Suchergebnisse

Public international legal research -- Treaty research and treaty implementation -- The use of travaux preparatoires for international legal research -- Customary international law -- General principles accepted as law -- Teachings of highly qualified publicists as subsidiary sources-- World judicial decisions -- Secondary sources -- Use of finding aids, arrangement of the law, and search techniques -- Planning and recording research -- Cultural competencies

Observable data on the relative share of transnational versus national transactions in trade, travel, University studies, mail, & telephone calls reveal a common pattern. (1) The absolute levels of such activities has increased since 1900. (2) In developed countries the international share of these activities remained constant or declined after peaking. (3) Although in such areas as science & technology international transactions have become a necessity, & in other respects an important consumer good, they cannot expand indefinitely. Limiting factors include social mobilization which increases national preoccupations, communications overloads of all kinds, & greater perceived relevance of & ease of dealing with domestic matters. The outcome is a paradox: today's world is less interdependent & international than it was 50 or 100 years ago, & yet sensitivity in some sectors to the need for international communications has increased. 2 Tables, 5 Figures. HA.

AbstractThe article explores the question of interpretation of unilateral acts in international law both from the perspective of ascertaining their binding force (law determination) and from the perspective of ascertaining their content (content determination). It argues that the objective intention of the author to be bound is what distinguishes binding commitments of unilateral origin from non-binding ones. In turn, this involves the interpretation of a unilateral act in accordance with its content and the circumstances surrounding its making. In practice, the use of clear and specific wording in conjunction with a set of contextual indicators are indicia of the intention to create a binding unilateral commitment. Against this backdrop, the article continues by addressing the question of interpretation of unilateral acts from the standpoint of ascertaining their content. It shows that the text of the act is the primary consideration in determining its content—and that its context as well as the circumstances surrounding its making are also interpretative elements that need to be taken into account. Due to the unilateral origin of these acts the interpretative rule applicable to international agreements can only be used as a point of reference when it comes to interpreting the content of these acts. In this light, the article concludes that more practice is needed in order to elucidate the exact role and weight that should be ascribed to non-textual elements in the context of interpreting unilateral acts. At the same time, the article argues in favour of adopting a broader approach to the concept of 'interpretation' in international law. Viewing interpretation not merely as content determination but also as law ascertainment allows us to better assess the persuasive value of arguments in favour or against certain interpretative rules when practice is scant—as is the case with unilateral acts.

The development of the academic study of international relations has been peculiarly conditioned by traditions of thought. Martin Wight was the first theorist to reject the binary dualism of the founding traditions of realism and idealism, as he believed it to be 'the reflection of a diseased situation'. In its place Wight constructed three traditions of Realism, Rationalism and Revolutionism.These served as the foundations for his lectures on international theory given at the London School of Economics in the 1950s which, as Brian Porter acknowledges, 'have been more heard about than heard'. Due to the relative paucity of Wight's printed legacy, scholars have had to piece together the fragments of his ideas on international theory. With the publication of these twelve lectures there is now a rich resource to be mined, and for this reason, the academy of international relations owes a considerable debt to the editors, Brian Porter and Gabriele Wight, for preserving and transmitting these remarkable orations on international theory.

The Genocide Convention explores the question of whether the law and genocide law in particular can prevent mass atrocities. The volume explains how genocide came to be accepted as a legal norm and analyzes the intent required for this categorization. The work also discusses individual suits against states for genocide and, finally, explores the utility of genocide as a legal concept.

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Acknowledgements -- Table of Contents -- Abbreviations -- Part I - THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK -- Chapter 1 - INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. The Subject Matter of the Enquiry and its Framework -- 1.2. Delimitations and Clarifications -- 1.2.1. Indigenous Peoples -- 1.2.2. The European Union -- 1.2.3. Prohibition of Discrimination and Minority Protection -- 1.2.4. Self-Determination and Minority Protection -- 1.3. Minority Protection - Solely A European Issue? -- 1.4. Sources Used in the Present Thesis -- Chapter 2 - RIGHTS AND PROTECTION -- 2.1. The Concept of Rights -- 2.2. Legal Rights -- 2.2.1. Human Rights -- 2.2.2. Individual v. Collective Rights -- 2.2.3. Minority Rights -- 2.3. The Concept of "Protection" -- 2.4. Minority Protection -- Chapter 3 - JUSTIFICATION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW -- 3.1. Teleological Interpretation in International Law -- 3.2. Views of Jurists -- 3.3. Judicial Application -- 3.4. Teleological Theories: Some Efforts of Jurists -- 3.5. Justification of Minority Protection as Understood in this Thesis -- Chapter 4 - THE THREE JUSTIFICATIONS OF MINORITY PROTECTION -- 4.1. Peace and Security -- 4.2. Human Dignity -- 4.3. Culture -- 4.4. The Relevance of the Justifications of Minority Protection -- Chapter 5 - DEFINING THE "MINORITY" -- 5.1. The Need of a Definition -- 5.2. Possible Approaches Towards a Definition -- 5.3. Definitions of "Minority" in International Law -- 5.4. Some Recent Doctrinal Efforts -- 5.5. Conclusion -- Part II - MINORITY PROTECTION AND ITS JUSTIFICATIONS IN THE PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS -- Chapter 6 - MINORITY PROTECTION IN THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS -- 6.1. The Creation of the League of Nations -- 6.2. The Covenant of the League of Nations and Protection of Minorities -- 6.3. The System of Minority Protection of the League of Nations.

"Obwohl es aufgrund verschiedener methodischer Probleme schwierig ist, exakte Aussagen über die Stellung des deutschen Maschinenbaus im Betrachtungszeitraum zu machen, läßt sich doch folgendes feststellen: Deutschland hatte zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts im Werkzeugmaschinenbau eine Stellung inne, die zwar bei Universalfräsmaschinen oder automatischen Revolverdrehbänken noch deutlich hinter den führenden Produzenten in den USA zurücklag, auf Spezialgebieten aber durchaus konkurrenzfähig und den übrigen Industriestaaten sogar überlegen war. Im Kraftmaschinenbau nahm Deutschland eine international führende Position ein, die sich nicht zuletzt auf den hohen Stand des deutschen technischen Ausbildungswesens gründete. Neben diesem wird man als Gründe für die relativ günstige Position des deutschen Maschinenbaus die teilweise aggressiven Marketingmethoden deutscher Fabrikanten und Händler, ein vergleichsweise niedriges Lohnniveau und eine geringe Streikhäufigkeit, die staatliche Wirtschaftspolitik sowie Art und Umfang der Industriefinanzierung nennen müssen. Der relativ beschränkte Inlandsmarkt sowie die unterschiedlichen Wünsche der Abnehmer in den Exportländern sind Hauptursachen dafür, daß bei Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkrieges Serienfertigung untypisch war." (Autorenreferat)

Artificially created islands are a contemporary reality, created and used for military and nonmilitary purposes. Analysis of such islands has largely been limited to their status under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) regime. Their position under general international law, however, remains unclear. In particular, the question of whether artificial islands can constitute sovereign territory remains unanswered. This Article analyzes the concept of territory in international law in the context of artificial islands, and argues that neither the doctrine of territory nor the strictures of UNCLOS prevent artificial islands from constituting territory capable of sovereign appropriation. This is further confirmed by examining state practice relating to artificial islands. The Article argues that artificial islands can be considered territory if they meet certain criteria: albeit territory not generating a territorial sea. Understanding artificial islands as capable of constituting territory allows for a more comprehensive and consistent positioning of such islands in regards to other general international law doctrines. The Article demonstrates this through the application of the doctrine of the unlawful acquisition of territory to artificial islands.

In recent years, the IMF has released a growing number of reports and other documents covering economic and financial developments and trends in member countries. Each report, prepared by a staff team after discussions with government officials, is published at the option of the member country

Abstract
The historic Nuremberg trial represented a first step toward an adequate response by the international society to grave crimes under international law committed by individuals in position of governmental authority. This article discusses three particular ways in which the Nuremberg trial has advanced international justice. From a normative perspective, it has helped crystallise the principle of individual criminal responsibility for crimes under international law. Furthermore, the Nuremberg tribunal's extraordinary jurisdiction paved the way for domestic and international courts' jurisdiction over crimes under international law, while instigating the evolution of relevant law concerning immunity from jurisdiction. Finally, in associating international crimes with the maintenance of international peace and security, it allowed the UN system of collective security to consider situations involving the commission of those crimes as a threat to international peace and security, preventing impunity and promoting the efficacy of international humanitarian law.