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The aim of this article is to discuss methodological issues based on experiences involving the use of co-operative inquiry in a paediatric ward and to describe how the children's own perspectives were taken into account. This project, which was conducted in Norway between 2004 and 2007, involved children, parents and health care professionals meeting in a mutual working process to apply a new pedagogic approach for children with asthma. Ninety individuals (children, parents, health care professionals, teachers and students) participated in the study that had a qualitative approach. The findings indicate that the adults considered the child perspectives throughout the project, while the children's own perspectives were taken into account during the period of intervention. The children participated actively, which can support empowerment processes. Health care professionals and researchers responded to the children's views using communication and research techniques adapted to the children's age, development and sensitivity. Critical choices related to the project were made because of recruitment challenges involving children and families. Children between 7 and 10 years of age are competent actors who can be involved in research and thus represent activated sources of knowledge. Bringing about change requires endurance and a long-term perspective.

Abstract
What is the best way to communicate the risk of rare but extreme weather to the public? One suggestion is to communicate the relative risk of extreme weather in the form of odds ratios; but, to the authors' knowledge, this suggestion has never been tested systematically. The experiment reported here provides an empirical test of this hypothesis. Participants performed a realistic computer simulation task in which they assumed the role of the manager of a road maintenance company and used forecast information to decide whether to take precautionary action to prevent icy conditions on a town's roads. Participants with forecasts expressed as odds ratios were more likely to take appropriate precautionary action on a single target trial with an extreme low temperature forecast than participants using deterministic or probabilistic forecasts. However, participants using probabilistic forecasts performed better on trials involving weather within the normal range than participants with only deterministic forecast information. These results may provide insight into how best to communicate extreme weather risk. This paper offers clear evidence that people given relative risk information are more inclined to take precautionary action when threatened with an extreme weather event with a low probability than people given only single-value or probabilistic forecasts.

AbstractImplicit skill learning underlies obtaining not only motor, but also cognitive and social skills through the life of an individual. Yet, the ontogenetic changes in humans' implicit learning abilities have not yet been characterized, and, thus, their role in acquiring new knowledge efficiently during development is unknown. We investigated such learning across the lifespan, between 4 and 85 years of age with an implicit probabilistic sequence learning task, and we found that the difference in implicitly learning high‐ vs. low‐probability events – measured by raw reaction time (RT) – exhibited a rapid decrement around age of 12. Accuracy andz‐transformed data showed partially different developmental curves, suggesting a re‐evaluation of analysis methods in developmental research. The decrement in raw RT differences supports an extension of the traditional two‐stage lifespan skill acquisition model: in addition to a decline above the age 60 reported in earlier studies, sensitivity to raw probabilities and, therefore, acquiring new skills is significantly more effective until early adolescence than later in life. These results suggest that due to developmental changes in early adolescence, implicit skill learning processes undergo a marked shift in weighting raw probabilities vs. more complex interpretations of events, which, with appropriate timing, prove to be an optimal strategy for human skill learning.

Physicians and scientists dominated the first generation of nationalists in at least three East Asian colonies in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: the Philippines under the Spanish and United States' regimes, the Dutch East Indies, and the Japanese territory of Taiwan. There is substantial evidence that, in each place, decolonization was yoked to scientific progress—not only in a practical sense, but symbolically too. The first generation to receive training in biological science and to become socialized as professionals used this education to imagine itself as eminently modern, progressive, and cosmopolitan. Their training gave them special authority in deploying organic metaphors of society and state, and made them deft in finding allegories of the human body and the body politic. These scientists and physicians saw themselves as representing universal laws, advancing natural knowledge, and engaging as equals with colleagues in Europe, Japan, and North America. Science gave them a new platform for communication. In the British Empire, for example in India and Malaya, medical science also proved influential, though it seems lawyers cognizant of precedent and tradition more often dominated decolonization movements. This essay will examine how scientific training shaped anti-colonialism and nationalism in the Philippines and the East Indies, concluding with a brief comparison of the situation in Taiwan.

A predictor-based controller for time-varying delay systems is presented in this paper and its robustness properties for different uncertainties are analyzed. First, a time-varying delay dependent stability condition is expressed in terms of LMIs. Then, uncertainties in the knowledge of all plant-model parameters are considered and the resulting closed-loop system is shown to be robust with respect to these uncertainties. A significant improvement with respect to the same control strategy without predictor is achieved. The scheme is applicable to open-loop unstable plants and it has been tested in a real-time application to control the roll angle of a quad-rotor helicopter prototype. The experimental results show good performance and robustness of the proposed scheme even in the presence of long delay uncertainties. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. ; This work has been partially granted by Conselleria de Educacion under PROMETEO project number 2008-088, and CICYT no. DPI2008-06737-C02-01 from Spanish government. ; Gonzalez, A.; García Gil, PJ.; Albertos Pérez, P.; Castillo, P.; Lozano, R. (2012). Robustness of a discrete-time predictor-based controller for time-varying measurement delay. Control Engineering Practice. 20(2):102-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2011.09.001 ; S ; 102 ; 110 ; 20 ; 2

With technological improvements in body armour and increasing use of improvised explosive devices, it is the injuries to head, face and neck are the cause for maximum fatalities as military personnel are surviving wounds that would have otherwise been fatal. The priorities of battlefield surgical treatment are to save life, eyesight and limbs and then to give the best functional and aesthetic outcome for other wounds. Modern day battlefields pose unique demands on the deployed surgical teams and management of head and neck wounds demands multispecialty approach. Optimal result will depend on teamwork of head and neck trauma management team, which should also include otolaryngologist. Data collected by various deployed HFN surgical teams is studied and quoted in the article to give factual figures. Otorhinolaryngology becomes a crucial sub-speciality in the care of the injured and military otorhinolaryngologists need to be trained and deployed accordingly. The otolaryngologist's clinical knowledge base and surgical domain allows the ENT surgeon to uniquely contribute in response to mass casualty incident. Military planners need to recognize the felt need and respond by deploying teams of specialist head and neck surgeons which should also include otorhinolaryngologists.

The competitiveness of a country and entire regions today is strongly connected to its broadband adaptation. Broadband is not only playing a critical success role in the economy, it connects consumers, businesses, governments and facilitates social interaction. Many studies have been carried out over the last decade in the APEC region highlighting the status and the different developments of broadband in each economy. The e-APEC strategy and its goal to enable the people in urban, provincial and rural communities in every economy to have individual or community-based access to information and services via the internet by 2010 have been largely achieved. Embedded are the key principles for broadband development to maximize access and usage, to facilitate continued competition and liberalization, to foster enabling regulatory frameworks and to build confidence in the use of broadband networks and services. Future prospects and the recommendations of APEC ministers are to set an ambitious goal of access to next generation high-speed broadband by 2020 to expand and improve ICT infrastructure for knowledge-based economies in the APEC region. In a recent meeting in Okinawa the commitments towards achieving the goal of universal access to broadband in the APEC region by 2015 were reaffirmed.

ItLa capacità di comunicare contenuti complessi non deve essere una preoccupazione limitata alla divulgazione scientifica: anche le applicazioni informatiche dedicate ai beni culturali devono assumere il momento comunicativo come fondante sia nella democratizzazione della conoscenza sia nella capacità di attrarre e coinvolgere un pubblico ampio e, possibilmente, internazionale. Cineca, nella sua ormai più che decennale esperienza, ha presto sposato questo indirizzo, che si articola ora su due diverse prospettive: la creazione di eventi emozionali e coinvolgenti e la realizzazione di applicazioni che mirino più alla partecipazione attiva degli utenti nello sviluppo del prodotto finale.EnThe ability to communicate complex contents should not be a concern limited to science: even computer applications dedicated to cultural heritage should consider communication as the foundation of both the democratisation of knowledge and the opportunity to attract and engage a wide and, possibly, international audience. Cineca, in his more than ten year experience, has soon acknowledged this approach, which has now led towards two different perspectives: the creation of emotional and engaging events, and the creation of applications aiming at a more active participation of users in the development of the final product.

ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to advance knowledge on racial/ethnic disparities in violence and the structural sources of those disparities. We do so by extending scarce and limited research exploring the relationship between race/ethnic gaps in disadvantage and differences in violent crime across groups.MethodsUsing census place‐level data from California and New York, we construct white, black, and Hispanic "gap" measures that take as a given the existence of disparities across race/ethnic groups in structural disadvantage and crime and subsequently utilize seemingly unrelated regression models to assess the extent to which gaps in disadvantage are predictive of gaps in homicide and index violence.ResultsOur results suggest that (1) there is considerable heterogeneity in the size of white–black, white–Hispanic, and black–Hispanic gaps in structural disadvantage and crime and (2) that race/ethnic disparities in structural disadvantage, particularly poverty and female headship, are positively associated with race/ethnic gaps in homicide and index violence.ConclusionIn light of recent scholarship on the racial invariance hypothesis and on the relationship between structural inequality and crime, the current study demonstrates that disparities in disadvantage, particularly family structure and poverty, are important in driving racial and ethnic disparities in crime.

La relación existente entre la universidad y la sociedad ha sufrido en los últimos años, una serie de cambios profundos. El contexto social, económico y político ha resemantizado las funciones tradicionales de las universidades así como el tipo de relaciones con los saberes. Las ya conocidas misiones, esto es, la docencia, la investigación y la proyección social han sido perturbadas por el avance de la globalización y su respectivo afianzamiento en los sistemas nacionales de ciencia, tecnología e innovación (SNCTI) cuyo fin es el de generar espacios creativos de aprendizaje colectivo y afianzamiento de redes de cooperación académica entre los diversos actores sociales. The relationship between the university and society has undergone a series of profound changes in recent years. Social, economic and political context has re-semanticised the traditional functions of a university as well as its link to knowledge. The tripartite mission of teaching, scientific research and social outreach has been disturbed by the headlong progress of globalization as well as the strengthening of national science, research and innovation systems whose aim is to generate areas that foster collective learning and a network of academic cooperation between various societal stakeholders.

Counselling in good faith requires a knowledge of both the ethical and legal requirements that affect the counselling process. This article highlights sections of the Criminal Code of Canada and related federal legislation that directly influence thework of mental health professionals — particularly school counsellors. Potential trouble spots are identified to provide the counsellor with a factual basis for helping clients, and to warn the counsellor of ways he could become personally involved inthe process of the criminal justice system. Suggestions are made to assist the counsellor in meeting his responsibilities in a manner consistent with his legal andethical duties. ; La consultation, menée de bonne foi, fait appel à une connaissance des exigences tant légales qu'éthiques qui affectent le processus de la consultation. Cet article souligne les sections du Code Criminel du Canada et de la législation fédérale connexe qui touchent directement le travail de nos professionels — surtout ceux oeuvrant dans les milieux scolaires. On relève les secteurs qui pourraient devenir problématiques et on avise le conseiller des façons dont il pourrait devenir impliqué dans le processus du système de justice criminel. On suggère au conseiller des modalités pour s'acquitter de ses responsibilités conformément à ses impératifs légaux et éthiques.

In the new millennium, Information Technology (IT) has become very effective and this is becoming evident in both developed and developing countries. These areas are especially within the fields of information gathering, in the broadest sense, and of developing and strengthening networks both internal and external to the surrounding environment. Today, more and more companies, organizations and government offices are using the Internet to publicize or sell information about their particular area of expertise. Moreover, the speed with which information can be exchanged, e.g. between subsidiaries in a conglomerate , makes it attractive for the companies to tie these together and form networks in which experience, knowledge and resources can be easily shared across borders. Furthermore, access to a computer, a telephone line and a modem is what an ever increasing proportion of the society can afford. In this paper , we will discuss the impact of IT on Software Export , by using the experience of some developing countries such as India, … that have expanded their investment on IT and Information & Communication Technology (ICT). And finally, we will explain both external and internal software export barriers and give some suggestions for overcome the barriers, and expanding IT in Less Developing Countries (LDCs) like Iran.

Дан анализ изменений динамики трансфера научных знаний и технологий (ТНЗТ) из университетского в корпоративный сектор, которые были стимулированы в конце ХХ века изменениями в научно-технологической политике федерального правительства США. Особое внимание уделено Акту Бэя-Доула (1980), который принес довольно смешанные результаты и оказал неоднозначное воздействие на всю сферу ИиР США. Кроме того, приватизация интеллектуальной собственности (ИС) может оказать негативное влияние на темпы ТНЗТ, а общий тренд в сторону коммерциализации университетских исследований –ослабить потенциал университетов ; The article presents and discusses the changes in the knowledge and technology transfer (KTT) dynamics from the university sector to the corporate Abstracts 331 industry stimulated by the late 20th century's changes in the R&D policies of the U.S. Federal Government, with a special focus on the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 (BDA-1980). The article states that BDA-1980 brought mixed results and had a very ambiguous impact on the U.S. R&D. The privatization of the intellectual property (IP) by universities may also eventually affect the pace of KTT, while the general drive toward the commercialization of university research may potentially interfere with the university mission in the linear model of innovation

Low fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption is associated with higher rates of obesity and chronic disease among low-income individuals. Understanding attitudes towards F&V consumption and addressing policy and environmental changes could help improve diet and reduce disease risk. A survey of North Carolinians receiving government assistance was used to describe benefits, barriers, and facilitators of eating F&V and shopping at farmers' markets in this population. A total of 341 eligible individuals from 14 counties completed the survey. The most commonly cited barriers to eating F&V were cost (26.4%) and not having time to prepare F&V (7.3%). Facilitators included access to affordable locally grown F&V (13.5%) and knowledge to quickly and easily prepare F&V (13.2%). Among people who did not use farmers' markets, common barriers to shopping there were not being able to use food assistance program benefits (35.3%) and not knowing of a farmers' market in their area (28.8%); common facilitators included transportation (24.8%) and having more information about farmers' market hours (22.9%). In addition to breaking down structural/environmental barriers to farmers' market usage, there is a need to disseminate promotional information about farmers' markets, including hours, location, and accepted forms of payment.

In France, The DSK affair is like an earthquake. It is the first arrestation of a first rank politician for a sexual crime. And the more to come (Dominique Strauss-Kahn was supposed to be the (future) socialist candidate at the April 22d and May 6th french presidential election). The affair itself frontally opposes a white, powerful and rich man, to a black and poor woman. It takes place in the american society whose values are supposed to be far away from french ones about sexuality and gender relationships. So studying french medias from the very beginning of the Sofitel affair to the last developments of the Carlton affair allows to study french representations of rape, harassement, consent and seduction. This paper is grounded more particurly on three mediatic schemes (newsmagazines and newspapers ; gossip and women's magazines ; satirical shows) and its analysis is also built upon interviews with journalists and editors-in-chief. Its principal assumption is the difficulty for a lot of medias to openly speak of rape or harassement to qualify past and present Strauss-Kahn's suspected actions. And it tries to explain these difficulties by the economic requirements, the journalists' socialisation and knowledge about gender and race studies. Adapted from the source document.