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The ageing of Europe's population is a crucial challenge for the 21st century. Today, the mean life expectancy in Sweden is 83 years for women and 78 for men. Ageing well is a frequently used process, describing the objectives of future elderly care and rehabilitation. Enabling elderly people to live longer and independently in their homes is one goal for society as a whole. Providing health care of high quality, on equal terms for all citizens, is an important political goal in Sweden. It is a great challenge for providers to achieve elderly care of high quality and to develop products, services and technologies that meet the needs of elderly people. There is an assumption that Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) will enhance quality of life. Additionally "electronic accessibility" is one of the goals for the European Information Society to support and enable self-determination and mobility. Dimensions of empowerment such as participation and ability to influence/control one's life situation imply an approach to health care with the patient/client in focus. The aim of this thesis was to explore different dimensions of empowerment and an empowerment methodology for elderly persons in home health care, and if ICT was a useful tool in this process. A multi-method approach was used that included interviews with patients with experience of rehabilitation, interviews with elderly persons with homecare and safety alarms, exploring their needs in relation to empowerment dimensions such as autonomy, self-determination, participation and mobility, an intervention where a mobile safety alarm was tested by elderly individuals and reflective learning workshops with front line staff in home care. Different methods of analysis were used, including Grounded Theory, Latent Content analysis and Constructivist Grounded Theory together with reflections. One of the overall findings was that all patients/clients that participated in these studies had not reflected upon whether it would be possible or not, to influence care and rehabilitation. The results indicate low patient participation in and influence on, the rehabilitation process. Elderly people perceived freedom of movement as a prerequisite for participation and in one of the studies the elderly participants felt that they could influence care and be participating in one aspect, but they still wanted more support with, for example, being more physically active, like walking out doors. The overall findings show a genuine patient/client desire, but limited possibilities to influence care and rehabilitation. Put another way, patients/clients want to have influence and participate authentically, but they do not exactly know how to achieve this. All patients/clients were positive towards the professionals in care and rehabilitation. They were really grateful and admired the professionals and also identified themselves with how stressed and how overloaded with work the professionals were. This might mean that the concept interdependency is looked upon as more important than real autonomy. The patients/clients tried to be compliant and this can be understood as "learning unpretentiousness". After reflecting upon their situation they were more able to articulate their needs that were not responded to or taken care of. When ICT, as an empowering tool, was implemented, findings showed that elderly people experienced the use of a mobile safety alarm as empowering. The mobile safety alarm gave them the freedom of movement needed to be physically active and still feel safe. The positioning device was not experienced as a threat to their integrity. Mobility and safety were experienced as more important than privacy. The research findings indicate that in order to improve home health care services from the patient's/client's perspective, we need to work with the triads of participation, empowerment and mobile Information and Communication Technology. We need to critically and creatively reflect on what clients say and then try to respond positively to what we learn and shift the focus away from 'what's life like?' and 'what should life be like?', towards the explicit action question, 'what needs to be done to make life as good as it can be?' Real improvement is more likely to be sustained with some changes in accountability. ; Godkänd; 2008; 20080929 (ysko) ; e-Home HealthCare @ North Calotte

The paper analyzes modern rural household in Yugoslavia, both by region and
at the level of the country as a whole. The author begins by providing a
statistical and sociological definition of basic terms, and proceeds with a
combination of social and demographic analysis. The basic criterion used is
the residential status of the population (permanent residence) based on the
administrative distribution of settlements with the non-city ("other")
population treated as part of rural population. The descriptive basis was
formed on the basis of two types of sources: population census data and
relevant studies, on the one hand, and comprehensive researches of rural
family in the 1990s, on the other. The modernization theory has provided the
basic framework for the analysis of the state and movement in rural
households in Yugoslavia since the beginning of the 20th century, but the
paper deals mainly with social and economic developments following the
Second World War. The following components of the rural households are
analyzed: dynamics and average size, as well as composition of households.
With reference to the level of the social change they had undergone and some
demographic special features, rural households are classified into four main
types: 1) purely agricultural; 2) mixed (with income earned from
agricultural and non-agricultural activities); 3) non-agricultural; and 4)
households of elderly people. The appearance and growth of mixed households
during the pest-war period, following adoption of the socialistic command
economy, came as a result of objective contradictions in transformation of
an individual agricultural household into a modern market-oriented holding,
and its cooperation with the state-owned cooperative sector. Since early
1980s, however, with deterioration in its position, agricultural production
is gradually given up or maintained at the subsistence level, while most
family members earn their living from the non-agricultural sector. These
tendencies were most rapidly observed in Vojvodina, which is the most
fertile region of the country, and most slowly in central Serbia. As a
result of the above social and economic transformation the village was also
exposed to a strong demographic transformation, which was most readily
observed in ageing and feminization of population and its labor force and
narrowing down of family structure to conjugal family united through
marriage, which is made up of aged parents without an heir. The rural
household and/or family have undergone crucial changes in respect of three
main segments: 1) size; 2) structure; and 3) position and role of family
members. This last aspect has been the subject of numerous comprehensive
studies into the way of life in villages. The analysis of family relations
in a village was conducted in two segments: intra-generation (between
spouses and between children, especially of different gender) and
inter-generation (parent - children relations). Segregation of roles by
gender is still characterized by male domination, husband - head of the
family, and son - the heir. Housework, parenthood, and the homestead itself
(due to the increased engagement of the husband in non-agricultural
activities) are the main sources of self-realization of women. Marriage and
bearing children (especially male children) represent the main social
promotion channel for young girls in a village environment, while education
and earning income from work outside the village do not ensure a significant
role in making decisions on family life in general, children's future or
even personal destiny. Incidence of conflict in marriage is rare.
Satisfaction with a twofold role of the mother and housekeeper is very high
as well as understanding for tl1e difficulties of the social position of a
man - the "bread winner" in the current social crisis and disintegration.
The author points to the lack of data on rural households in Kosovo and
Metohia caused by the boycott of the latest census by the majority, ethnic
Albanian population. An attempt was hence made to compensate for the lack of
quantitative information by presenting results of representative
investigation of Albanian zadrugas in Kosovo and Metohia.

Zusammenfassung: 2177 Patienten nehmen uns im ersten Halbjahr 2003 hausärztlich in Anspruch. Bei 1926, fast 90%, ist die Abschätzung des kardiovaskulären Risikos aufgrund vorhandener oder erstmals erhobener Daten möglich. Bei 42% besteht Präventionsbedarf: 18% sind Hochrisikopatienten, die größtenteils einer medikamentösen Behandlung bedürfen, bei 24% ist zumindest eine intensive Beratung bei vorhandenem mittleren oder spätestens bis zum sechzigsten Geburtstag zu erwartendem mittleren oder hohen Risiko erforderlich. Zu letzteren gehören bereits 17% der Frauen und 26% der Männer unter 35 Jahren! Alarmierend sind die Risikoentwicklung bei sehr jungen Männern und -die allgemein unterschätzte- bei postmenopausalen Frauen. Hauptgründe: die Entwicklung hin zu Übergewicht und Adipositas setzt bei Männer schon ab 30-, bei Frauen ab 50 Jahren ein. Das seltene Auftreten kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen bei prämenopausalen Frauen wiegt in falscher Sicherheit. Die Prävalenz kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen und Risikofaktoren unserer Patienten stimmt mit Ergebnissen epidemiologischer Untersuchungen weitgehend überein, was Rückschlüsse auf vergleichbare Praxen zulässt. Die Abschätzung des kardialen Risikos erfolgt mit Hilfe des PROCAM-Scores. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich dieser Risiko-Score auch bei Patienten außerhalb des vorgesehenen Altersfensters, bei Frauen, sowie zur Abschätzung des allgemeinen kardiovaskulären Risikos bewährt. Im Vergleich zu Studienergebnissen sind bei eigenen Patienten bescheidene Behandlungserfolge bei Dyslipidämie und Hypertonie zu verzeichnen. Dies scheint nicht schwierig zu sein, da Deutschland bei der Sekundärprävention im europäischen Vergleich auf hinteren Rängen rangiert. Die Behandlungskosten liegen allerdings trotz des geringen Durchschnittsalters unserer Patienten bei Antihypertensiva 25%, bei Lipidsenkern 100% über denen der Vergleichspraxen. Dennoch werden auch bei uns die in Leitlinien vorgegebenen Behandlungsziele eher selten erreicht. Die Behandlung von Hochrisikopatienten erfolgt all zu oft erst dann leitliniengerecht, wenn gravierende gesundheitliche Schäden bereits aufgetreten sind, was allen Intentionen des Präventionsgedankens widerspricht. Der Hauptgrund für die Unterversorgung von Risikopatienten ist in begrenzten Medikamentenbudgets bei gleichzeitiger Angst vor Regress zu suchen. Nicht mangelnde Compliance der Patienten, sondern ärztliche Non-Compliance ist hauptverantwortlich für die insgesamt unbefriedigenden Präventionsergebnisse-angesichts der Malignität kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen ein untragbarer Zustand. Dabei zeigen Kosten-Effektivitäts-Analysen, dass es sich vor allem bei der Prävention mit Statinen um eine außerordentlich kostengünstige und effektive Maßnahme handelt. Die Klage ärztlicher Regierungsberater und Gesundheitspolitiker über die Unterversorgung chronisch Kranker ist berechtigt, steht aber in krassem Widerspruch zum Stellenwert, der Prävention hierzulande eingeräumt wird. Erfolgreiche Prävention lässt sich in einem Klima ständiger Verunsicherung, das von eben diesen Personen zu verantworten ist, nicht erfolgreich bewerkstelligen. Begünstigt durch einen in Industriestaaten üblichen Lebensstil, geprägt von Bewegungsmangel, Übergewicht und übermäßigem Nikotin- und Alkoholkonsum ist die Zunahme der Prävalenz kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen und ihrer Risikofaktoren schon heute erschreckend. Zusätzlich wird aufgrund der demographischen Entwicklung der Präventionsbedarf in den nächsten Jahrzehnten trotz sinkender Bevölkerungszahl kontinuierlich weiter ansteigen. Nur eine Änderung des Lebensstils weiter Bevölkerungsteile wird den finanziellen Kollaps des Gesundheitssystems verhindern können. Lebensstilmodifikation ist möglich, hat aber ihre Grenzen. Der Hausarzt ist durch eine oft jahrzehntelange Betreuung wie kein anderer in der Lage -in enger Zusammenarbeit mit Spezialisten-, Risiken seiner Patienten rechtzeitig zu erkennen und zu beeinflussen. Dazu benötigt er allerdings die Unterstützung von Gesellschaft und Politik. Ständig neuer Aufbau bürokratischer Hemmnisse und Unfähigkeitsbezichtigungen durch Gesundheitspolitiker sind kontraproduktiv. Schlüsselwörter: Kardiovaskuläres Risiko · PROCAM-Score · Präventionsbedarf · Behandlungskosten · Ärztliche Non-Compliance ; Abstract: In the first half year of 2003, 2177 patients visited our general practice. Patient records and recent diagnostic tests allow for estimating the cardiovascular risk of 1926 patients, approximately 90% of the total sample. For 42% preventive actions were appropriate; 18% of the patients had a high risk profile, with indications for medical intervention in most of them. For an additional 24%, established intermediate or expected intermediate to high risk by the age of 60 called for specific counselling. It is of concern that the latter cohort included 17% of all women and 26% of all men below the age of 35. Increases in the risk of young male and – commonly underestimated – of post-menopausal female patients are particularly alarming. These changes are mainly due to an increased prevalence of obesity, with an age of onset of about 30 years for men and about 50 years for women. In addition, the low incidence of cardiovascular events in premenopausal women conveys an inappropriate feeling of security. The prevalence of both cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors in our patient cohort is in line with the results of larger epidemiological studies, allowing extrapolations to the patient samples of comparable general practices. Cardiovascular risk was estimated using the PROCAM score, originally designed for male patients aged 40 to 65. It could be shown that this score can accurately estimate the cardiovascular risk in all patient populations, regardless of age and sex, and that it is useful in estimating the general cardiovascular risk. Compared to trial results, therapeutic success achieved for dyslipidemia and hypertension was rather moderate. Improving prevention should not be difficult, given that Germany, as compared to other European countries, is lacking behind with regard to secondary prevention. However, and despite the relatively low mean age in our patient cohort, prescription costs for antihypertensives were 25 %, those for lipid-lowering drugs 100% higher than the mean of comparable practices. Nevertheless, in the majority of patients our interventions still failed to reach the therapeutic goals set by current guidelines. Commonly, medical treatment of high risk patients is in accordance with the guidelines only after significant damage has occurred – inconsistent with preventive intention. The main reasons for the inadequate management of high risk patients are found in global financial limits for medication and in the fear of claims for compensation. Non-compliance of doctors with current standards rather than imperfect patient compliance is responsible for not reaching adequate prevention, a situation that is not acceptable given the mortality and morbidity of cardiovascular disease. This is even more so since statins, in particular, were shown to be cost-effective in cardiovascular prevention. While many complaints by politicians and their medical advisors about inadequate care for patients with chronic disease are justified, this is in direct contradiction to the resources allocated to prevention in this country. Moreover, the same authorities are responsible for the climate of insecurity that hampers successful prevention. Together with the unhealthy life style of a typical industrial region, characterised by lack of exercise, obesity, excessive consummation of alcohol, and smoking, this has already led to an alarming increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and, consecutively, in cardiovascular disease. In addition, demographic development will further increase the need for prevention despite a decline in population. Thus, significant changes in life style of large parts of the population will be necessary to prevent the financial collapse of the health system. However, life style modifications, while feasible, have their limits. By virtue of his long-standing patient relationships, the general practitioner is in a unique situation to understand personal health risks of his patients and, in cooperation with specialists, to reduce them. In order to optimally fulfil this task he will need the trusting support of society and politics. Ever new bureaucratic obstacles and unfair accusations of incompetence by health politicians are profoundly unhelpful in this regard. Key words: cardiovascular risk – PROCAM score – need for prevention – prescription cost – non-compliance of doctors

Since 2007, after the election of the economist Rafael Correa Delgado for president of the Republic of Ecuador, the country has been experiencing a series of ideological, structural and political changes. A Constitutional Assembly, demanded by a Popular Consultation, materialized Correa's project of "homeland refoundation" (Ulloa, 2020, p. 19). In 2008, once the Constitution had been drafted, 63,93% of the voting population said "Yes" to the new Constitution, thus establishing what would be a turning point in national politics.On the one hand, until the fall of Colonel Lucio Gutiérrez (2003-2005), the country had undergone turbulence during the nineties due to significant political-institutional instability. There were three political leaders toppled in total; an armed conflict with its neighbor country, Peru; and a deep economic crisis that led the country to embark on dollarization. Correa's presidency, on the other hand, lasted ten years (2007-2017), after which time he left one of his vice-presidents Lenín Moreno as successor (2017-2021). In addition, despite the corruption during his government, he continues to lead the second largest political party, as can be seen in the 2021 elections.His Plan of Government, called 'Plan Nacional para el Buen Vivir,' introduced the indigenous worldview of Sumak Kawsay. Translated from quichua language as Buen Vivir, this philosophy enabled the adoption of social inclusion measures, the enlargement of minority rights, including the expansion of the liberal juridical anthropocentric concept, by offering nature rights (Hernández, 2017). Sumak Kawsay means "life in its fullness […] in its material and spiritual excellence […] in its inner and outer balance of the community" (Macas, 2010, p. 14).Based on this philosophy, Ecuador started moving towards social change, which was impossible without the inclusion of gender equality (Zaragocín, 2017, p. 64). In that sense, many public policies have been planned, creating debates on economic, political and social issues (Acosta, 2012; Acosta y Cajas-Guijarro, 2018; Hernández, 2017; Radcliffe, 2017). Furthermore, these policies targeted one of the most hermetic institutions: the Armed Forces.In this respect, this paper aims to analyze the discursive reproductions and disruptions in gender categories (masculine and feminine) based on an analysis of Ecuadorian defense documents. The masculinities constitute a gender category that reflects the subjugation of the feminine by the masculine, and is connected to a superiority associated with strength, rationality, command, in opposition to feminine values (weakness, emotionality, anarchy) (Hooper, 1999). Nevertheless, masculinities are not personal characteristics concerning individuals. Instead, they should be understood as configurations produced by social actions in a particular context (Connell y Messerschmidt, 2005, p. 832). In this paper, Maya Eichler's militarized masculinities (MM) concept is used as a reference to the stereotypical masculine characteristics created by the exacerbation of virility in military rituals (military service, combat) (Eichler, 2014, pp. 83-85). The author highlights that the MM are regularly and dynamically produced, making necessary an analysis on its features. Therefore, it is used to identify discursive and ideological formations and interdiscourses associated with gender notions present in the documents through a post-structural feminist approach and a discourse analysis methodology.Gender equality constitutes an unavoidable issue in contemporary democracies and consequently the inclusion of women in the Ecuadorian Armed Forces is an ongoing challenge. Recent studies on the integration of women in the military demonstrate that public policies, mainly regarding gender equality and interculturality, have been militarized (Zaragocín, 2018, p. 436). In other words, the potential for social change has been lost. From this fact, this paper argues that the militarization of gender equality, besides undermining the transformative potential of social inclusion, allowed the reproduction of new manifestations of militarized masculinities in the defense documents, updating the dynamics based on a dialectic and negative masculine/feminine dichotomy.Furthermore, the existence of a gap in the Ecuadorian security and defense literature is identified; despite the increase of women in the military, studies on this phenomenon remain incipient (Chacón, 2014; Iturralde, 2015; Morales et al., 2017; Zaldumbide, 2020; Zaragocín, 2018). Issues concerning military masculinities, hegemonic masculinity in these places and in Ecuadorian society —and their discursive reproductions, continuities and resistances— constitute a fertile ground for the analysis of the consequences of militarization for social inclusion. This paper fills this gap by analyzing the transformation in militarized masculinities in national defense discourse, and it does so through innovative methodological resources that allow a critical perspective on the results of the policies implemented since 2007.In terms of methodology, a framework of analisis is used consisting of defense documents published from 2002 to 2017, namely: Libro Blanco de Defensa (2002, 2006), Agenda Política de Defensa (2009-2013 and 2014-2017), Política de Género de las Fuerzas Armadas del Ecuador (2013) and the Cartilla de Género Fuerzas Armadas del Ecuador (2017). This framework refers to the year of 2002 due to the release of the first Libro Blanco during Gustavo Noboa's administration (2000-2003). This permits us to determine to what extent the inclusion of gender politics was an unavoidable issue in national defense politics during the documents' transition.The body of analysis is addressed through the combination of a discourse analysis and a post-structural feminist perspective on gender, using Laura Shepherd's theoretical lens. The connection between these methodologies permits the identification of the ways that gender manifests itself as an element of power in discourses. It is highlighted how the post-structural feminist perspective allows us to question how the texts signify, enabling the realization of profound analyses that address the documents' discursive meanings (Shepherd, 2010, p. 9). Discourse should be understood as "word in motion", whose purpose is the production of effects of meaning (Orlandi, 2012, p. 15). Discourse is represented by oral and written word, and symbols that dispute meanings in subjective and ideological fields (Brandão, 2012, p. 9). For this study, the texts that form the body of analysis are considered discourses. In this way, discourses are understood as neither transparent nor inert (Orlandi, 2012, p. 15), but dynamic and contingent.Besides the introduction and the final considerations, the work has three sections. The first section presents the conceptual tools that will be used to understand the relation between gender and masculinities. After that, a brief description of the methodology employed in the study is developed. Finally, the analysis is conducted on the manifestations of militarized masculinities in the documents. The work finishes by presenting a final argument, that is: besides undermining the transformative potential of social inclusion, the militarization of gender equality allows for the reproduction of new manifestations of militarized masculinities in the defense documents. The dynamics are updated based on a dialectic and negative masculine/feminine dichotomy.Through this analysis three illustrative images of women's presence in the defense documents were created: "partial citizen", "authorized citizen" and "military woman". The three representations show, in a "before" and "after" comparison of gender politics, that women continue experiencing rejection in military spaces, being the "Other", and inherently a stranger to the ideal of militarized masculinity that prevails in the barracks. The conclusion is that militarized masculinities have experienced a discursive metamorphosis, demonstrating the subtle and resistant armor of the masculine military ethos. ; El presente trabajo busca analizar las manifestaciones, reproducciones y rupturas discursivas que experimentan las nociones de género a partir de las masculinidades militarizadas presentes en los documentos de defensa del Ecuador. El corpus de análisis está constituido por las políticas de defensa producidas entre 2002 y 2017, considerando el periodo presidencial de Rafael Correa (2007-2017). La Constitución de 2008, con la inclusión de la filosofía indígena del Buen Vivir (Sumak Kawsay), permitió la promoción de políticas públicas direccionadas a alcanzar la equidad de género y la interculturalidad. Las instituciones castrenses se han mostrado especialmente reticentes a los cambios producidos por dichas medidas, generando una militarización de las políticas de género. Es decir, el potencial de cambio que las caracteriza ha sido contenido por la supremacía del ethos militar masculino. El efecto de esa contención —en un país que se autodenomina plurinacional, que reconoce la presencia de diversos pueblos en su territorio— necesita ser analizado, puesto que impacta directamente con las propuestas de inclusión social. Se argumenta que la militarización de elementos como la equidad de género y la interseccionalidad del Buen Vivir, además de corroer el potencial transformador de inclusión social, permite reproducir nuevas formas de manifestación de las masculinidades militarizadas en los documentos de defensa, actualizando las dinámicas que responden a la dicotomía masculino/femenino en un sentido dialéctico y negativo. Para el análisis se emplea una perspectiva de género feminista aliada al análisis del discurso de vertiente francesa, visando examinar las manifestaciones discursivas de las masculinidades militarizadas en los documentos de defensa. A partir del análisis se crearon tres categorías ilustrativas de la presencia de la mujer en los documentos de defensa: ciudadana parcial, ciudadana autorizada, mujer militar. Las tres representaciones muestran, en un antes y un después de las políticas de género, que las mujeres continúan vivenciando rechazo en los espacios militares, ocupando el lugar de un otro. Se concluye que las masculinidades militarizadas han experimentado una metamorfosis discursiva, mostrando el blindaje resistente y sutil del ethos militar masculino. En términos de estructura, el trabajo posee tres secciones. En la primera, se despliegan los instrumentos conceptuales para comprender la relación entre género y masculinidades. Enseguida, se desarrolla una breve descripción de la metodología utilizada. Finalmente, se aplica el dispositivo de análisis a la localización de las manifestaciones de las masculinidades militarizadas en los documentos.

Inequalities in health are a prevalent feature of societies. And as societies, we condemn inequalities that are rooted in immutable circumstances such as gender, race, and parental background. Consequently, policy makers are interested in measuring and understanding the causes of health inequalities rooted in circumstances. However, identifying causal estimates of these relationships is very ambitious for reasons such as the presence of confounders or measurement error in the data. This thesis contributes to this ambitious endeavour by addressing these challenges in four chapters. In the first Chapter, I use 25 years of rich health information to describe three features of intergenerational health mobility in Germany. First, we describe the joint permanent health distribution of the parents and their children. A ten percentile increase in parental permanent health is associated with a 2.3 percentile increase in their child's health. Second, a percentile point increase in permanent health ranks is associated with a 0.8% to 1.4% increase in permanent income for, both, children, and parents, respectively. Non-linearities in the association between permanent health and income create incentives to escape the bottom of the permanent health distribution. Third, upward mobility in permanent health varies with parental socio-economic status. In the second Chapter, we estimate the effect of maternal schooling on children's mental health in adulthood. Using the Socio-Economic Panel and the mental health measure based on the SF-12 questionnaire, we exploit a compulsory schooling law reform to identify the causal effect of maternal schooling on children's mental health. While the theoretical considerations are not clear, we do not find that the mother's schooling has an effect on the mental health of the children. However, we find a positive effect on children's physical health operating mainly through physical functioning. In addition, albeit with the absence of a reduced-form effect on mental health, we find evidence that the number of friends moderates the relationship between maternal schooling and their children's mental health. In the third Chapter, against a background of increasing violence against non-natives, we estimate the effect of hate crime on refugees' mental health in Germany. For this purpose, we combine two datasets: administrative records on xenophobic crime against refugee shelters by the Federal Criminal Office and the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees. We apply a regression discontinuity design in time to estimate the effect of interest. Our results indicate that hate crime has a substantial negative effect on several mental health indicators, including the Mental Component Summary score and the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 score. The effects are stronger for refugees with closer geographic proximity to the focal hate crime and refugees with low country-specific human capital. While the estimated effect is only transitory, we argue that negative mental health shocks during the critical period after arrival have important long-term consequences. In the last Chapter of this thesis, we investigate how the economic consequences of the pandemic and the government-mandated measures to contain its spread affect the self-employed – particularly women– in Germany. For our analysis, we use representative, real-time survey data in which respondents were asked about their situation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings indicate that among the self-employed, who generally face a higher likelihood of income losses due to COVID-19 than employees, women are 35% more likely to experience income losses than their male counterparts. We do not find a comparable gender gap among employees. Our results further suggest that the gender gap among the self-employed is largely explained by the fact that women disproportionately work in industries that are more severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our analysis of potential mechanisms reveals that women are significantly more likely to be impacted by government-imposed restrictions, e.g., the regulation of opening hours. We conclude that future policy measures intending to mitigate the consequences of such shocks should account for this considerable variation in economic hardship. ; Sozioökonomische Unterschiede beim Gesundheitszustand oder in den Folgen von Gesundheitsschocks zeigen sich in allen modernen Gesellschaften. Es besteht gesellschaftlicher Konsens darin, dass diese gesundheitlichen Unterschiede ungerecht sind, insofern sie durch unterschiedliche Lebensumstände, wie den familiären Hintergrund, Migrationsstatus oder Geschlecht, verursacht werden. In vielen Ländern zielen die Bemühungen von Politikmaßnahmen darauf ab, gesundheitliche Unterschiede, die durch unterschiedliche sozioökonomische Umstände verursacht werden, sowie Unterschiede, die auf die Ausbreitung von Krankheiten zurück zu führen sind, zu beseitigen. Die Entwicklung passgenauer Maßnahmen zur Erreichung dieser Ziele erfordert Erkenntnisse über die diesen Phänomenen zu Grunde liegenden Prozesse. Diese Dissertation leistet wichtige Beiträge zur Messung und zum Verständnis ebendieser Prozesse. Im Folgenden fasse ich die einzelnen Kapitel der Dissertation sowie deren Implikationen für die Gestaltung von Politikmaßnahmen kurz zusammen. Kapitel 1 beschreibt die erste Quantifizierung der intergenerationalen Mobilität in der permanenten Gesundheit in Deutschland. Unter Verwendung des Sozioökonomischen Panels (SOEP), das über mehr als 25 Jahre umfassender Gesundheitsinformationen zur Verfügung stellt, werden in Kapitel 1 Rangordnungsregressionen des Perzentil-Rangs der Kinder auf den elterlichen Perzentil-Rang in der Verteilung der permanenten Gesundheit vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Rang-Rang-Steigung 0,232 entspricht und die Schätzungen der Aufwärts- und Abwärtsmobilität 44,43 bzw. 56,54 betragen. Die Schätzungen der Rang-Rang-Steigung für Deutschland liegen in einer ähnlichen Größenordnung wie vergleichbare Schätzungen der intergenerationalen Mobilität für das permanente Einkommen. Darüber hinaus liegt Deutschland im Vergleich zu den USA und Dänemark bezüglich der intergenerationalen Mobilität im Mittelfeld, was die Rangfolge der Länder bei der intergenerationalen Einkommensmobilität widerspiegelt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auch, dass ein Anstieg von einem Perzentil-Rang in der Verteilung der permanenten Gesundheit mit einem Anstieg des permanenten Einkommens um 0,8 bis 1,4% verbunden ist. Am unteren Ende der Verteilung der dauerhaften Gesundheit ist dieser Zusammenhang jedoch stark nichtlinear. Das heißt, Veränderungen in der Verteilung der permanenten Gesundheit am unteren Ende der Verteilung sind hier besonders relevant für das permanente Einkommen. Darüber hinaus deuten die Ergebnisse von Kapitel 1 darauf hin, dass ein höherer sozioökonomischer Status der Eltern mit einer höheren Aufwärtsmobilität bei der permanenten Gesundheit verbunden ist. Dies ist ein wichtiger Unterschied zu Studien aus den Vereinigten Staaten, die zeigen, dass ein besserer elterlicher sozioökonomischer Status mit einer besseren Gesundheit der Kinder über die gesamte elterliche Verteilung der dauerhaften Gesundheit verbunden ist. Kapitel 1 schließt mit dem Argument, dass die intergenerationale Mobilität in Gesundheit Aufschluss darüber gibt, wie gerecht eine Gesellschaft ist. Kapitel 2 präsentiert die ersten Schätzungen des Effekts der Bildung der Mütter auf die psychische Gesundheit ihrer Kinder im Erwachsenenalter. Dies ist eine wichtige Frage, da psychische Erkrankungen eine der Hauptursachen für die hohen Kosten von nicht übertragbaren Krankheiten sind. Um konsistente Schätzungen des Effekts der mütterlichen Bildung auf die psychische Gesundheit der Kinder im Erwachsenenalter zu erzielen, verwenden wir exogene Variation in der mütterlichen Schulbildung, die sich durch eine Reform des Schulpflichtgesetzes ergibt, in deren Rahmen die Anzahl der Pflichtschuljahre von acht auf neun erhöht wurde. Diese Analyse stützt sich auf die Daten des SOEP. Die Daten zur psychischen Gesundheit der Kinder beruhen auf dem Mental Component Summary (MCS) Score, einem Index für die allgemeine psychische Gesundheit. Wir liefern auch Erkenntnisse über die Dimension der körperlichen Gesundheit der Kinder, die durch den Physical Component Summary (PCS) Score erfasst wird. Der PCS Score ist das Äquivalent zum MCS Score für die Dimension der physischen Gesundheit. Beide Maße werden aus einer Hauptkomponentenanalyse der 12 Items des Short Form-12 (SF-12)-Fragebogens abgeleitet. Die Ergebnisse in Kapitel 2 deuten darauf hin, dass die Anzahl der Jahre der Schulbildung der Mutter keinen Einfluss auf die psychische Gesundheit der Kinder im Erwachsenenalter hat. Allerdings werden frühere Ergebnisse zur Anzahl der Jahre mütterlicher Schulbildung auf die physische Gesundheit der Kinder repliziert. Weitergehende Analysen deuten darauf hin, dass vor allem die körperlichen Funktionen der Kinder positiv beeinflusst werden. Dieses Ergebnis konnte bisher in der ökonomischen Literatur nicht gezeigt werden. Zwar deuten die Schätzungen der mütterlichen Schuljahre auf die psychische Gesundheit der Kinder im Erwachsenenalter auf die Abwesenheit eines Effekts hin, dies schließt jedoch die Existenz von Mediatoren des betrachteten Zusammenhangs nicht aus. Wir testen daher potenzielle Mediatoren und finden Hinweise darauf, dass die Anzahl der Freunde, ein häufig verwendetes Maß für soziales Kapital, ein Mediator des Zusammenhangs zwischen der Anzahl der mütterlichen Schuljahre und der psychischen Gesundheit der Kinder im Erwachsenenalter ist. Der implizierte Gesamteffekt des Mediators ist jedoch nur sehr klein, was mit einem Gesamteffekt von Null konsistent ist. Kapitel 3 ergänzt die Literatur zu gesundheitlichen Unterschieden zwischen Migranten und der einheimischen Bevölkerung, indem es die Auswirkungen von Hasskriminalität auf die psychische Gesundheit von Geflüchteten aufzeigt. Dies ist von besonderer Relevanz, sind doch die Anzahl der Geflüchteten und die Häufigkeit von Hasskriminalität im gleichen Zeitraum sprunghaft angestiegen. Konsistente Schätzungen werden durch eine Regressionsdiskontinuitätsanalyse im Zeitverlauf und der IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung von Geflüchteten, einer Sondererhebung zu Geflüchteten in Deutschland, erzielt. Die Maße für die psychische Gesundheit in dieser Studie sind der MCS-Score und der Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) Score. Letzterer ist ein Maß für die Häufigkeit von Depressions- und Angstsymptomen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Hasskriminalität den MCS und PHQ-4 Score um etwa 37 bzw. 28% einer Standardabweichung reduzieren. Weiterhin zeigen die in Kapitel 3 vorgestellten Ergebnisse, dass länderspezifisches Humankapital, wie Sprachkenntnisse und Anzahl der deutschen Freunde, den Effekt moderiert. Dies weist auf die Bedeutung der Möglichkeit zur Informationsbeschaffung hin, die Geflüchteten hilft ihre subjektive Wahrnehmung mit der tatsächlichen Wahrscheinlichkeit, Opfer von Hasskriminalität zu werden, in Einklang zu bringen. Kapitel 4 zeigt, wie sich eine öffentliche Gesundheitskrise, wie die COVID-19-Pandemie, auf unterschiedliche Weise auf die wirtschaftlichen Ergebnisse von Männern und Frauen auswirken kann. Die COVID-19-Pandemie ist wahrscheinlich die größte Herausforderung für moderne Gesellschaften seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Sie hat in Ländern auf der ganzen Welt schwere Wirtschaftskrisen ausgelöst und zur Entwicklung von Maßnahmen geführt, die darauf abzielen, die Ausbreitung des Virus zu reduzieren. Kapitel 4 zeigt, dass die COVID-19-Pandemie dazu führte, dass die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Einkommensminderung bei selbständigen Frauen um rund 35% höher war als bei selbständigen Männern. Des Weiteren zeigt Kapitel 4, dass dieser Effekt größtenteils auf die überproportionale Selektion von Frauen in die von der COVID-19-Pandemie am stärksten betroffenen Branchen zurückzuführen ist. Diese geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede sind auch deshalb entstanden, weil die Sektoren, in denen Frauen mit größerer Wahrscheinlichkeit arbeiten, stärker von staatlichen Regelungen zur Bekämpfung der Pandemie betroffen sind. Im Folgenden fasse ich kurz zusammen, wie die Ergebnisse der jeweiligen Kapitel das Design von verschieden Politikmaßnahmen beeinflussen können. Kapitel 1 und 2 konzentrieren sich auf den familiären Hintergrund als mögliche Ursache für gesundheitliche Unterschiede. Die dort zu Tage gebrachten Erkenntnisse sind besonders relevant, da politische Maßnahmen zum Ausgleich von Gesundheitsunterschieden, die in der Kindheit wurzeln, oft mit großen Kosten assoziiert sind. Wenn diese Ressourcen auf im Lebenszyklus frühe Interventionen verlagert werden könnten, könnte dies Spielraum für Effizienzgewinne bieten. Kapitel 1 trägt hierzu ebenfalls bei, indem es wichtige Erkenntnisse über die Persistenz der dauerhaften Gesundheit über Generationen hinweg liefert und darüber, wie sich Unterschiede in der permanenten Gesundheit in Unterschiede im permanenten Einkommen niederschlagen. Auch wenn auf Basis dieser Evidenz keine kausalen Behauptungen möglich sind, finden wir, dass ein günstiger sozioökonomischer Hintergrund der Eltern häufig mit einer höheren Aufwärtsmobilität verbunden ist. Hält man die Mobilität auf allen anderen Perzentil-Rängen konstant, könnte dies ein gangbarer Weg sein, um Pareto-Verbesserungen in der Gesundheit zu erreichen. Darüber hinaus könnte unser Befund, dass die Anzahl der Schuljahre der Mütter am unteren Ende der Bildungsverteilung keinen Einfluss auf die psychische Gesundheit der Kinder hat, wichtig für die Bemühungen des öffentlichen Gesundheitswesens sein, den sozioökonomischen Gradienten in psychischer Gesundheit zu verringern. Dieser Befund schließt jedoch einen Effekt der mütterlichen Bildung auf die psychische Gesundheit der Kinder nicht aus, da die Reform des Schulpflichtgesetzes keine rechtlichen Konsequenzen in Bezug auf den Zugang zu verschiedenen Berufsoder Hochschulausbildungen hatte. Die Erforschung dieses Zusammenhangs an unterschiedlichen Bildungsrändern wäre eine vielversprechende Möglichkeit für zukünftige Forschung. Unsere Erkenntnisse über die Auswirkungen von Hassverbrechen auf die psychische Gesundheit von Geflüchteten und die potenziellen Auswirkungen auf die Integration und den langfristigen Erfolg von Geflüchteten und ihren Kindern sollte ebenfalls für politische Entscheidungsträger von größter Bedeutung sein. Bisherige Forschungsergebnisse legen nahe, dass Hassverbrechen die Integration von Geflüchteten behindern und diese daher nicht entsprechend ihres eigentlichen Potenzials zum Wirtschaftswachstum des Aufnahmelandes beitragen können. Kapitel 3 sollte daher die politischen Entscheidungsträger motivieren, Ressourcen in die Förderung einer Willkommensatmosphäre für Geflüchtete sowie ihrer psychischen Gesundheit zu investieren. Kapitel 4 zeigt, wie eine dringend notwendige politische Maßnahme zur Verhinderung der Ausbreitung einer übertragbaren Krankheit unterschiedliche wirtschaftliche Auswirkungen auf Frauen und Männer haben kann. Politische Entscheidungsträger sollten diese unterschiedlichen Auswirkungen berücksichtigen und darauf abzielen, Ausgleichsregelungen zu treffen, die universell im Anspruch, aber proportional zur Betroffenheit sind, um die entstandenen Unterschiede zu beseitigen. Geschieht dies nicht, besteht die Gefahr, dass das wirtschaftliche Potenzial der Selbstständigen, und insbesondere der selbstständigen Frauen, die eine wichtige Quelle für Innovationen und damit für langfristiges Wachstum sind, nicht ausreichend genutzt wird.

Editorial I am delighted to announce the successful publication of Volume 26, 2020 of our esteemed journal, Lagos Notes and Records. This current edition is made up of thirteen well-researched articles across the various disciplines of the Humanities and Social Sciences namely History, Philosophy, Creative Arts, Language Studies, Literature, Communication Studies, and Linguistics. Lynn Schler in the first article, 'The Local and the Global in African Studies: An Essay in Honour of Prof. Ayodeji Olukoju @ 60', argues that in every geographic context, African studies evolved as an intersection between local and global flows of ideas, politics and capital. She concludes that the future of African studies requires scholars to view Africa as both a singular idea and a conglomeration of vastly diverse cultural contexts. Scholars must be aware of what is distinctive in local contexts and also take cognizance of global solutions. In the second article, 'Identity and Ideological Positioning in Popular Nigerian Ethnic Jokes', 'Rotimi Taiwo and David Dontele examine the discursive constructions of selected jokes to determine their expression of attitudinal and ideological dispositions of the ethnic groups within the multilingual/multicultural context of Nigeria. They argue that ethnic jokes in Nigeria construct stereotypes about linguo-cultural signs, and that the jokes have been stripped of their stigmatizing effects owing to the ability of Nigerians to laugh collectively at their perceived prejudices and stereotypes. In a related article, 'Impression Management and Face Sensitivities in Delta State Courtroom Interactions', Olasimbo Takpor and Felix Ogoanah investigate impression management and courtroom interactions in High Court proceedings in DeltaState of Nigeria within the theoretical framework of Rapport Management Model (Spencer Oatey). They conclude that to manage face sensitivities, courtroom interactions create diverse impressions of themselves or others by deploying impression management strategies such as self-promotion, intimidation, apologies, ingratiation and conformity as determined by the peculiarities of legal procedures and cultural norms, which mediate judicial proceedings, interpretations and decisions. Felix Ajiola's 'Colonial Capitalism and the Structure of the Nigerian Cocoa Marketing Board, 1947-1960' examines the origin, structure and impact of the Nigerian Cocoa Marketing Board (NCMB) from its inauguration in 1947 up to 1960. The author argues that the NCMB served various interests and purposes, which hardly benefitted cocoa producers, but rather exploited them through intolerable taxes, harmful price regulations and unfavourable grading policies. In another article, 'The Language Factor and Internet Penetration in Nigeria: A Practical Assessment', Olushola Are examines all the unstated assumptions behind quests for more language options on the internet with specific reference to Nigeria. The author concludes that the provision of Nigerian language options online would not significantly enhance internet penetration in the country without broader adjustments to the roles and status of indigenous languages as well as greater socio-economic and political reforms to fight general social exclusion for which linguistic exclusion of any form may be merely symptomatic. In the sixth article, 'Theatrical Intervention towards "Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness"', Oluwatoyin Olokodana-James examines Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness (BPCR) strategies. She argues that BPCR reduces the risks of complications in that it helps health practitioners to detect danger signs from both mother and the newborn early enough. Using qualitative research approach, the author employs theatre and dance as interventionist tools to educate women within Ifako-Ijaye LGA in Lagos State on the usefulness of BPCR. In a different article on 'Stress Patterning in Polysyllabic Words among Educated Yoruba Speakers of English in Lagos', Emmanuel Osifeso investigates one hundred (100) undergraduate and post-graduate students across Lagos State to underscore the role of stress patterning of polysyllabic words among educated Yoruba speakers of English in Lagos (EYSEL). He concludes that EYSEL have a propensity for shifting the main stress in English polysyllabic words rightward. Victor Ariole's article, 'Peul (Fulani) Worldview as seen in Ba's Work: A Critique', identifies the cultural integration constraints in Africa using Ba's discussion of the Peul/Fulani as a case study. He concludes that Ba's thought patterns are quite relevant in understanding the Peul's worldview which sees probity and constituents' responsibilities as inalienable with peaceful living or existence. Babatunji Adepoju in the ninth article, 'Cohesion in English Biblical Narratives: A Study of "The Prodigal Son"', examines the different methods that writers/speakers employ in making English narratives coherent. He discusses the reasons why many texts are considered disjointed/disorganised thereby making such texts lose the desired radiance. He concludes that the unity of a text is enhanced by adherence to the appropriate usage of grammatical and lexical ties in English narratives. Ayọdele Shotunde in 'A Discourse on the Nature of Crime and Punishment in the Administration of Social Justice in an African Culture' evaluates the nature of crime and punishment among the Yoruba of Nigeria. Adopting the critical and prescriptive methodology, he concludes that it is important to take an insightful look at the traditional Yoruba conception of crime and punishment given its embedded spirit of forgiveness because such has the potential of fostering better social ethics in contemporary Nigeria. In the next article, 'China-Hong Kong Dual System: Twenty-Three Years of Uncertainty and Broken Promises', Henry Ogunjewo argues that the relationship between China and Hong Kong in the last twenty-three years have been characterised by broken promises, failed covenants, unnecessary political meddling, judicial undercutting, press gagging and restrictions on freedom of expressions, leading to protests and political tension in Hong Kong. He concludes that the United Kingdom, former colonial administrator of Hong Kong, needed to bring international pressure on China to protect the interests of Hong Kong. Bisoye Eleshin's 'High-Toned Vowel Prefix in Yoruba' examines prefixation as it relates to gerund derivation in Yoruba. He uses the morpho-syntactic approach to establish the claim that there actually exists a high-toned vowel prefix i- in Yoruba and that the class of noun it derives is gerund. The last paper by Mosunmola Ogunmolaji and Oyinade Adekunle ''Madam Due Process': The Public Life of Obiageli Ezekwesili' is a biography of Obiageli Ezekwesili. The authors analyse the public life of Obiageli Ezekwesili providing insights into her lifestyle, especially the major forces that spurred her interest in politics and public administration. They conclude that Ezekwesili is an intellectual who has broken gender barriers in Nigeria. She possesses pragmatic understanding of the yearnings of Nigerians through deliberate identification of their problems, acquisition of necessary problem-solving tools, and swift responses to the problems whether or not she stepped on toes in the process. I hereby warmly recommend these articles to the academic community with the hope that scholars will find them interesting and useful. I congratulate the Editorial Team for a job well done despite the constraints of the COVID era! Professor Olufunkẹ Adeboye Dean, Faculty of Arts Editor-in-Chief

NOTICIAS / NEWS ("transfer", 2018) 1) LIBROS – CAPÍTULOS DE LIBRO / BOOKS – BOOK CHAPTERS 1. Bandia, Paul F. (ed.). (2017). Orality and Translation. London: Routledge. <<www.routledge.com/Orality-and-Translation/Bandia/p/book/9781138232884>> 2. Trends in Translation and Interpretin, Institute of Translation & Interpreting<<www.iti.org.uk/news-media-industry-jobs/news/819-iti-publishes-trends-e-book>> 3. Schippel, Larisa & Cornelia Zwischenberger. (eds). (2017). Going East: Discovering New and Alternative Traditions in Translation Studies. Berlin: Frank & Timme.<<www.frank-timme.de/verlag/verlagsprogramm/buch/verlagsprogramm/bd-28-larisa-schippelcornelia-zwischenberger-eds-going-east-discovering-new-and-alternative/backPID/transkulturalitaet-translation-transfer.html>> 4. Godayol, Pilar. (2017). Tres escritoras censuradas: Simone de Beauvoir, Betty Friedan y Mary McCarthy. Granada: Comares.<<www.editorialcomares.com/TV/articulo/3149-Tres_escritoras_censuradas.html>> 5. Vanacker, Beatrijs & Tom Toremans. (eds). (2016). Pseudotranslation and Metafictionality/Pseudo-traduction: enjeux métafictionnels. Special issue of Interférences Littéraires.<<www.interferenceslitteraires.be/nr19>> 6. Jiménez-Crespo, Miguel A. (2017). Crowdsourcing and Online Collaborative Translations: Expanding the Limits of Translation Studies. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. <<https://benjamins.com/#catalog/books/btl.131>> 7. Quality Assurance and Assessment Practices in Translation and Interpreting<<www.igi-global.com/publish/call-for-papers/call-details/2640>> 8. Hurtado Albir, Amparo. (ed.). (2017). Researching Translation Competence by PACTE Group. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.<<www.benjamins.com/#catalog/books/btl.127/main>> 9. Taivalkoski-Shilov, Kristiina, Liisa Tittula and Maarit Koponen. (eds). (2017). Communities in Translation and Interpreting. Toronto: Vita Traductiva, York University<<http://vitatraductiva.blog.yorku.ca/publication/communities-in-translation-and-interpreting>> 10. Giczela-Pastwa, Justyna and Uchenna Oyali (eds). (2017). Norm-Focused and Culture-Related Inquiries in Translation Research. Selected Papers of the CETRA Research Summer School 2014. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.<<www.peterlang.com/view/product/25509>> 11. Castro, Olga & Emek Ergun (eds). (2017). Feminist Translation Studies: Local and Transnational Perspectives. London: Routledge.<<www.routledge.com/Feminist-Translation-Studies-Local-and-Transnational-Perspectives/Castro-Ergun/p/book/9781138931657>> 12. Call for papers: New Trends in Translation Studies. Series Editor: Prof. Jorge Díaz-Cintas, Centre for Translation Studies (CenTraS), University College London.<<(www.ucl.ac.uk/centras)>>, <<www.peterlang.com/view/serial/NEWTRANS>> 13. Valero-Garcés, Carmen & Rebecca Tipton. (eds). (2017). Ideology, Ethics and Policy Development in Public Service Interpreting and Translation. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.<<www.multilingual-matters.com/display.asp?isb=9781783097517>> 14. Mahyub Rayaa, Bachir & Mourad Zarrouk. 2017. A Handbook for Simultaneous Interpreting Training from English, French and Spanish to Arabic / منهج تطبيقي في تعلّم الترجمة الفورية من الانجليزية والفرنسية والإسبانية إلى العربية. Toledo: Escuela de Traductores.<<https://issuu.com/escueladetraductorestoledo/docs/cuaderno_16_aertefinal_version_web>> 15. Lapeña, Alejandro L. (2017). A pie de escenario. Guía de traducción teatral. Valencia: JPM ediciones.<<http://jpm-ediciones.es/catalogo/details/56/11/humanidades/a-pie-de-escenario>> 16. Mével, Alex. (2017). Subtitling African American English into French: Can We Do the Right Thing? Oxford: Peter Lang.<<www.peterlang.com/view/product/47023>> 17. Díaz Cintas, Jorge & Kristijan Nikolić. (eds). (2017). Fast-Forwarding with Audiovisual Translation. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.<<www.multilingual-matters.com/display.asp?K=9781783099368>> 18. Taibi, Mustapha. (ed.). (2017). Translating for the Community. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.<<www.multilingual-matters.com/display.asp?isb= 9781783099122>> 19. Borodo, Michał. (2017). Translation, Globalization and Younger Audiences. The Situation in Poland. Oxford: Peter Lang.<<www.peterlang.com/view/product/81485>> 20. Reframing Realities through Translation Cambridge Scholars Publishing<<https://cambridgescholarsblog.wordpress.com/2017/07/28/call-for-papers-reframing-realities-through-translation>> 21. Gansel, Mireille. 2017. Translation as Transhumance. London: Les Fugitives<<www.lesfugitives.com/books/#/translation-as-transhumance>> 22. Goźdź-Roszkowski, S. and G. Pontrandolfo. (eds). (2018). Phraseology in Legal and Institutional Settings. A Corpus-based Interdisciplinary Perspective. London: Routledge<<www.routledge.com/Phraseology-in-Legal-and-Institutional-Settings-A-Corpus-based-Interdisciplinary/Roszkowski-Pontrandolfo/p/book/9781138214361>> 23. Deckert, Mikołaj. (ed.). (2017). Audiovisual Translation – Research and Use. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.<<www.peterlang.com/view/product/80659>> 24. Castro, Olga; Sergi Mainer & Svetlana Page. (eds). (2017). Self-Translation and Power: Negotiating Identities in European Multilingual Contexts. London: Palgrave Macmillan.www.palgrave.com/gb/book/9781137507808 25. Gonzalo Claros, M. (2017). Cómo traducir y redactar textos científicos en español. Barcelona: Fundación Dr. Antonio Esteve.<<www.esteve.org/cuaderno-traducir-textos-cientificos>> 26. Tian, Chuanmao & Feng Wang. (2017).Translation and Culture. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.<<http://product.dangdang.com/25164476.html>> 27. Malamatidou, Sofia. (2018). Corpus Triangulation: Combining Data and Methods in Corpus-Based Translation Studies. London: Routledge.<<www.routledge.com/Corpus-Triangulation-Combining-Data-and-=Methods-in-Corpus-Based-Translation/Malamatidou/p/book/9781138948501>> 28. Jakobsen, Arnt L. and Bartolomé Mesa-Lao. (eds). (2017). Translation in Transition: Between Translation, Cognition and Technology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.<<https://benjamins.com/#catalog/books/btl.133>> 29. Santaemilia, José. (ed.). (2017). Traducir para la igualdad sexual / Translating for Sexual Equality. Granada: Comares.<<www.editorialcomares.com/TV/articulo/3198-Traducir_para_la_igualdad_sexual.html>> 30. Levine, Suzanne Jill & Katie Lateef-Jan. (eds). (2018). Untranslatability Goes Global. London: Routledge.<<www.routledge.com/Untranslatability-Goes-Global/Levine-Lateef-Jan/p/book/9781138744301>> 31. Baer, Brian J. & Klaus Kindle. (eds). (2017). Queering Translation, Translating the Queer. Theory, Practice, Activism. New York: Routledge.<<www.routledge.com/Queering-Translation-Translating-the-Queer-Theory-Practice-Activism/Baer-Kaindl/p/book/9781138201699>> 32. Survey: The translation of political terminology<<https://goo.gl/forms/w2SQ2nnl3AkpcRNq2>> 33. Estudio de encuesta sobre la traducción y la interpretación en México 2017<<http://italiamorayta.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ENCUESTAS.pdf>> 34. Beseghi, Micòl. (2017). Multilingual Films in Translation: A Sociolinguistic and Intercultural Study of Diasporic Films. Oxford: Peter Lang.<<www.peterlang.com/view/product/78842>> 35. Vidal Claramonte, María Carmen África. (2017). Dile que le he escrito un blues: del texto como partitura a la partitura como traducción en la literatura latinoamericana. Madrid: Iberoamericana.<<www.iberoamericana-vervuert.es/FichaLibro.aspx?P1=104515>> 36. Figueira, Dorothy M. & Mohan, Chandra. (eds.). (2017). Literary Culture and Translation. New Aspects of Comparative Literature. Delhi: Primus Books. ISBN: 978-93-84082-51-2.<<www.primusbooks.com>> 37. Tomiche, Anne. (ed.). (2017). Le Comparatisme comme aproche critique / Comparative Literature as a Critical Approach. Tome IV: Traduction et transfers / Translation and Transferts. París: Classiques Garnier. ISBN: 978-2-406-06533-3. 2) REVISTAS / JOURNALS 1. Call for papers: The Translator, special issue on Translation and Development, 2019. Contact: jmarais@ufs.ac.za 2. Call for papers: Applied Language LearningContact: jiaying.howard@dliflc.edu<<www.dliflc.edu/resources/publications/applied-language-learning>> 3. Panace@: Revista de Medicina, Lenguaje y Traducción; special issue on "La comunicación escrita para pacientes", vol. 44<<www.tremedica.org/panacea/PanaceaActual.htm>> 4. mTm, issue 9<<www.mtmjournal.gr/default.asp?catid=435>> 5. Asia Pacific Translation and Intercultural Studies, Volume 4 Issue 3 (November 2017)<<http://explore.tandfonline.com/cfp/ah/aptis>>, <<www.tandfonline.com/rtis>> 6. Call for papers: The Journal of Translation Studies, special issue on Translation and Social Engagement in the Digital AgeContact: Sang-Bin Lee, sblee0110@naver.com 7. Current Trends in Translation Teaching and Learning E<<www.cttl.org>> 8. Translation and Interpreting Studies, 15 (1), Special issue on The Ethics of Non-Professional Translation and Interpreting in Public Services and Legal Settings<<www.atisa.org/call-for-papers>> 9. Call for papers: Translation & Interpreting – The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting Research, Special issue on Translation of Questionnaires in Cross-national and Cross-cultural Research<<www.trans-int.org/index.php/transint/announcement/view/19>> 10. Revista Digital de Investigación en Docencia Universitaria (RIDU), Special issue on Pedagogía y didáctica de la traducción y la interpretación<<http://revistas.upc.edu.pe/index.php/docencia/pages/view/announcement>> 11. Translation, Cognition & Behavior<<https://benjamins.com/#catalog/journals/tcb/main>> 12. FITISPos International Journal, vol. 4 (2017)Shedding Light on the Grey Zone: A Comprehensive View on Public Services Interpreting and Translation<<www3.uah.es/fitispos_ij>> 13. Post-Editing in Practice: Process, Product and NetworksSpecial issue of JoSTrans, The Journal of Specialised Translation, 31<<www.jostrans.org/Post-Editing_in_Practice_Jostrans31.pdf>> 14. Call for papers: MonTI 10 (2018), Special issue on Retos actuales y tendencias emergentes en traducción médica<<https://dti.ua.es/es/monti/convocatorias.htm>> 15. Call for papers: trans‐kom Special Issue on Industry 4.0 meets Language and Knowledge Resources.Contact: Georg Löckinger (georg.loeckinger@fh‐wels.at)<<http://trans-kom.eu/index-en.html>> 16. Translaboration: Exploring Collaboration in Translation and Translation in CollaborationSpecial Issue, Target, vol 32(2), 2020.<<www.benjamins.com/series/target/cfp_target_32.pdf>> 17. redit, Revista Electrónica de Didáctica de la Traducción e Interpretación, nº11.<<www.revistas.uma.es/index.php/redit>> 18. Call for papers: InVerbis, special issue on Translating the Margin: Lost Voices in the Aesthetic Discourse, June 2018.Contact: alessandra.rizzo@unipa.it & karen.Seago1@city.ac.uk<<www.unipa.it/dipartimenti/dipartimentoscienzeumanistiche/CFP-Translating-the-margin-Lost-voices-in-the-aesthetic-discourse>> 19. trans-kom, Vol. 10 (1), 2017. <<www.trans-kom.eu>> 20. JoSTrans, The Journal of Specialised Translation, issue 28 (July 2017).<<www.jostrans.org/issue28/issue28_toc.php>> 21. Call for papers: InVerbis, special issue on Translating the Margin: Lost Voices in the Aesthetic Discourse, June 2018.<<www.unipa.it/dipartimenti/scienzeumanistiche/.content/documenti/CFPInverbis.pdf>> 22. Call for papers: TTR, special Issue on Lost and Found in Transcultural and Interlinguistic Translation/La traduction transculturelle et interlinguistique : s'y perdre et s'y retrouver<<http://professeure.umoncton.ca/umcm-merkle_denise/node/30>> 23. Call for proposals for thematic issues:Linguistica Antverpiensia, New Series – Themes in Translation Studies (LANS – TTS)<<https://lans-tts.uantwerpen.be>> 24. Call for papers: trans‑kom, special issue on Didactics for Technology in Translation and InterpretingVol. 11(2), December 2018.Contact: aietimonografia@gmail.com / carmen.valero@uah.es 25. Journal of Languages for Special PurposesVol 22/2, New Perspectives on the Translation of Advertising<<https://ojsspdc.ulpgc.es/ojs/index.php/LFE/issue/view/53>>Vol 23/1, Linguistics, Translation and Teaching in LSP<<https://ojsspdc.ulpgc.es/ojs/index.php/LFE/issue/view/72>> 26. Call for papers: Parallèles, special issue on La littérature belge francophone en traduction (in French), Volume 32(1), 2020.Contact: katrien.lievois@uantwerpen.be & catherine.gravet@umons.ac.be 27. Call for papers: Asia Pacific Translation and Intercultural Studies, Volume 5(1), 2018.<<www.tandfonline.com/rtis>> 28. Target, special issue on Translaboration: Exploring Collaboration in Translation and Translation in Collaboration<<www.benjamins.com/series/target/cfp_target_32.pdf>> 29. Research in Language, special issue on Translation and Cognition: Cases of Asymmetry, Volume 15(2).<<www.degruyter.com/view/j/rela.2017.15.issue-2/issue-files/rela.2017.15.issue-2.xml>> 30. Call for papers: Translation Spaces, special issue on Translation in Non-governmental Organisations, 7(1), 2018.<<www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/modern-languages-and-european-studies/CfP_SI_Translation_Spaces-translation_in_NGOs.pdf>> 31. Call for papers: Translating the Margin: Lost Voices in the Aesthetic Discourse, special issue of InVerbis (2018).<<www.unipa.it/dipartimenti/scienzeumanistiche/CFP-Translating-the-margin-Lost-voices-in-the-aesthetic-discourse>> 32. Call for papers: Translation and Disruption: Global and Local Perspectives, special issue of Revista Tradumàtica (2018).Contact: akiko.sakamoto@port.ac.uk; jonathan.evans@port.ac.uk and olga.torres.hostench@uab.cat 33. Call for papers: JoSTrans. The Journal of Specialised Translation 33 (January 2020), Special Issue on 'Experimental Research and Cognition in Audiovisual Translation'. Guest editors: Jorge Díaz Cintas & Agnieszka Szarkowska. Deadline for proposals: 19 February 2018<<http://www.jostrans.org/>> 34. Dragoman – Journal of Translation Studies<<www.dragoman-journal.org/books>> 35. Call for papers: Translation Spaces 7(1) 2018, special issue on Translation in Non-governmental Organisations<<www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/modern-languages-and-european-studies/CfP_SI_Translation_Spaces-translation_in_NGOs-public-extended_deadline.pdf>> 36. Call for papers: Public Service Interpreting and Translation and New Technologies Participation through Communication with Technology, special issue of FITISPos International Journal, Vol 5 (2018).Contact: Michaela Albl-Mikasa (albm@zhaw.ch) & Stefanos Vlachopoulos (stefanos@teiep.gr) 37. Sendebar, Vol. 28 (2017)<<http://revistaseug.ugr.es/index.php/sendebar>> 38. Ranzato, Irene. (2016). North and South: British Dialects in Fictional Dialogue, special issue of Status Quaestionis – Language, Text, Culture, 11.<<http://statusquaestionis.uniroma1.it/index.php/statusquaestionis>> 39. Translation Studies 10 (2), special issue on Indirect Translation.<<www.tandfonline.com/toc/rtrs20/current>> 40. Translation & Interpreting – Special issue on Research Methods in Interpreting Studies, Vol 9 (1), 2017. 41. Translation and Translanguaging in Multilingual Contexts, special issue on Between Specialised Texts and Institutional Contexts – Competence and Choice in Legal Translation, edited by V. Dullion, 3 (1), 2017.<<https://benjamins.com/#catalog/journals/ttmc.3.1/toc>> 42. Translation and Performance, 9 (1), 2017<<https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/tc/index.php/TC/issue/view/1879>> 3) CONGRESOS / CONFERENCES 1. ATISA IX: Contexts of Translation and InterpretingUniversity of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA, 29 March – 1 April 2018<<www.atisa.org/sites/default/files/CFP_ATISA_2018_FINAL.pdf> 2. V International Translating Voices Translating Regions – Minority Languages, Risks, Disasters and Regional CrisesCentre for Translation Studies (CenTraS) at UCL and Europe House, London, UK, 13-15 December 2017.<<www.ucl.ac.uk/centras/translation-news-and-events/v-translating-voices>> 3. Translation and Health Humanities: The Role of Translated Personal Narratives in the Co-creation of Medical KnowledgeGenealogies of Knowledge I Translating Political and Scientific Thought across Time and Space, University of Manchester, UK7-9 December 2017.<<http://genealogiesofknowledge.net/2017/02/20/call-panel-papers-translation-health-humanities-role-translated-personal-narratives-co-creation-medical-knowledge>> 4. Fourth International Conference on Non-Professional Interpreting and Translation (NPIT4), Stellenbosch University, South Africa, 22-24 May 2018.<<http://conferences.sun.ac.za/index.php/NPIT4/npit4>> 5. I International Conference on Interdisciplinary Approaches for Total Communication: Education, Healthcare and Interpreting within Disability Settings, University of Málaga, Spain, 12-14 December 2017.<<https://ecplusproject.uma.es/cfp-iciatc>> 6. Translation & Minority 2: Freedom and DifferenceUniversity of Ottawa, Canada, 10-11 November 2017.<<https://translationandminority.wordpress.com>> 7. Staging the Literary Translator: Roles, Identities, PersonalitiesUniversity of Vienna, Austria, 17-19 May 2018.<<http://translit2018.univie.ac.at/home>> 8. IATIS 2018 – Translation and Cultural MobilityPanel 9: Translating Development: The Importance of Language(s) in Processes of Social Transformation in Developing CountriesHong Kong, 3-6 July 2018.<<www.iatis.org/index.php/6th-conference-hong-kong-2018/item/1459-panels#Panel09>> 9. Fun for All 5: Translation and Accessibility in Video Games Conference, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain, 7-8 June 2018.<<http://jornades.uab.cat/videogamesaccess>> 10. ACT/Unlimited! 2 Symposium, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain, 6 June 2018.<<http://pagines.uab.cat/act/content/actunlimited-2-symposium>> 11. IATIS 2018 – Translation and Cultural MobilityPANEL 06: Museum Translation: Encounters across Space and TimeHong Kong Baptist University, 3-6 July 2018.<<www.iatis.org/index.php/6th-conference-hong-kong-2018/item/1459-panels#Panel06>> 12. IATIS 2018 – Translation and Cultural Mobility
PANEL 12: Advances in Discourse Analysis in Translation Studies: Theoretical Models and Applications
Hong Kong Baptist University3-6 July 2018.<<www.iatis.org/index.php/6th-conference-hong-kong-2018/item/1459-panels#Panel12>> 13. Understanding Quality in Media Accessibility, Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain, 5 June 2018. <<http://pagines.uab.cat/umaq/content/umaq-conference>> 14. Managing Anaphora in Discourse: Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach, University of Grenoble Alpes, France, 5-6 April 2018.<<http://saesfrance.org/4071-2>> 15. Traduire les voix de la nature / Translating the Voices of Nature, Paris, France, 25-26 May 2018.<<www.utu.fi/en/units/hum/units/languages/mts/Documents/CFP.pdf>> 16. IATIS 2018 – Translation and Cultural MobilityPANEL 10: Audiovisual Translation as Cross-cultural Mediation – New Trajectories for Translation and Cultural Mobility?Hong Kong Baptist University, 3-6 July 2018.
<<www.iatis.org/index.php/6th-conference-hong-kong-2018/item/1459-panels#Panel10>> 17. The Fourth International Conference on Research into the Didactics of Translation, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain20-22 June 2018.<<http://grupsderecerca.uab.cat/pacte/en/firstcircular>> 18.
I Coloquio Internacional Hispanoafricano de Lingüística, Literatura y Traducción. España en contacto con África, su(s) pueblo(s) y su(s= cultura(s)
Universidad FHB de Cocody-Abidjan, Costa de Marfil
7-9 March 2018.<<www.afriqana.org/encuentros.php>> 19. Transius Conference 2018, Geneva, Switzerland, 18-20 June 2018.<<http://transius.unige.ch/en/conferences-and-seminars/conferences/18/>> 20. 39th International GERAS Conference - Diachronic Dimensions in Specialised Varieties of English: Implications in Communications, Didactics and Translation Studies, University of Mons, Belgium15-17 March 2018.<<www.geras.fr/index.php/presentation/breves/2-uncategorised/245-cfp-39th-international-geras-conference>> 21. 31st Annual Conference of the Canadian Association for Translation Studies - Translation and Adaptation, University of Regina, Canada, 28-30 May 2018.<<https://linguistlist.org/issues/28/28-3413.html>> 22. 2nd Valencia/Napoli Colloquium on Gender and Translation: Translating/Interpreting LSP through a Gender PerspectiveUniversità di Napoli 'L'Orientale', Italy, 8-9 February 2018.Contact: eleonorafederici@hotmail.com 23. Ninth Annual International Translation Conference: Translation in the Digital Age: From Translation Tools to Shifting Paradigms, Hamad Bin Khalifa's Translation & Interpreting Institute (TII), Doha, Qatar, 27-28 March 2018.<<www.tii.qa/9th-annual-translation-conference-translation-digital-age-translation-tools-shifting-paradigms>> 24. ACT/Unlimited! 2 Symposium – Quality Training, Quality Service in Accessible Live Events, Barcelona, Spain, 6 June 2018.<<http://pagines.uab.cat/act/content/actunlimited-2-symposium>> 25. Fourth International Conference on Research into the Didactics of Translation, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain, 20-22 June 2018.<<http://grupsderecerca.uab.cat/pacte/en/secondcircular2018>> 26. Talking to the World 3. International Conference in T&I Studies – Cognition, Emotion, and Creativity, Newcastle University, UK, 17-18 September 2018.<<www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/news-events/news/item/talkingtotheworld3ticonference.html>> 27. Translation & Interpreting in the Digital Era, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, South Korea, 29-30 January 2018.Contact: itri@hufs.ac.kr 28. 7th META-NET Annual Conference: Towards a Human Language Project, Hotel Le Plaza, Brussels, Belgium, 13-14 November 2017.<<www.meta-net.eu/events/meta-forum-2017>> 4) CURSOS – SEMINARIOS – POSGRADOS / COURSES – SEMINARS – MA PROGRAMMES 1. Certificate / Diploma / Master of Advanced Studies in Interpreter Training (online), FTI, University of Geneva, Switzerland,4 September 2017 - 10 September 2019.<<www.unige.ch/formcont/masit>> 2. Master's Degree in Legal Translation, Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, London, UK.<<http://ials.sas.ac.uk/study/courses/llm-legal-translation>> 3. Certificat d'Université en Interprétation en contexte juridique : milieu judiciaire et secteur des demandes d'asile, University of Mons, Belgium.<<http://hosting.umons.ac.be/php/centrerusse/agenda/certificat-duniversite-en-interpretation-en-contexte-juridique-milieu-judiciaire-et-secteur-des-demandes-dasile.html>> 4. Online MA in Translation and Interpreting ResearchUniversitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.Contact: monzo@uji.es<<www.mastertraduccion.uji.es>> 5. MA in Intercultural Communication, Public Service Interpreting and Translation 2017-2018, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.<<www3.uah.es/master-tisp-uah/introduction-2/introduction>> 6. Research Methods in Translation and Interpreting StudiesUniversity of Geneva, Switzerland.<<www.unige.ch/formcont/researchmethods-distance1>><<www.unige.ch/formcont/researchmethods-distance2>> 7. La Traducción audiovisual y el aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Spain, 4 December 2017.<<https://goo.gl/3zpMgY>> 8. Fifth summer school in Chinese-English Translation and Interpretation (CETIP), University of Ottawa, Canada, 23 July – 17 August 2018.<<http://arts.uottawa.ca/translation/summer-programs>> 9. First summer school in Arabic – English Translation and Interpretation (AETP), University of Ottawa, Canada, 23 July – 17 August 2018.<<http://arts.uottawa.ca/translation/summer-programs>> 10. Third summer school in translation pedagogy (TTPP)University of Ottawa, Canada, 23 July – 17 August 2018.<<http://arts.uottawa.ca/translation/summer-programs>> 4) PREMIOS/AWARDS 1. The Warwick Prize for Women in Translation<<http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/cross_fac/womenintranslation>

Este trabalho teve por objeto a cerâmica Terena produzida na Aldeia Cachoeirinha em Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul. Seu objetivo geral é analisar o processo de produção posto em prática pela etnia em referência. Sobre a relevância do objeto dizem os fatos de o artesanato Terena ter sido registrado como patrimônio imaterial histórico, artístico e cultural de Mato Grosso do Sul pelo Governo do Estado e a cerâmica, em especial, se constituir em expressivo instrumento de reconhecimento e diferenciação da etnia. Fontes teóricas foram buscadas em estudos de Oliveira, Ribeiro e Alves. A revisão bibliográfica e o levantamento de fontes secundárias priorizaram as abordagens sobre os Terena, mas se estenderam a outras etnias indígenas da região, também, por força da necessidade de análises comparativas. Quanto às fontes primárias, foram realizados levantamentos a campo na Reserva Indígena Cachoeirinha, além de observações sistemáticas, registros fotográficos do processo de produção e entrevistas semiestruturadas com as artesãs oleiras. Entre os resultados, foram constatadas mudanças recentes na cerâmica Terena. Distanciando-se da pigmentação avermelhada, característica da etnia, algumas peças passaram a ganhar a coloração preta, oriunda de um mineral de cor escura e brilhosa, chamado 'pedra canga'. A partir do levantamento feito a campo foram identificadas 83 artesãs Terena. Atualmente, 45 permanecem em atividade e a maioria encontra-se na faixa etária de 26 a 50 anos. A produção da cerâmica é realizada exclusivamente pelas mulheres e se tornou importante fonte de complementação da renda familiar. Palavras-chave: Desenvolvimento Regional. Artesanato Indígena. Ceramistas Terena. AbstractThe object of this work is Terena ceramics produced at Aldeia Cachoeirinha in Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul. The main objective is to analyze the production process practiced by this ethnicity. Regarding the relevance of the object, Terena craftwork have been registered as an intangible historical, artistic and cultural heritage of Mato Grosso do Sul by State Government and ceramics, in particular, constitute an expressive instrument of recognition and differentiation of this ethnicity. The present theoretical sources were based on studies of Oliveira, Ribeiro and Alves. The literature review and the secondary sources survey focused on the Terena, however the study extended to other ethnic groups of the region for comparative analysis. During the primary sources, field surveys were carried out at Cachoeirinha Indigenous Protected Area. In addition, systematic observations, photographic records of the production and semi-structured interviews with pottery artisans were performed. Among the results, recent changes in Terena ceramics were observed. Some pieces began to change from the traditional reddish pigmentation, characteristic feature of this ethnic group, to black coloration, originated from a mineral called "canga" stone of dark and bright color. Based on the field survey, 83 Terena artisans were identified. Currently, 45 artisans remain in activity and they fall into age group of 26 to 50 years. The ceramics production is carried out exclusively by women and has become an important supplemental source for family income. Keywords: Regional Development. Indigenous Crafts. Terena Potters.Este trabalho teve por objeto a cerâmica Terena produzida na Aldeia Cachoeirinha em Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul. Seu objetivo geral é analisar o processo de produção posto em prática pela etnia em referência. Sobre a relevância do objeto dizem os fatos de o artesanato Terena ter sido registrado como patrimônio imaterial histórico, artístico e cultural de Mato Grosso do Sul pelo Governo do Estado e a cerâmica, em especial, se constituir em expressivo instrumento de reconhecimento e diferenciação da etnia. Fontes teóricas foram buscadas em estudos de Oliveira, Ribeiro e Alves. A revisão bibliográfica e o levantamento de fontes secundárias priorizaram as abordagens sobre os Terena, mas se estenderam a outras etnias indígenas da região, também, por força da necessidade de análises comparativas. Quanto às fontes primárias, foram realizados levantamentos a campo na Reserva Indígena Cachoeirinha, além de observações sistemáticas, registros fotográficos do processo de produção e entrevistas semiestruturadas com as artesãs oleiras. Entre os resultados, foram constatadas mudanças recentes na cerâmica Terena. Distanciando-se da pigmentação avermelhada, característica da etnia, algumas peças passaram a ganhar a coloração preta, oriunda de um mineral de cor escura e brilhosa, chamado 'pedra canga'. A partir do levantamento feito a campo foram identificadas 83 artesãs Terena. Atualmente, 45 permanecem em atividade e a maioria encontra-se na faixa etária de 26 a 50 anos. A produção da cerâmica é realizada exclusivamente pelas mulheres e se tornou importante fonte de complementação da renda familiar. Palavras-chave: Desenvolvimento Regional. Artesanato Indígena. Ceramistas Terena. AbstractThe object of this work is Terena ceramics produced at Aldeia Cachoeirinha in Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul. The main objective is to analyze the production process practiced by this ethnicity. Regarding the relevance of the object, Terena craftwork have been registered as an intangible historical, artistic and cultural heritage of Mato Grosso do Sul by State Government and ceramics, in particular, constitute an expressive instrument of recognition and differentiation of this ethnicity. The present theoretical sources were based on studies of Oliveira, Ribeiro and Alves. The literature review and the secondary sources survey focused on the Terena, however the study extended to other ethnic groups of the region for comparative analysis. During the primary sources, field surveys were carried out at Cachoeirinha Indigenous Protected Area. In addition, systematic observations, photographic records of the production and semi-structured interviews with pottery artisans were performed. Among the results, recent changes in Terena ceramics were observed. Some pieces began to change from the traditional reddish pigmentation, characteristic feature of this ethnic group, to black coloration, originated from a mineral called "canga" stone of dark and bright color. Based on the field survey, 83 Terena artisans were identified. Currently, 45 artisans remain in activity and they fall into age group of 26 to 50 years. The ceramics production is carried out exclusively by women and has become an important supplemental source for family income. Keywords: Regional Development. Indigenous Crafts. Terena Potters.

Water is vital for live as such including a wide range of livelihood activities including domestic and productive needs. Access to adequate water supply would significantly contribute to poverty alleviation, whereas lack of sufficient and reliable water will trigger poverty. In mixed crop-livestock systems, livestock is an integral part of the system and a basic asset for rural livelihoods. Water is an essential input for crop and livestock production in these systems. However, water scarcity is the day to day experience of many rural livelihoods, which, among other factors, is caused by mismanagement in livestock keeping, climate change and increasing demand pressure. Therefore, appropriate and targeted intervention in the water sector is of paramount importance to address such problems related to rural poverty and thereby bring about economic, social and environmental improvements. This could be through improving water availability and its use efficiency and integration with livestock management. In this connection, improving Livestock Water Productivity (LWP) through the Multiple Use Service (MUS) approach can considerably contribute such improvements. The study examines LWP from gendered livelihood perspectives in order to fill the social-ecological as well as culturally linked gap of the LWP framework, which in general and up to now mainly reflects the biophysical aspect. The empirically based study was carried out at two exemplary sites (Kuhar Michael Kebele and Lenche Dima Watershed) in the Amhara region, Ethiopia. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected between June 2008 and February 2010. A participatory gendered livelihood and poverty analysis was made using the Gendered Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (GSLF on the theoretical side) and PRA as the methodological equivalent. Multiple use technology options were identified and targeted in an effort to suggest better ways to improve productivity, livelihoods with emphasis on women headed households, environmental wellbeing and to ultimately alleviate poverty. The study also explores socio-economic and institutional gaps and solution options. In order to link technological options with socio-economic and institutional interventions, targets for LWP improvement programs are identified and characterized. The findings of the comparative analysis reflect the common knowledge of necessary targeted approaches and indicate distinct livelihood wellbeing characteristics with respect to poverty status and access to resources. Poor households, especially women-headed households and young farmers' households are found to be a suitable target group for LWP improvement programs. Nonetheless, a number of challenges are identified in relation to the implementation of such programs. Access to and ownership of basic resources like livestock, the capability both in financial as well as technical terms, government and non-government institutions, and last but not least, cultural preferences and perceptions are among the major limitations. On the other hand, absence of appropriate, cost-effective, and labor-saving technologies in relation to water and feed access, improper targeting of participants in livestock and water development programs, poor integration of diversified productive livelihood activities by households, limited awareness of the community with respect to the different services provided by governmental and non-governmental institutions are the other barriers identified in connection with keeping livestock and investing in LWP improvement programs for the poor farmers in general at the community level. In recognition of the aforementioned challenges and limitations, it is vital for the target groups to have access to multifunctional animals to be watered in sufficient ways. Likewise, intervening in improving awareness, resource access like livestock inputs, technical support for diversified livestock and water-related activities, and improving institutional networks at both local and communal levels are necessary to improve the livelihoods of the poor and marginalized groups. Generally, an integrated and well targeted approach needs to be exercised in order to effectively implement LWP programs and successfully achieve the intended objectives. ; Verbesserung der Wasserproduktivität (LWP) in der Viehhaltung im gemischten Ackerbau-Viehhaltungssystem im äthiopischen Hochland, Amhara Region: ein geschlechtsspezifischer Ansatz zur nachhaltigen Existenzsicherung durch zielgerichtete LWP Maßnahmen zur Armutsminderung Wasser ist lebensnotwendig für viele Aktivitäten zur Sicherung der Lebensgrundlage, unter anderem für den Haushalts- und Produktionsbedarf. Der Zugang zu einer ausreichenden Wasserversorgung würde deutlich zur Armutsbekämpfung beitragen; eine nicht ausreichende und unzuverlässige Wasserversorgung kann in vielen Fällen Armut auslösen. In gemischten Ackerbau-Viehhaltungssystemen ist die Viehhaltung ein integraler Bestandteil des Systems und die Lebensgrundlage der ländlichen Bevölkerung. Von gleicher Bedeutung ist Wasser, das ein entscheidender Input für die Produktion in diesem System darstellt. Wasserknappheit ist jedoch charakteristisch für viele ländliche Lebensbedingungen, u.a. verursacht durch schlechtes Viehhaltungsmanagement, auch den Klimawandel sowie zunehmenden Bedarfsdruck im Zuge immer weiter ausgedehnter und weiterer Wasser konsumierender Maßnahmen. Daher sind geeignete und zielgerichtete Maßnahmen von überragender Bedeutung, um die ländliche Armut zu bekämpfen und dadurch wirtschaftliche, soziale und umweltrelevante, das heißt ökologisch nachhaltige Verbesserungen zu erzielen. Dies kann durch Verbesserungen in der Wasserverfügbarkeit und -nutzungseffizienz erreicht werden, die dann in die Viehhaltungssysteme integriert werden. In diesem Zusammenhang kann die Verbesserung der Wasserproduktivität in der Viehhaltung (LWP) durch den Ansatz 'Dienstleistung zur Mehrfachnutzung von Wasser' (Multiple Use Service - MUS) deutlich beitragen. Die Studie untersucht die LWP aus der Genderperspektive, um die sozio-wirtschaftlichen Lücken des LWP-Rahmens, der sich bisher hauptsächlich auf den biophysischen Aspekt bezieht, zu schließen. Die Studie wurde in zwei Gebieten (in der Gemeinde Kuhar Michael und im Wassereinzugsgebiet Lenche Dima) in Amhara, einer der zentralen Regionen, Äthiopiens, durchgeführt. Qualitative und quantitative Daten wurden zwischen Juni 2008 und Februar 2010 erfasst. Für eine nach Zielgruppen, das heißt Armutsgruppen, differenzierte Analyse unter besonderer Beachtung der von Frauen geführten Haushalte wurden die Instrumente ″Gendered Sustainable Livelihoods Framework″ (GSLF) und Partizipative Erhebung (PRA) eingesetzt. Es wurden Technologieoptionen für eine ´vielschichtige Nutzung von Wasser ermittelt, um Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Viehhaltung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der von Frauen geführten Haushalte unter ökologisch nachhaltigen Bedingungen mit dem Ziel Armutsminderung zu entwickeln. Diese Maßnahmen werden betont an bisherigen Initiativen zur Produktions- wie Lebensverbesserung gespiegelt. Um die technologischen Optionen mit sozial-ökonomischen Interventionen zu verbinden, werden Ziele für LWP-Verbesserungsprogramme analysiert. Die Ergebnisse der vergleichenden Analyse verdeutlichen einmal mehr, dass es verschiedene Gruppen von Farmerhaushalten gibt, die unterschiedliche Merkmale in Bezug auf ihre Lebensgrundlage (Armutsstatus) aufweisen. Die armen Haushalte, insbesondere die von Frauen geführten, zeigen sich besonders geeignet für Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der LWP. Jedoch ergeben sich eine der Herausforderungen hinsichtlich der Umsetzung bei dieser Zielgruppe. Der Zugang zu bzw. Besitz von grundlegenden Ressourcen wie Vieh, Interessen der Haushalte, Fähigkeiten finanziell sowie technisch, der Einfluss von Institutionen sowie soziokulturelle Aspekte sind die wichtigsten Einschränkungen. Weitere Hindernisse bei der Umsetzung der Maßnahmen zur LWP-Verbesserung bei den armen Farmern auf der Gemeindeebene sind der Mangel an geeigneten, kosteneffektiven und arbeitssparenden Technologien für den Zugang zu Wasser und Viehfutter, die ungünstige Auswahl der Teilnehmer in den Förderungs-Programmen (politische Präferenzen), die schlechte Integration diversifizierter Produktionsaktivitäten der Haushalte sowie eingeschränkte Kenntnis auf Seiten der Gemeinden hinsichtlich der verschiedenen Dienstleistungen der Regierungs- bzw. Nicht-Regierungsinstitutionen, und schließlich auch kulturell definierte Präferenzen und Werte bezüglich der Präferenzen im Hinblick auf Tierhaltung. Unter Berücksichtigung der obengenannten Herausforderungen und Einschränkungen ist es außerordentlich wichtig, den Zugang der Zielgruppen zu multifunktionalen Nutz-Tieren sicherzustellen. Gleichzeitig sind Maßnahmen erforderlich zur Verbesserung von Kenntnissen und Ressourcenzugang wie zum Beispiel verbesserte Tiere, verbessertes Futterangebot etc., technische Unterstützung für diversifizierte viehhaltungs- bzw. wasserbezogene Aktivitäten sowie institutionelle Netzwerke sowohl auf der lokalen als auch der Gemeindeebene, um die Lebensgrundlagen der armen und marginalisierten Bevölkerungsgruppen zu verbessern. Im Allgemeinen ist ein integrierter und zielgerichteter Einsatz erforderlich, um solche Programme effektiv zu implementieren und die Ziele erfolgreich umzusetzen.

The article reads The Handmaid's Tale and The Testaments as a response to changes in the feminist movement. Less radical than their mothers' generation, second-wave feminists' daughters often abandoned the struggle for equality and focused on homemaking. Nevertheless, the 1990s saw a resurgence of the women's liberation movement known as the third wave. These feminism(s) significantly redefined the notion of womanhood and emphasised the diversity of the female. After 2010, critics argue, third-wave feminism entered the fourth wave. This analysis of The Handmaid's Tale focuses on Offred's relationship with her mother, which is representative of the wider phenomenon of the Backlash. It investigates how the mother and her generation influenced the maternal choices of the Handmaid and discusses the trauma of child removal suffered by Offred. The final section examines The Testaments through the lens of third-wave feminism and analyzes the plight of Offred's daughters, focusing on their attitudes towards womanhood and maternity. ; Članek obravnava romana Deklina zgodba in Testamenti kot odziv na spremembe v feminističnem gibanju. Hčere feministk drugega vala, ki so bile manj radikalne kot njihove matere, so pogosto opustile boj za enakost in se osredotočile na gospodinjstvo. Kljub temu smo bili v devetdesetih letih dvajsetega stoletja priča ponovni oživitvi ženskega osvobodilnega gibanja, ki ga imenujemo tretji val feminizma. Ti feminizmi so bistveno preoblikovali idejo ženskosti in poudarili raznovrstnost žensk. Kritiki trdijo, da je po letu 2010 tretji val feminizma vstopil v četrti val. Ta analiza romana Deklina zgodba se osredotoča na Offredin odnos s svojo materjo, ki je reprezentativen za širši pojav Nasprotovanja. Preiskuje, kako sta mati in njena generacija vplivali na odločitve o materinstvu Dekel in obravnava travmo premestitve otroka, ki jo je trpela Offred. Zadnji del preučuje roman Testamenti skozi prizmo tretjega vala feminizma in analizira težek položaj Offredinih hčera ter se osredotoča na njun odnos do ženskosti in materinstva. ; e.feldman@uwb.edu.pl ; University of Białystok, Poland ; Alford, Allison M., and Meredith Marko Harrigan. 2019. "Role Expectations and Role Evaluations in Daughtering: Constructing the Good Daughter." Journal of Family Communication 19 (4): 348–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2019.1643352. ; Allit, Patrick. 2016. "Phyllis Schlafly: American feminism's great anti-heroine." The Spectator, September 10, 2016. https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/death-of-an-anti-feminist. ; Atwood, Margaret. (1985) 1987. The Handmaid's Tale. London: Virago Press. ; —. 2019a. The Testaments. London: Chatto & Windus. ; —. 2019b. "Margaret Atwood: For a long time we were moving away from Gilead." Interview by Lisa Allardice. The Guardian, September 20, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/sep/20/margaret-atwood-moving-away-from-gilead-testaments. ; Badinter, Elisabeth. 2011. The Conflict. How Modern Motherhood Undermines the Status of Women. Translated by Adriana Hunter. New York: Metropolitan Books. ; Barzilai, Shuli. 2005. "The Bluebeard Syndrome in Atwood's Lady Oracle: Fear and Femininity." Marvels & Tales 19 (2): 249–73. ; Bloom, Harold. 2004. Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale: Bloom's Guides. New York: Chelsea House. ; Bouson, J. Brooks. 1993. "The Misogyny of Patriarchal Culture in The Handmaid's Tale." In Brutal Choreographies: Oppositional Strategies and Narrative Design in the Novels of Margaret Atwood, 135–58. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. ; Boyd, Carol J. 1989. "Mothers and Daughters: A Discussion of Theory and Research." Journal of Marriage and Family 51 (2): 291–301. https://doi.org/10.2307/352493. ; Braithwaite, Ann. 2002. "The personal, the political, third-wave and postfeminisms." Feminist Theory 3 (3): 335–44. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F146470002762492033. ; Brans, Jo. 2006. "Using What You're Given." In Waltzing Again: New and Selected Conversations with Margaret Atwood, edited by Earl G. Ingersoll, 79–89. Princeton, NJ: Ontario Review Press. ; Budgeon, Shelley. 2011a. Third Wave Feminism and the Politics of Gender in Late Modernity. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ; —. 2011b. "The Contradictions of Successful Femininity: Third-Wave Feminism, Postfeminism and 'New' Femininities." In New Femininities: Postfeminism, Neoliberalism and Subjectivity, edited by Rosalind Gill and Christina Scharff, 279–92. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ; Chamberlain, Prudence. 2017. The Feminist Fourth Wave: Affective Temporality. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ; Chodorow, Nancy J. 1999. The Reproduction of Mothering. Berkeley: University of California Press. ; Chodorow, Nancy J., and Susan Contratto. 1989. "The Fantasy of the Perfect Mother." In Feminism and Psychoanalytic Theory, edited by Nancy J. Chodorow, 79–96. New Haven: Yale University Press. ; Cixous, Hélène. 1976. "The Laugh of the Medusa." Translated by Keith and Paula Cohen. Signs 1 (4): 875–93. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3173239. ; Dicker, Rory, and Alison Piepmeier. 2003. "Introduction." In Catching a Wave: Reclaiming Feminism for the 21st Century, edited by R. Dicker and A. Piepmeier, 3–28. Boston: Northeastern University Press. ; Ducret, Diane. 2016. Zakazane ciało. Historia męskiej obsesji. Kraków: Znak Horyzont. ; Enright, Anne. 2019. "The Testaments by Margaret Atwood review: A dazzling follow-up to The Handmaid's Tale." The Guardian, September 10, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/sep/10/thetestaments-by-margaret-atwood-review. ; Evans, Elizabeth. 2015. The Politics of Third Wave Feminisms: Neoliberalism, Intersectionality, and the State in Britain and the US. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ; Faludi, Susan. 2006. Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women. New York: Three Rivers Press. ; Gamble, Sarah. 2006. "Postfeminism." In The Routledge Companion to Feminism and Postfeminism, edited by Sarah Gamble, 36–45. New York: Routledge. ; Hall, Christopher. 2011. "Beyond Kübler-Ross: Recent developments in our understanding of grief and bereavement." InPsych 33 (6). https://www.psychology.org.au/formembers/publications/inpsych/2011/dec/Beyond-Kubler-Ross-Recent-developments-in-our-und. ; Hall, Judy. 2003. The Crystal Bible. Cincinnati: Walking Stick Press. ; Heywood, Leslie, and Jennifer Drake. 1997. "Introduction." In Third Wave Agenda: Being Feminist, Doing Feminism, edited by Leslie Heywood and Jennifer Drake, 1–20. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press. ; Hogsette, David S. 1997. "Margaret Atwood's Rhetorical Epilogue in The Handmaid's Tale: The Reader's Role in Empowering Offred's Speech Act." Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction 38 (4): 262–78. ; Howells, Coral Ann. 1996. Margaret Atwood. London: Macmillan Press. ; —. 2005. Margaret Atwood. Second Ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ; Irigaray, Luce. 1991. "The Bodily Encounter with the Mother." In The Irigaray Reader, edited by Margaret Whitford, 34–46. Translated by David Macey. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. ; Jung, Carl Gustav. 1980. The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. Collected Works. Volume 9 Part I. Translated by G. Adler and R.F.C. Hull. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ; Malak, Amin. 1987. "Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale and the Dystopian Tradition." Canadian Literature 112: 9–15. ; McNally, Richard J. 2005. "Debunking Myths about Trauma and Memory." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 50 (13): 817–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370505001302. ; Miller, Eric C. 2015. "Phyllis Schlafly's 'Positive' Freedom: Liberty, Liberation, and the Equal Rights Amendment." Rhetoric & Public Affairs 18 (2): 277–300. ; Neuman, Shirley. 2006. "'Just a Backlash': Margaret Atwood, Feminism, and The Handmaid's Tale." University of Toronto Quarterly 75 (3): 857–68. https://doi.org/10.1353/utq.2006.0260. ; Rivers, Nicola. 2017. Postfeminism(s) and the Arrival of the Fourth Wave. Turning Tides. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ; Rossi, Alice S. 1977. "A Biosocial Perspective on Parenting." Daedalus 106 (2): 1–31. ; Schlafly, Phyllis. 2003. "The Positive Woman Knows Who She Is." In The Columbia Documentary History of American Women Since 1941, edited by Harriet Sigerman. 323–25. New York: Columbia University Press. ; Tolan, Fiona. 2005. "Feminist Utopias and Questions of Liberty: Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale as Critique of Second Wave Feminism." Women: A cultural review 16 (1): 18–32. ; —. 2007. Margaret Atwood: Feminism and Fiction. Amsterdam & New York: Rodopi. ; Winch, Alison. 2013. Girlfriends and Postfeminist Sisterhood. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ; Wolf, Naomi. 2003. Misconceptions. Truth, Lies, and the Unexpected on the Journey to Motherhood. New York: Anchor Books. ; 67 ; 85

Kein anderes Thema hat die nigerianische Literatur so dominiert wie der nigerianische Bürgerkrieg, in dessen Verarbeitung sich verstärkt auch Autorinnen einmischen. Die Dissertation evaluiert 34 Texte von 16 nigerianischen Autorinnen - 12 Romane und 22 Kurzgeschichten - und analysiert sie als Gesamtkorpus, in dem die Texte miteinander und mit der Männerliteratur einen Dialog um den Bürgerkrieg führen. Die Autorinnen wenden bei ihrem "war talk" literarische Strategien wie "re-reading" und "re-writing" an, das Neu-Lesen, Fort- und Umschreiben der Texte und Diskurse des "Zentrums", durch die nicht nur die Blindstellen eines von Männern dominierten literarischen Diskurses sichtbar werden, sondern durch die auch der Prozess des Aushandelns der Geschlechterverhältnisse sowie des Krieges selbst erfolgt, seiner Ursachen, Auslöser und Folgen. Die Autorinnen stellen den Krieg als "sexuelle Unordnung" dar, als Geschlechterkrieg. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass bei der Verortung der Perspektive der Autorinnen neben Geschlecht, ethnischer Zugehörigkeit auch andere Faktoren, wie Alter, Race, Grad der Distanz oder Nähe etc. berücksichtigt werden müssen, um vorschnelle Festschreibungen zu vermeiden. Hierbei spielen die Paratexte eine wichtige Rolle, in denen die Autorinnen sich persönlich zum Krieg äußern. Die Arbeit bewegt sich an den Schnittstellen mehrerer Disziplinen: Literatur, Historiographie und Geschlechterstudien. In der Einleitung werden die theoretischen Prämissen im Kontext von Krieg, Geschlecht und literarischer Repäsentation behandelt. Das 1. Kapitel ist dem historischen Kontext des Bürgerkrieges, einschließlich der Rolle der Frauen darin gewidmet. Im 2. Kapitel geht es um die Darstellung des Krieges, des Selbst- und Feindbildes sowie der Zukunft. Das dritte Kapitel handelt von der Beziehung zwischen Bürger- und Geschlechterkrieg, vermittelt durch das Medium literarischer Text. Die Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse und der Ausblick auf zukünftige Forschung erfolgt im Schlussteil. Der Anhang enthält ein vorläufiges Verzeichnis der gesamten Frauenliteratur über den nigerianischen Bürgerkrieg. ; No other topic has dominated the Nigerian literature as much as the Nigerian Civil War and female authors increasingly interfere in its literary representation. The thesis evaluates 34 literary texts by 16 female Nigerian authors - 12 novels and 22 short stories - and analyses them as distinctive corpus whose individual texts are in a state of dialogue both with each other and with texts from male authors. The female authors use, in their "war talk", literary strategies like "re-reading" and "re-writing" of texts from the "Centre". On the one hand, these strategies enable them to make the blind spots of a male dominated literary discourse apparent/visible on the other hand, they facilitate the negotiation of gender relations and of the war itself, its causes, trigger points and consequences. The female authors represent war as "sexual disorder", as gender war. The study shows that in order to be able to locate an author''s perspective (and to avoid rash conclusions) it is essential to consider the different factors determining it - besides ethnicity and gender, also age, race, the grade of emotional involvement or distance etc. It is in this regard, where the paratexts play an important part, as in these authors express their personal views and comments on the war. The thesis is located at the interfaces of several disciplines: literary, historical and gender studies. The introduction deals with the theoretical backgrounds in the context of war, literary representation and gender. The first chapter is dedicated to the historical context of the Nigerian Civil War including the role of women. The second chapter looks at the paratexts, different representations of the war''s causes, the self-image, the enemy''s image and the future. The third chapter finally deals with the question how the relationship between Civil War and gender war is negotiated/conveyed through the medium of the literary texts. In the conclusion the results are summarized and prospects for future research are discussed. The appendix contains a preliminary bibliography of all literary texts on the Nigerian Civil War written by female authors.

Die Infragestellung der Universalität und Exportierbarkeit der Menschenrechte setzt voraus, dass sie in einem bestimmten sozio-rechtlichen Kontext entwickelt wurden und an anderer Stelle umgesetzt werden. Wenn wir im Rahmen eines als Dogma gesetzten Universalismus bleiben, scheinen die Menschenrechte nur eine Wahrheit zu kennen: die des Verhältnisses von männlicher und "weißer" Herrschaft; Die Besonderheiten (nicht "weiß" sein) sowie die Unterschiede (Frauen sein) werden dann gelöscht. Länder im "schwarzen" Afrika sind einer international definierten mehrdimensionalen Hierarchie ausgesetzt. Infolgedessen unterliegen "schwarze" afrikanische Frauen einer doppelten Dominanz, horizontal (für ihre Farbe und für ihr Geschlecht) und vertikal (von den dominanten und von den anderen dominierten der Kette). Das gemeinsame Element, das diese beiden Situationen verbindet, ist die Tatsache, dass die Farbe "Schwarz" eine Position in der rechtlichen, sozialen, wirtschaftlichen und intellektuellen Ordnung zuweist und ein Kolonialitätsverhältnis herstellt, das sowohl von den Autoren als auch von den Opfern aufrechterhalten wird. Diskriminierende koloniale Kategorisierungen gehen davon aus, dass die ihnen von internationalen Institutionen und "westlichen" Staaten vorgelegte Entwicklungshilfe die von beiden Seiten angenommene Dominanz mitkonstruieren soll. Die Anwendung der Universalität der Menschenrechte erweist sich dann insofern als problematisch, als bestimmte kulturelle, soziale und rechtliche Besonderheiten nicht berücksichtigt werden, wie es die Menschenrechte vorschreiben.Welchen Platz nehmen "schwarze" Frauen im hierarchischen Schema des Weltsystems ein, wenn wir die Doxas der Viktimisierung und des Elends dekonstruieren und sie als neue Rechtssubjekte darstellen, die geführt und verteidigt werden müssen? Können Opfer, aber auch Vervielfältiger von Ungleichheiten und Diskriminierung von Mädchen / Frauen, bestimmte Darstellungen, die "schwarze" Frauen charakterisieren, ihre Quellen in kolonialen Zwischenräumen finden? Wie ...

Il tema di questa tesi di laurea è il ritratto dei personaggi femminili nel teatro della scrittrice Dacia Maraini sull'esempio dei drammi scelti Mela, Erzbeth Báthory e Maria Stuarda. L'obiettivo era analizzare e presentare i personaggi femminili principali con l'accento su due caratteristiche che collegano tutti e tre i drammi, e queste sono la bontà e l'insensibilità. Nell'analisi era concluso che i personaggi femminili sono spesso in conflitto, con se stessi o con altri personaggi, e la morte è spesso l'unica soluzione. Loro si trovano spesso con i problemi familiari, politici e amorosi, p.e. nel dramma Erzbeth Báthory, basato sugli eventi veri, si può vedere che il suo modo di vivere, che conduceva come contessa, le costava la vita, non aveva empatia per nessuno e pensava di poter fare quello che voleva. Anche se aveva tutto ciò che poteva desiderare, era infelice e in questo caso l'insensibilità veniva punita. Nel dramma Mela sono visibili i problemi familiari fra tre donne Mela, Rosaria e Carmen a causa del loro disaccordo, soprattutto a causa delle loro differenze, ma il problema più grande era la loro vita amorosa, che Rosaria conduceva con sua figlia senza nemmeno saperlo, che alla fine la costrinse al suicidio. Carmen è la personificazione dell'insensibilità come Mela, mentre Rosaria è la personificazione della bontà, ma a causa della mancanza di dominio che Carmen e Mela avevano, non è riuscita a intendersi con loro. Nel dramma Maria Stuarda, che è basata anche su fatti veri, è visibile la questione del potere politico fra le due regine Maria Stuarda ed Elisabetta che sono parenti, quindi è stata subito fatta la questione dei rapporti familiari, ma alla fine Maria Stuarda ha scontato con la morte, anche se pensava che Elisabetta non avrebbe mai potuto ammazzarla. Nell'analisi è stato concluso che i personaggi femminili menzionati nei loro drammi sono in parte descritti come donne che lottano per la propria esistenza e supremazia, ma per i più deboli la morte è l'unica soluzione, sia che attenti alla propria vita sia che venga condannata a morte. A Maraini piace usare le caratteristiche della bontà e dell'insensibilità nelle sue opere, perché riescono sempre ad attirare l'attenzione, sia che si tratti di un'opera letteraria che di uno spettacolo teatrale. ; Tema je ovog diplomskog rada prikaz ženskih likova u kazalištu spisateljice Dacije Maraini na primjeru izabranih dramskih djela Mela, Erzbeth Báthory i Maria Stuarda. Cilj je bio analizirati i predstaviti glavne ženske likove s naglaskom na dvije osobine koje povezuju sve tri drame, a to su dobrota i bešćutnost. U analizi se dalo zaključiti, kako su ženski likovi često u sukobu, sa sobom ili s drugim likovima, a smrt je često jedini izlaz. Problemi s kojima se često susreću su obiteljski, politički i ljubavni, primjerice u drami Erzbeth Báthory, koja je nastala prema istinitim događajima, vidljivo je kako ju je života koštao upravo njezin način života koji je vodila kao grofica, nije imala empatije ni prema kome te je smatrala da može raditi sve što poželi. Iako je imala sve što je mogla poželjeti, bila je nesretna i u ovom je slučaju bešćutnost bila kažnjena. U drami Mela vidljivi su obiteljski problemi između triju žena Mele, Rosarije i Carmen zbog međusobnog neslaganja, ponajviše zbog njihove različitosti, ali najveći problem im je zadavao ljubavni život, koji je Rosaria vodila zajedno sa svojom kćeri bez da je to i znala, što ju je i nagnalo na kraju da pokuša izvršiti samoubojstvo. Carmen je oličenje bešćutnosti kao i Mela, dok je Rosaria oličenje dobrote, no zbog nedostatka dominacije koju su imale Carmen i Mela nije uspjela izaći na kraj s njima. U drami Maria Stuarda koja je također nastala prema istinitim događajima je vidljivo pitanje političke moći između dviju kraljica Marije Stuarde i Elisabette koje su inače u srodstvu pa se odmah i postavilo pitanje obiteljskog odnosa, no na kraju je ipak Maria Stuarda platila glavom, iako je smatrala da Elisabetta nikad ne bi mogla nasrnuti na njezin život. Analiza je dovela do zaključka, da su spomenuti ženski likovi u svojim dramama opisane jednim dijelom kao žene koje se bore za svoj opstanak i prevlast, no najslabijoj je smrt najčešći izlaz, bilo da sama digne ruku na sebe, bilo da je osuđena na smrt. Maraini se voli koristiti osobinama dobrote i bešćutnosti u svojim dramama, jer one uvijek uspiju privući pozornost, bilo da je riječ o književnom djelu, bilo o kazališnoj predstavi. ; The aim of this thesis is a presentation of female characters in the theatre of the Italian writer Dacia Maraini based on chosen dramatic works: Mela, Erzbeth Báthory and Maria Stuarda. Our aim was to analyse and show the main female characters with accent on two features connecting the three dramatic works – goodness and callousness. As a conclusion of the analysis, the female characters are often in conflict, either with themselves or with other characters and the death results to be the only way out. The conflicts are based on the usually encountered problems such as family, love and political issues. For instance in the drama Erzbeth Báthory, which is based on true events, evidently the own way of living as a countess cost her her own life. She did not have any empathy and believed that she could do whatever she wished to do. Although she had everything she wished to possess, she was unhappy, and in this case the callousness was punished. Family related issues are discovered between the three women, Mela, Rosaria and Carmen, and are evident in the drama Mela, due to mutual disagreement, mostly because of their diversity. But the biggest problem was imposed by their love life. Carmen is a personification of callousness together with Mela, while Rosaria is a personificaton of goodness, but due to lack of domination owned by Carmen and Mela, she could not get on with them Also based on true events, the drama Maria Stuarda evidently shows the issue of political power between the two queens Mary Stuart and Elizabeth, who are family related, the issue of family relationships immediately arising hereby. However, in the end Mary Stuart paid with her own life, although she considered Elisabeth would never be able to assault her life. The analysis draws a conclusion that the named female characters are described partly as women struggling for their own survival and predominance, though for the weakest death is the most common way out, by committing suicide or by being sentenced to death. Maraini likes using features as goodness and callousness, successfully drawing attention, in her dramatic works, whether in a literary work or whether in a theatrical performance.

Chapter 1 Over the last decade we have witnessed an improvement in the literature on how to measure and compare the well-being of individuals. While the standard approach in the analysis of individual well-being is based almost exclusively on a material dimension of income, there is a robust evidence that individuals care about non-income dimensions of life which accordingly should be included in such a measure. Nevertheless, even when the non-income dimensions of life are included in the analysis of individual well-being, a majority of studies are predominantly neglecting the notion of individual preferences in order to escape the problem of interpersonal comparisons of well-being. In this chapter we have employed an alternative welfare measure which takes into account income and non-income dimensions of life while at the same time the following measure is sensitive to the individual preferences. This is known as the equivalent income measure. We have compared the equivalent income and income measures over 25 countries of the European Union. The following analysis is done for 2007 and 2011, since these were the only available years that we could use. Our contribution to the literature is reflected in the fact, that to the best of our knowledge, there are no such studies in the literature that compares the well-being with the following two measures for such a large set of countries. Although we found that the welfare rankings across countries change to some extent between the average income and average equivalent income, in spite of that when we ranked countries according to the growth rates of income and equivalent income we observed a substantial change in the country rankings. The following evidence implies that the choice of the welfare metrics is empirically important. The previous results have been broadened by computing the welfare rankings across countries once we raise the concern about the egalitarian principle of justice. We observed that the welfare rankings across countries changed remarkably when we take into account distributional inequalities. The evidence we have found suggest that correlations of disadvantages between life dimensions matter since some countries have sufficiently larger inequalities of equivalent income than inequalities of incomes. The results we have found show that individuals across countries care about material dimension (income) but they also care much about the non-income dimensions. Relatively the most important non-income dimension for almost all countries is health while the least important non-income dimension concerns the (un)employment status. We have identified the worst off individuals according to each welfare measure and we have compared the socio-demographic characteristics of the worst off individuals. We have seen that different well-being measures will identify the worst off individuals with different socio-demographic characteristics. We have also observed that the worst off individuals considerably differ over countries with respect to their average income and non-income dimensions and average socio-demographic characteristics. Finally, we have illustrated the degree of re-ranking between income and equivalent income measures taking into account all individuals of a given country. While we found a similar pattern of re-ranking between income and equivalent income across countries, the degree of re-ranking differs across countries. The pattern that we have observed across all countries indicated that individuals who are income rich can end up as equivalent income poor while the opposite has not been found. ; Chapter 2 An important role of social and public policies, among others, is to provide employment opportunities and to maintain the initiative of people to work. Yet, the role of these policies should not exclusively be concerned with the improvement of job quantity, such as ensuring the optimal employment rate but likewise these policies should be designed to improve the well-being of workers by enhancing job quality. Although, the precise definition of job quality is lacking in the literature, one can reasonably argue that job quality is a multi-dimensional concept which includes the wage dimension but also non-wage job dimensions such as job autonomy, job security, whether a job is interesting, challenging, whether it offers a good career opportunities, etc. Accepting the idea that a job quality is a multi-dimensional concept leads to the important question of aggregating various job dimensions into an overall index of job quality which can be used as a measure of well-being on the job. Moreover, if we agree on the notion that the preferences of workers over job dimensions should be respected, then we have to find a proper way to weight these various job characteristics such that the construction of weights is consistent with the preference orderings over different jobs. A measure that satisfies the previous two requirements is known in the literature as the equivalent wage measure. In this study we have applied the concept of equivalent wage to a specific sub-population of recent graduates (bachelor, master and doctoral students) who are currently participating in the labour market. In addition to the equivalent wage measure, we have used four other well-being measures which are wage, average preferences objective measure, equal weights objective measure and subjective job satisfaction measure. We have compared the job quality using a large scale survey which includes nineteen countries. We have found that individuals with various personal characteristics have different preferences over wage and non-wage job dimensions. This result underlines the importance of considering the heterogeneity of individual preferences seriously. We have shown that different measures of job quality will result in substantially different ranking of countries. In other words, the evidence we have found points out to the fact that the choice of well-being measure is utterly important for measuring job quality. Since, we have observed a considerable re-ranking of countries between different measures, we were encouraged to provide the evidence on the strength and direction of relationship between the ranking for all pairs of measures. We have found that the rank correlation is positive and statistically significant for almost all pairwise correlations. The lowest correlation has been found between pairs of wage and equal weights objective measure while the highest correlation has been found between subjective job satisfaction and average preferences objective measure. As one important issue in creating a reasonable public policies is to identify those individuals who are not faring well or those who are faring very well, we have decided to identify the individuals at the bottom and top end of the distribution according to different measures of job quality. The results have shown that the overlap of the worst off when we use two measures is lowest for wage and equivalent wage measures while the largest overlap occurs when we use two objective measures. These results should not be surprising since the informational requirements between two objective measures are more alike than the informational requirements between wage and equivalent wage. On the other hand, the largest overlap of the best off individuals for a pair of measures occurs between average preferences and equal weights measures while the overlap is lowest between wage and subjective job satisfaction. We have evaluated the gender differential in job quality across countries by using wage and equivalent wage measures. The evidence we have found indicate that in majority of countries, the average quality of jobs is higher for men than for women if we use the wage measure. While even if we use the equivalent wage measure, the quality of jobs are higher among men in most countries, still we have observed that women are either holding jobs of the same quality or they are even faring better than men in some countries. In addition, we have computed the willingness-to-pay for each non-wage job characteristic and we have compared the gender differences in the willingness-to-pay across and within countries. We have found that across almost all countries, the willingness-to-pay is higher among men, which indicates that they are suffering more not reaching the best possible values of non-wage job characteristics. Finally, we have presented the decomposition the total willingness-to-pay on the contributions attributed to each non-wage job characteristic. We have found that across countries for both men and women, having a good career prospect is relatively the most important non-wage job characteristic while job security is relatively the least important non-wage job characteristic. ; Chapter 3 In recent decades there has been a growing number of studies that investigated the effects of personal and job characteristics on the subjective well-being on the job. Besides, the empirical findings reveal that workers who are paid on the piece rates exert more effort and earn more than those workers paid an hourly salary. Nevertheless, it is ambiguous what will be the effect of performance paying schemes, since the well-being on the job can increase in wage but it can decrease with higher level of excreted effort. Since the possible effect of performance paying jobs on the well-being of workers stay hidden, we have tackled the following issue in this chapter and we have provided the empirical evidence on these effects. This chapter contributes to the literature on the subjective well-being by providing the casual effects that the performance pay job schemes have on job satisfaction. We approximate the well-being on the job by the subjective job satisfaction reported by individuals. We have used the Korean Labour and Income Panel Survey which allowed us to distinguish between the workers who are paid by performance and those who are paid by fixed rate. In addition, we could exploit the information about the particular type of performance paying scheme that applies to the workers who are paid by performance. Since the personality traits are possibly correlated with the observed and unobserved explanatory variables, we have decided to estimate the job satisfaction regression using the fixed effects estimator. We have shown that workers in the performance pay job schemes have a higher subjective well-being on the job than workers who are using the non-performance pay job schemes. The following result holds true even after we have controlled for the level of earnings, attitudes toward risk and other personal and job related characteristics. This evidence is also confirmed for both men and women. When it comes down to the effect of wage on job satisfaction, we observe that the effect is not apparent as someone might expect. We have found that among all explanatory variables, health has the strongest effect on the well-being on the job. Finally, we have exploited the information on the type of performance pay schemes in order to analyse how different performance pay schemes affect job satisfaction. The results have shown that workers who are employed on the individual, group and company performance pay job schemes are more satisfied on their job than workers who are paid by the fixed amount. The later result remains even after we have controlled for the difference in earnings, personal and job characteristics.