new ways of combating this phenomenon, new anti-corruption legislation is often being adopted and improved. Thus, among other things, in 2011 the Ukrainian parliament introduced criminal liability for illegal enrichment, and in 2014 – for declaring questionable information, supplementing the Criminal Code in accordance with Art. 368-2 and Art.366-1. However, despite their long-term duration in the structure of the criminal law mechanism for combating corruption, they have not become effective tools of anti-corruption struggle. Problems of application of Articles 366-1, 368-2 have been admitted from the very moment of their introduction in action as some serious defects in the construction of these norms were placed in the course of legislative process. In the end, based on the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, these articles expired. Given that the purpose of the article is to investigate the process of legislation and to establish the reasons for the adoption of deliberately ineffective rules on the declaration of inaccurate information and illicit enrichment. The scientific novelty is that the study indicates the inability of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, which includes the Institute of legislation, scientific and expert management, legal management, the department of relations with the judiciary, the control department and other units, to ensure quality at the appropriate level of results of legislative work. These "precautionary institutions" were unable to prevent the development, adoption of imperfect and knowingly unconstitutional laws, as evidenced by examples of the introduction of liability under Articles 366-1, 368-2 of the Criminal Code and the introduction of repeated manipulative changes, after the entry into force. ; Борьба с коррупцией в Украине порождает все новые способы противодействия этому явлению, часто принимается новое и совершенствуется действующее антикоррупционное законодательство. Так, среди прочего, в 2011 г. украинский парламент ввел уголовную ответственность за незаконное обогащение, а в 2014 – за декларирование недостоверной информации, дополнив УК соответственно статьями 368-2 и 366-1. Однако, несмотря на их длительное действие в структуре уголовно-правового механизма противодействия коррупции, они так и не стали эффективными инструментами на этом рубеже антикоррупционной борьбы. Проблемы с применением статей 366-1, 368-2 возникли с момента введения их в действие, так как в ходе законодательного процесса были допущены серьезные недостатки в конструкции этих норм. В конечном итоге, на основании решения Конституционного Суда Украины указанные статьи утратили силу. Цель статьи состоит в том, чтобы исследовать процесс законотворчества и установить причины принятия заведомо недейственных норм о декларировании недостоверной информации и незаконном обогащении. Научной новизной является то, что исследование указывает на неспособность Аппарата Верховной Рады Украины, в структуру которого входят институт законодательства, научно-экспертное управление, юридическое управление, отдел связей с органами правосудия, отдел контроля и другие подразделения, обеспечить на должном уровне качество результатов законодательной работы. Эти «институты-предохранители» оказались не в состоянии предотвращать разработку, принятие несовершенных и заведомо неконституционных законов, что подтверждается примерами внедрения ответственности, предусмотренной статьями 366-1, 368-2 УК, и внесения в них неоднократных манипулятивных изменений уже после вступления в силу. ; Боротьба з корупцією в Україні породжує усе нові способи протидії цьому явищу, часто приймається нове та удосконалюється чинне антикорупційне законодавство. Так, серед іншого, у 2011 р. український парламент запровадив кримінальну відповідальність за незаконне збагачення, а в 2014 – за декларування недостовірної інформації, доповнивши КК України відповідно статтями368-2 та 366-1. Однак, незважаючи на їх тривалу дію у структурі кримінально-правового механізму протидії корупції, вони так і не стали ефективними інструментами у антикорупційній боротьбі. Проблеми із застосуванням статей366-1, 368-2 виникли з моменту введення їх в дію, бо в ході законодавчого процесу були допущені серйозні вади у конструкції цих норм. У кінцевому результаті, на підставі рішення Конституційного Суду України зазначені статті втратили чинність. Мета статті полягає у тому, щоб дослідити процес законотворення і встановити причини прийняття завідомо недієвих норм про декларування недостовірної інформації і незаконне збагачення. Стаття вказує на нездатність Апарату Верховної Ради України, до структури якого входять інститут законодавства, науково-експертне управління, юридичне управління, відділ зав'язків з органами правосуддя, відділ контролю та інші підрозділи, забезпечити на належному рівні якість результатів законодавчої роботи. Ці «інститути-запобіжники» виявилися не в змозі запобігати розробленню, прийняттю недосконалих і завідомо неконституційних законів, що підтверджується прикладами запровадження відповідальності, передбаченої статтями 366-1, 368-2КК, та внесення до них неодноразових маніпулятивних змін уже після набрання чинності.

Regulatory costs on aquaculture farms have been shown to be of a magnitude that warrants additional analysis. The drivers of farm-level costs of fish health inspections were identified in this study from national survey data on U.S. salmonid farms. The greatest costs identified were related primarily to state fish health requirements for inspection and testing to certify that fish are free of specific pathogens prior to approval of necessary permits to sell and/or transport animals. Fish health inspection costs included laboratory testing, farm personnel time, veterinary fees, and shipping samples to laboratories, with laboratory testing and the value of farm personnel time being the most expensive components. Principal cost drivers were the number of tests and whether required sampling was farmwide or for each lot as identified by the collector. Farmers who primarily sold into recreational markets had greater fish health costs than farmers who primarily sold food fish because of the greater numbers of species and size-/age-classes of salmonids on their farms. Regulatory requirements to test all species and size-/age-classes on farms increased inspection costs by increasing the total number of tests, the total value of fish sacrificed, and shipping costs. Consequently, for farms with more than one species or more than one size-/age-class, annual farm-level testing was less costly than annual lot-based testing. Increased numbers of tests in a given year, although reported by only a few respondents, can increase costs dramatically and turn profitable farms unprofitable, even food fish farms. Smaller salmonid farms experienced disproportionately greater inspection cost burdens than did larger farms. The fish health inspection scenario of only one annual inspection of only the most susceptible species and size-/age-class showed a cost burden that did not generate economic distress, even on smaller salmonid farms. Other scenarios modeled (based on survey data) that included lot-based surveys of multiple species and size-/age-classes resulted in substantially greater fish health inspection costs that led to unprofitability for various farm sizes and business types. Study results suggest that implementing Comprehensive Aquaculture Health Program Standards might allow for risk- and pathogen-based reductions in the total number of inspections and fish sampled while maintaining equivalent or greater health status compared to current methods. American Fisheries Society-Fish Health Section Blue Book inspection methods are interpreted and applied inconsistently across states and generally yield lot- rather than farm-level health attestations because the history of testing results, risk assessment, and biosecurity practices are not typically taken into account. The cost effects of alternative fish health sampling and testing requirements should be considered in decisions and policy on fish health regulation. ; Western Regional Aquaculture Center Agreement Award [542209]; United States Trout Farmers Association; USDA-APHIS Cooperative Agreement Award [422526] ; Published version ; We thank all of the individuals who contributed to the planning, implementation, and completion of this study, particularly our project collaborators Gary Fornshell, Fred Conte, and William Hanshumaker. In addition, Debra Sloan, Jeff Hinshaw, Myron Kebus, Chris Weeks, and Matt Smith were very helpful. We appreciate the anonymous reviewers for providing useful insights into the nuances of fish health sampling and testing. We especially thank all of the producers who spent the time to participate and contribute data for this study. This study was funded by the Western Regional Aquaculture Center Agreement Award 542209, the United States Trout Farmers Association, and USDA-APHIS Cooperative Agreement Award 422526. There is no conflict of interest declared in this article. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee